Download 15-3 - Brookings School District

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin Presents his Case
Chapter 15-3
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jpg
THINK ABOUT IT
What do oranges, broccoli and
Butterball turkeys have to do
with EVOLUTION?
(Answers to come in this slide show!)
After Darwin returned to England in 1836
he filled notebooks with his ideas, but
he did not publish his ideas
disagreed with the
because they ________
fundamental scientific beliefs of his
day.
He asked his wife to publish
his ideas when he died
______.
http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif
In 1858 another naturalist,
Alfred
Russel Wallace wrote an
_________________,
Malaysia that
essay describing his work in _______
summarized the same ideas Darwin
_____ had
been thinking about for 25 years!
http://www.thesecondevolution.com/wallace&darwin.jpg
Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish
the results of his work!
In 1859
On
the Origin of Species
____________________
evidence
presented _______
for Darwin’s ideas about
how living things change
called
NATURAL
SELECTION
__________________
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.gif
Isn’t evolution just a theory?
THEORY
A __________is
a
well supported
testable
explanation of
happenings in the NATURAL
_________ world
Ex: gravitational theory
atomic theory
cell theory
http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
VARIATION is found
GENETIC___________
naturally in all populations
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
______________________
STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTANCE
means that members of each species
must COMPETE
________ for food, space, and
other RESOURCES
__________.
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Some organisms in a ________
population
less likely to survive.
are ________
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
_____________________
organisms which are better adapted
survive and
to the environment will ______
reproduce passing on their _____.
genes
________,
http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg
VOCAB
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg
Ability of an individual to survive
______
and
reproduce in its specific
____________
environment
= fitness
______
VOCAB
inherited characteristic that
Any ___________________
of survival
increases an organism’s chance
______________
ADAPTATION
= _____________
http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html
http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg
http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Over time, natural selection
CHANGES in the
results in ________
inherited characteristics of a
POPULATION
__________.
increase a
These changes ______
species’ fitness
_____ in its environment.
How Does Evolution Really Work?
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
____________________________
each species has descended with
changes from other species over time.
This idea suggests that all living
species are related to each other.
and that all species, living and extinct,
COMMON ANCESTOR
share a _________________.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
Artificial
1. __________
selection
2. ________________
Fossil record
Geographic
3. ___________distribution
Homologous
4. ___________
structures
5. _______________
Embryology
DNA
6. _______________
7. see natural selection happen
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
variation
Nature provides the____________
mutation and
through _________
_________
sexual reproduction
useful
Humans select traits they find ______.
EX: We have selected for
and bred cows to
produce more milk,
turkeys with more breast
meat, etc.
http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg
http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif
Breeds of Dogs
Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico
by Mayans, had religious significance
Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D.
to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the
Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland
Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to
hunt wolves and elk
Dachshund – bred in Germany as early
as the 15th century to hunt badgers
SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
____________________________
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jpg
THINK ABOUT IT
Now you know what broccoli and
Butterball turkeys have to do with
evolution!
(Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!)
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record –
Fossils are the _______
remains
______
_________________
of ancient organisms
found in layers of rock
in the Earth.
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
The layers of rock
tell the history of the Earth.
The fossils in the rocks
LIFE
tell the history of ______
The fossils are
the same age as
the rock they
are found in.
TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND
Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
expect to find:
Closely related yet different species
living in a geographic region as they
spread into nearby habitats and evolve.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES
Intermediate vegetation
Intermediate necks
Little vegetation
Long necks
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006
Lots of vegetation
Short necks
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they
spread from the mainland to the different islands.
DIVERGENT
=___________
evolution
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
The _____
beaks of Galapagos finches have
adapted
______ to eating a variety
_____ of foods
_____.
If Darwin’s theory is correct:
you would also expect to find different
species living in similar habitats becoming
more alike
____________
as they adapt to where
they live
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
Whales and sharks have a similar body design
even though they are very different organisms
(one is a fish; the other, a mammal)
because they have both adapted to
living in a similar environment.
CONVERGENT evolution
= ____________
Whales are closely related to wolves, but
don’t look or act much like them
= divergent evolution
Whales are distantly related
to sharks, but look and act more
like them =
convergent evolution
4. HOMOLOGOUS
____________ structures
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Structures that look different
but are made from the same bones
because they are made from
the same embryonic cells
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Some homologous structures are
vestigial and have no useful
_______
function even though they are still
present
hipbones
Ex: ________in
whales and
boa constrictors
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
Most mammals have a pouch
between their small and large
intestine that contains bacteria
cecum
to digest plants called a _____.
In humans the cecum
is shrunken and unused.
appendix
It is our _________
http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif
Why grow a tail and then lose it?
EX:
TAIL
________in
HUMAN
EMBRYOS
disappears at
around 8 weeks
http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif
EX: Vestigial organs
Skinks are a type of
lizard whose ______
legs
have become so
small they no longer
function in walking.
.
Why
would an organism possess organs that
no longer work?
http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif
http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
One explanation:
The genes to make the organ are present but
have been mutated so they no longer have
the information to make the part function.
5.Similarities in ____________
Embryology
Vertebrate embryos look very similar.
