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Transcript
21 September 2015 by Sigrid Brevik Wangsness I. 18th Century Economic reasons for the War of Independence (1775-1783) Agriculture as the main economic activity 1 The Industrial Revolution and development of a modern economy How can we explain the tremendous growth of the US economy since the early 19th century? 6 The free-enterprise system (Adam Smith) 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 Focus on opportunity to succeed through: 1. 2. 3. 4. ◦ Poor immigrant from Scotland ◦ From factory worker to one of the richest men in the world ◦ Founded a steel company, consolidated the steel industry ◦ A philanthropist a) b) b) Development of corporations Why did corporations replace many family businesses and partnerships in the US? How did the giant corporations develop? Consolidation in major industries: oil, steel, railroads To what extent did the US government intervene in the economy in the 20th century? 1. Early 20th century o Tariffs o Trust busting o 1913: The Federal Reserve (The Fed) 2. The Roaring 20s o Growth in mass production and consumption o Prohibition o Speculation on the stock market 3. The crash in October 1929 o Why? 4.The Depression of the 1930s o 25% unemployment, extreme poverty 5. The New Deal o The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 • Creating jobs • Social Security • Regulation of finance o The three Rs: • Relief • Recovery • Reform Roosevelt was influenced by a new economic theory: A managed economy John Keynes: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1937) 6. World War II o Government control of large parts of the economy o Full employment o Consensus 7. The Post-War Period How has Big Business profited from cooperation with the US government? Major growth of the US economy from 1945-1970 World economic dominance Sustained growth in the 50s and 60s Consolidation in the 60s Mid-1970s: Stagflation and recession New economic theory: Monetarism Milton Friedman – the ”Chicago school” of economics ”Supply-side” economic theory (1970s/80s) 1980s: The decade of the Yuppies Economic growth, but at a slower pace towards the end of the period. Ronald Reagan: 1980-88 Continued shift in the workforce from manufacturing to services and high-tech. Declining number of workers, but increased production and efficiency. Development of conglomerates and multinationals. From being the world’s biggest creditor the US became the biggest debtor. Foreign investment inside the USA became greater than US investment abroad. Deregulation: fewer restrictions and less government intervention 1987: Stock market crash. World recession 1990 - 1992: Recession. George Bush Sr. Signs of recovery at the end of his term. 1993 - 2000: Growth. Boom. Bill Clinton. Eight years of uninterrupted growth. Signs of decline at the end of his term. 2000/2001: "The new economy” (dot.com shares) "A bubble economy”? The IT bubble burst: Prices of IT shares dropped dramatically A major slowdown of the US economy Sectors of the economy sliding into recession September 11th 2001 2002 - early 2003: Signs of recovery, but sluggish 2003 - 2007: Relative growth (GDP: 2.6% in 2007), stability and relatively low unemployment (4.7% in 2007). 2008 – 2009: Financial crisis. Recession 2009 - 2013: Slow recovery 2014: 2.5% growth, but economic data difficult to interpret. 2015: Better than it looks?