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12.1 Electricity at Home Homework: Page 491 # 1, 2, 4, 8 Niagara Falls • Electrical energy is always generated from another source of energy. • In direct current, charged particles travel through a circuit in only one direction. In alternating current, electrons move back and forth in a circuit. • Alternating current is generated when a magnet and a coil of wire are moved relative to each other. • Alternating current can be transmitted at high potential difference over long distances, with only a small loss of electrical energy. • Transformers can increase (step up) or decrease (step down) potential difference, but they only work with alternating current. • Circuit breakers and fuses are safety devices that limit the current to appliances and wall outlets in your home. What is the difference between direct and alternating current? • Direct current (DC) allows electrons to move from the negative terminal to the positive terminal • Alternating current (AC) allows electrons to moves equally in both directions A doorbell is connected to a 110 V supply, but it operates on only about 12 to 14 V. What kind of transformer does it have? • A step-down transformer allows electricity to be distributed in lower voltages Advantages of supplying alternating current to homes and businesses? • Transmitting electrical energy at high voltages (as you can do with AC) reduces energy loss • Transformers can be used to decrease the voltage supplied to consumers. The Sequence of events as electricity is sent from a generator to a device you used at home this morning. • Power generating station (where electricity is generated) → transformer (step-up transformer to increase the voltage) → substation → distribution station → pole/green-box transformer (step-down transformer to distribute electricity to groups of users) → your home Circuit breakers and Fuses • Circuit breakers and fuses are safety devices that are placed in series with other circuits to stop current from flowing when there is a dangerous quantity of current • Fuses must be replaced after they are set off, breakers can be reset Why is it not safe to plug an appliance with a three-prong plug into an extension cord with a two-slot socket? • The round prong (the 3rd one) will not be plugged into the socket, and thus the appliance will not be grounded • If the appliance is faulty and a live wire touches part of the case housing it, the person using the appliance could receive a severe electrical shock. Describe different situations that could result in a large current in a household circuit. • Too many appliances operating on the same circuit • A loose wire appliance that is wet • Power line struck by lightning