Image from:
http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
Embryonic cells develop in the same
order to produce the same tissues and
organs of all vertebrates, suggesting
that they all evolved from a common
ancestor
_______________.
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
DNA
6. SIMILARITIES IN_______
Similarities
in DNA and
protein
sequences
suggest
relatedness
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005
Human- 46 chromosomes
Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypes suggest
Similar _________
relatedness
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
1. BANDING
________PATTERN MATCHES
If you take the two smaller
chromosomes apes have that
we don’t, and place them
end to end:
the banding pattern is
identical to the #2 human
________
chromosome we have that
they don’t
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
2. TELOMERES
__________ in the middle
Chromosomes have special sequences
called telomeres at their ends to
protect the strands during
replication.
http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
If two chromosomes were
joined, you would expect to
find telomere sequences in
the middle.
Human chromosome #2 has
telomeres at the ends AND
in the middle
→
→
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
3. EXTRA _____________
CENTROMERE
If two chromosomes were
joined, you would expect to
find multiple centromeres.
Human chromosome #2 has
a second non-working
centromere region
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jpg
THINK ABOUT IT
What do oranges, broccoli and
Butterball turkeys have to do
with EVOLUTION?
(Answers to come in this slide show!)
Did you ever wonder why dogs and
cats don’t need to eat fresh fruit, but
you do?
http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/images/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpg
http://www.alpo.com/where.aspx
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most
mammals can make their own
VITAMIN C but humans need to eat
_________,
fresh fruit or they end up with
________.
SCURVY
http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif
http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg
Human DNA contains the gene that
codes for the enzyme to make
VITAMIN C but it is non-working.
____________,
Guess what other group of organisms
lack the ability to make their own
Vitamin C?
PRIMATES…
______________
including
chimpanzees, orangutans,
gorillas, and other apes.
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
Humans have many other
nonfunctional vestigial genes called
________________.
PSEUDOGENES
EX: Humans have more than 99
different odor receptor genes, but more
than 70% of them are nonfunctional
___________.
http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html
http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg
WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW?
Can see Natural selection happen
7.____________________________
EX: Peppered Moths
There is a natural
variation in populations
of peppered moths.
Typica
Carbonaria
Typica form - lighter
________________
Carbonaria
form - darker
___________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
The ___________
light colored form was the predominant form
in England _____________________________.
prior to the Industrial Revolution
Around the middle of the 19th century the ______
darker
form began to appear. It was first reported in
1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester
were the dark
____ variety.
In recent years, the burning of
cleaner fuels and Clean Air
regulations has reduced the
pollution there and the
lighter
______ colored moths
have increased in numbers.
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
7.____________________________
Can see Natural selection happen
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that
produce new organisms and new
__________.
diseases
Bird flu
_______
HIV
___
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
Antibiotic-resistant
tuberculosis
__________________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
Should the Use of Antibiotics
Be Restricted?
Read the Issues in Biology article on
p. 403 in your text. Then watch the
video Why Does Evolution Matter Now?
and discuss the question: Should the
use of antibiotics be restricted?
PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS
Isn’t Evolution Just a Theory?
QuickTime
Who was Charles Darwin?
QuickTime
How Do we Know Evolution Happens?
QuickTime
How Does Evolution Really Work?
QuickTime |
Why Does Evolution Matter Now?
QuickTime
Why is Evolution Controversial Anyway?
QuickTime
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of
scientific knowledge.
9-12.N.1.1. Students are able to evaluate a scientific discovery to
determine and describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs
influence scientific investigations and interpretations. (EVALUTION)
• Recognize scientific knowledge is not merely a set of static facts, but is
dynamic and affords the best current explanations.
• Discuss how progress in science can be affected by social issues.
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of
scientific knowledge.
9-12.N.1.2. Students are able to describe the role of observation and
evidence in the development and modification of hypotheses, theories,
and laws. (SYNTHESIS)
• Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models.
• Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of
scientific knowledge.
9-12.N.1.2. Students are able to describe the role of observation and
evidence in the development and modification of hypotheses, theories,
and laws. (SYNTHESIS)
• Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models.
• Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue
Core High School Nature of Science
Performance Descriptors
High school
students performing
at the ADVANCED
level:
High school
students performing
at the PROFICIENT
level:
 given a scientific discovery, evaluate how different
societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the
investigation and its interpretation
 given a scientific discovery narrative, determine and
describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs
influenced the investigation and its interpretation;
 given a scientific discovery narrative, identify the
High school
cultural and personal beliefs that influenced the
students performing investigation.
at the BASIC level:
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE
Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of
natural and induced biological change.
9-12.L.2.2. Students are able to describe how genetic recombination,
mutations, and natural selection lead to adaptations, evolution,
extinction, or the emergence of new species. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: behavioral adaptations, environmental pressures,
allele variations, bio-diversity
• Use comparative anatomy to support evolutionary relationships .
• Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models.
• Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue
Core High School LIFE Science
Performance Descriptors
High school
students performing
at the ADVANCED
level:
High school
students performing
at the PROFICIENT
level:
High school
students performing
at the BASIC level:
•predict the impact of genetic changes in populations
(mutation, natural selection and artificial selection,
adaptation/extinction);
•predict how life systems respond to changes in the
environment;
• identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic
code;
• identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from
parents to offspring;