Download Biology 7 Study Guide – Exam #1

Biology 7 Study Guide – Exam #1
This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each
chapter. This guide is NOT what you should study but rather is a guide to help organize
your studying of the material listed. Your actual studying should involve the Powerpoint
slides, your notes and textbook. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in
the book that was not covered in class, and you should know the new terminology for
each chapter (see terms in bold type).
Chapter 26 (Phylogeny and the Tree of Life)
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the concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny
the taxonomic hierarchy
binomial nomenclature
concepts of sister taxa, basal taxon, being “rooted”, polytomy
analogous vs homologous structures
how DNA sequence alignment reveals DNA homology and how DNA homology is used to
construct phylogenies
the concept of a clade
monophyletic groups (i.e., clades) vs polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups
shared ancestral vs shared derived characters
constructing a phylogenetic tree using a character table
the principles of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and phylogenetic bracketing
orthologous vs paralogous genes
the concept of a molecular clock and its shortcomings
sample questions:
1. Indicate all taxons in the taxonomic hierarchy in descending order.
2. Distinguish orthologous genes from paralagous genes.
Chapters 27 (Bacteria & Archaea)
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prokaryotic morphologies – coccus, bacillus, spiral (vibrio, spirillum, spirochete)
bacterial cell wall structure – gram-positive vs gram-negative
other external prokaryotic structures – capsules, pili, fimbriae, endospores, flagella
internal prokaryotic structures – membrane infoldings, nucleoid, chromosome, plasmids
bacterial reproduction and diversity– binary fission, short generation times, mutation
the 4 types of horizontal gene transfer – transformation, transduction, conjugation, Hfr
conjugation
terminology for metabolism – phototroph vs chemotroph, autotroph vs heterotroph
oxygen tolerance – aerobic vs anaerobic, obligate vs facultative
concepts of nitrogen fixation and metabolic cooperation
general characteristics of each bacterial group and examples of each
pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause
general characteristics of archaea, similarities with eukaryotes
roles of bacteria in recycling of nutrients (decomposition), research and technology
symbiotic relationships with other organisms – mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
sample questions:
1. Describe the basic structure and function of an endospore.
2. Describe the process of bacterial conjugation and indicate how it differs from Hfr conjugation.
Chapter 28 (Protists)
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protists no longer comprise a single, unified kingdom
the general characteristics of protists
the concepts of endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis
general characteristics and evolutionary relatedness of the 4 protist supergroups – Excavata, SAR
clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
characteristics of key groups within each supergroup and examples of each:
o Excavata – Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans (Kinetoplastids, Euglenids)
o SAR clade – Stramenopiles (diatoms, golden algae, brown algae), Alveolates
(Apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, ciliates), Rhizarians (radiolarians, forams, cercozoans)
o Archaeplastida – red algae, green algae (chlorophytes, charophytes)
o Unikonta – slime molds (plasmodial & cellular), tubulinids (amoebozoa), entamoebas
the alternation of generations
protists that are human pathogens and the diseases that they cause
the life cycle of Plasmodium (cause of malaria)
conjugation in ciliates such as Paramecium
the life cycles of plasmodial vs cellular slime molds
sample questions:
1. Describe the general characteristics of Parabasalids and provide one example.
2. Describe the life cycle of a plasmodial or cellular slime mold.
Chapter 31 (Fungi)
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general characteristics, structures of fungi
roles of mycorrhizae in symbioses with plants
general asexual and sexual life cycles of fungi
o plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
characteristics, evolutionary relatedness and examples of the major fungal groups
o chytrids
o zygomycetes
o glomeromycetes
o ascomycetes
o basidiomycetes
o lichens
distinguishing features of asexual and sexual life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes
important ecological roles of fungi
fungal diseases of plants and animals
practical uses of fungi for humans
sample questions:
1. Describe the general characteristics of lichens and why they are so important ecologically.
2. Indicate how the sexual life cycles of zygomycetes and ascomycetes differ.
Chapter 29 (Plant Diversity I – Bryophytes & Seedless Vascular Plants)
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fossil and molecular evidence indicates plants colonized land ~500 million years ago
charophytes (a type of green algae) are the closest living relatives of plants
Key derived traits of land plants:
o alternation of generations
o multicellular dependent embyros
o walled spores produced in sporangia
o multicellular gametangia
o apical meristems
o cuticle, stomata, mycorrhizae
evolutionary relatedness of the main groups of seedless plants (vascular and nonvascular)
characteristics of nonvascular plant groups:
o mosses (Bryophyta)
o liverworts (Hepatophyta)
o hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
moss life cycle
characteristics of seedless vascular plant groups and examples of each:
o Lycophyta – club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
o Monilophyta – ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
fern life cycle
key structural adaptations of vascular plants
o phloem, xylem, roots
o leaves – microphylls, megaphylls
o sporophylls, sori and strobili
o heterosporous vs homosporous
sample questions:
1. Describe the characteristics of male and female gametangia and their roles in the sexual life cycle of
nonvascular plants.
2. Indicate the general roles of phloem and xylem in plants.
Chapter 30 (Plant Diversity II – Seed Plants)
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Key derived traits of seed plants:
o seeds
o reduced gametophytes
o heterospory
o ovules
o pollen
evolutionary relatedness of the main groups of seed plants
characteristics and examples of gymnosperms:
o Cycadophyta (cycads)
o Gingkophyta
o Gnetophyta
o Coniferophyta (conifers)
pine life cycle
key derived traits of angiosperms – flowers and fruits
structure and function of flowers
angiosperm life cycle
various mechanisms of pollen and seed dispersal, key roles of animals
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characteristics of monocots and eudicots
Amborella, water lilies and star anise are basal angiosperms
Magnoliids evolved after basal angiosperms but before monocots and eudicots
sample questions:
1. Indicate 3 structural differences between monocots and eudicots.
2. Describe the general roles of each of the following flower structures – carpel, stamen, petal.
Extra credit article
“Tiny Plants that Once Ruled the Seas” by Ronald Martin and Antonietta Quigg, Scientific
American, June 2013, pp. 40-45.