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The Development of
Medical Device : X- Ray
Belinda Pingguan, Juliana Basheer
Biomedical Engineering Program,
University Of Malaya
CONTENTS
Conception of Ideas
Invention Process and Clinical
Prototyping
Refinement and Enhancement
Outcome Limitation
CONTENTS
Conception of Ideas
Invention Process and Clinical
Prototyping
Refinement and Enhancement
Outcome Limitation
Conception of Ideas
X-rays were
accidentally
discovered by
Dr.Willem Roentgen
in late 1895, in
Wurtzburg, Germany.
Dr Williem
Roentgen
Conceptions of Ideas-cont


Roentgen
was
carrying
out
experiments with a Crookes tube, a
fairly common research apparatus of
the time.
As Roentgen applied large voltages
to the device to study the behaviour
of electrons emitted from the metal,
he noticed that a piece of
phosphorus
material,
situated
elsewhere in the room, glowed!
Conception of Ideas-cont


He tried to block the emissions
by covering the tube first by a
piece of cardboard and then by a
piece of wood only to find that
the phosphorus still glowed.
He also noticed that when he held
his hand between the tube and
the phosphorus, the light given
off seemed to present an image
of his hand.
Conception of Ideas-cont

To convince himself he
wasn't going crazy,
Roentgen
recorded
such images on pieces
of film thus obtaining
the first x-ray images of
human anatomy.
Mrs. Roentgen’s hand- the very first xray of human
CONTENTS
Conception of Ideas
Invention Process and Clinical
Prototyping
Refinement and Enhancement
Outcome Limitation
Invention Process and
Clinical Prototyping
Simons was the first to
start to design x-ray tube

This tube is equipped
with a disk-shaped
cathode of molybdenum
and a magnesium target.

It is evacuated to a
barometric pressure of
.0001 millimeters of
mercury.

The over-all length of the
tube is about seven
X-ray tube designed and constructed inches.

by Simons
Invention Process and
Clinical Prototyping
Circuit diagram of Simon's Xray apparatus
Invention Process and
Clinical Prototyping
The source of high voltage for
Simon's X-ray machine
CONTENTS
Conception of Ideas
Invention Process and Clinical
Prototyping
Refinement and Enhancement
Outcome Limitation
Refinement and Enhancement



Currently most diagnostic (such
as chest and mammographic i.e.
breast imaging) radiographic
systems in clinical use are
based on a phosphor screen.
Phosphor screen emits light in
response to x-rays absorption.
The resulting optical image is
conventionally used to expose a
photographic film as shown
above.
This method is referred to as
film-screen radiography and has
been used since the discovery
of x-rays 100 years ago.
Digital Radiography


In recent years there has been
considerable research effort in
finding digital alternatives to filmscreen radiography.
Digital x-ray imaging refers to
methods in which the image
information is represented as a
matrix of numbers whose value
corresponds
to
the
x-ray
transmission.
Digital Radiography-cont


In general, a digital detector would
absorb x-rays and produce an electric
signal, either directly or indirectly via
multiple stages, as the output.
The electric signal can then be assigned
numerical, i.e. digital, values according to
its amplitude and these numbers can be
stored in an 2-dimensional array to be
displayed as an image on the computer
screen.
Digital Radiography-cont



Once in digital format
images can be stored and
transferred as data files.
Digital imaging would
potentially also allow
improved image quality
In addition, digital images
can be displayed on a
computer monitor, their
appearance
can
be
altered
via
image
processing and computer
software can be use to
aid disease diagnosis.
An example of
digital radiography

Fluoroscopy refers to
real-time imaging
carried out to
observe motion
within the body.
Procedures where
fluoroscopy is used
include the barium
swallow and the
barium enema carried
out to study the
intestine.
Flouroscopy
II of
Flouroscopy
Fluroscopy - Cont

Fluoroscopic imaging of the blood
vessels, angiography, involves a contrast
agent injected into the vessel to increase
its x-ray absorption and thus its contrast
in the x-ray image.
Computed Tomography
Scanner

Newer non-invasive
perspectives in CT
imaging e.g.
angiography of
aorta/arteries in midbrain with an
excellent vascular
enhancement due to
bright vascular
opacification.
Computed Tomography
-cont

Ct Scanner also provide
premier image quality for
quicker diagnosis. The
most patient friendly CT
scanning technique
available (entire liver or
lung exam in single
breath-hold). It also
provide maximum patient
comfort due to minimum
scanning time and low Xray radiation for patient
safety.
Mammography


Mammography is a radiographic examination
specially designed for detecting breast
pathology. Recent interest in breast imaging
has be fostered by the realization that
approximately 1 out of 9 women will develop
breast cancer over a lifetime.
Early x-ray mammography was done with
nonscreen, direct exposure film. These
images exhibited low contrast , required high
radiation doses and yielded poor diagnostic
quality.
Mammography-cont

The
new
version
optimises X-ray dose and
image quality.Determines
the optimum degree of
compression needed to
produce
uniform
tautness,
based
on
individual
breast
characteristics.
Stereotactic biopsy are
also attachment with the
advancement.
It
also
provide maximum patient
comfort and low scanning
time.
CONTENTS
Conception of Ideas
Invention Process and Clinical
Prototyping
Refinement and Enhancement
Outcome Limitation
Outcome Limitation


Much work has been done to optimize
film-screen radiography, but it still has
shortcomings in image quality, dose
efficiency as well as practicality.
Many of these limitations arise from the
fact that the film is used both as x-ray
detection, and image recording and
storage medium.
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