Download Chapter 3

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

Biosphere 2 wikipedia , lookup

Local food wikipedia , lookup

Ecosystem wikipedia , lookup

History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup

Habitat wikipedia , lookup

Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup

Natural environment wikipedia , lookup

Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup

Ecology wikipedia , lookup

Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup

Food web wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
The
Biosphere
Chapter 3
1
 Biotic

= living
Plants, animals, bacteria, fungus,
etc…
 Abiotic

= non-living
Rocks, water, air, temperature,
sunlight, dirt, etc..
2
3
3-1 What is Ecology?
 Ecology
= scientific study of interactions
among organisms and between organisms
and their environment
 The biosphere contains the combined
portions of the planet in which all of life
exists, including land, water, and air, or
atmosphere.

8 kilometers above Earth's surface to as far
as 11 kilometers below the surface of the
ocean.
4
5
Levels of Organization
 Individual
= a single organism of a
species (a species is a group of organisms
so similar to one another that they can
breed and produce fertile offspring)
 Population = groups of individuals that
belong to the same species and live in the
same area.
 Community = groups of different
populations that live together in a defined
area.
6
 An
ecosystem is a collection of all
the organisms that live in a particular
place, together with their nonliving, or
physical, environment.
 A biome is a group of ecosystems
that have the same climate and
similar dominant communities.
 A biosphere = highest level = all the
biomes combined
7
8
3–2 Energy Flow
 Autotroph
(Producer) = organism
that can capture energy from sunlight
or chemicals and use it to produce its
own food from inorganic compounds

Photoautotrophs (photosynthesis)
• Plants, protists

Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)
• bacteria
9
10
Consumers
 Heterotrophs
(consumers) =
Organisms that rely on other
organisms for their energy and food
supply
 Types of consumers:





Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
Decomposers
11
12
Feeding Relationships
the sun or inorganic compounds 
autotrophs (producers)  various
heterotrophs (consumers)
 from
13
Food Chains
a
series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating and being eaten
14
15
Food Webs
 network
of complex interactions
formed by the feeding relationships
among the various organisms in an
ecosystem
16
17
18
Trophic Levels
 step
in a food chain or
food web
19
Ecological Pyramids
a
diagram that shows the relative amounts
of energy or matter contained within each
trophic level in a food chain or food web
 There are 3 different kinds of pyramids:
1.Energy
Pyramids
2.Biomass Pyramids
3.Pyramids of Numbers
20
Energy Pyramid
 Shows
the relative amounts of energy
available at each trophic level.
 Organisms store about 10% of this energy;
90% is used up in life processes
 Much energy is lost as heat.
 Therefore, usually 4-6 levels in an energy
pyramid.
21
22
Biomass Pyramid
 Represents
the amount of living organic
matter at each trophic level.
 grams of organic matter per unit area
 represents the amount of potential food
23
24
Pyramid of Numbers
 Shows
the relative number of individual
organisms at each trophic level.
25
26
Water Cycle
27
28
The Carbon Cycle
29
The Nitrogen Cycle
30
The Phosphorus Cycle
31