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Objectives: Explain the importance of Feudalism in the Middle Ages Analyze the effects of the Renaissance and how it spread Identify the causes and effects of the Reformation Why did feudalism develop in Europe? Middle Ages – the period between the Fall of the Roman Empire and the modern era about C.E. 476 to 1453 also know as medieval period I. Middle Ages A. collapse of Western Roman Empire 1. people became fear/uncertainty 2. Europeans - no strong central government 3. no army to protect them 4. no common culture and no common belief system 5. many advances of ancient world lost Medieval Society II. Germanic tribes very different from Romans A. No central government B. Replaced by small kingdoms 1. roads and water systems not kept up 2. trade declined 3. towns shrank – people headed countryside 4. shift towards farming 5. literacy and educated middle class lost III. Charlemagne (700’s) controls France and Germany A. military leader aligns with Pope Leo III 1. crowned emperor in 800 dies 814 IV. Empire divided by grandsons A. Europe disorderly group small kingdoms Questions to ask after viewing 1. When did Charlemagne live? (He was born in 742 AD and died in 814 AD.) 2. Who were Charlemagne’s prominent ancestors? (His grandfather was Charles Martel and his father was Pepin the Short.) 3. When was Charlemagne crowned emperor, and by whom? (on Christmas Day, 800 AD, by Pope Leo III.) 4. What was Charlemagne’s title? (He was the first Holy Roman Emperor.) 5. What was the name of the dynasty ruled by Charlemagne? (The Carolingian Dynasty.) 6. What were some of the major changes Charlemagne instituted in the empire? (He developed a legal code, established schools modeled after Roman education, encouraged education in monasteries, and campaigned for Europeans to convert to Christianity.) 7. The Holy Roman Empire during Charlemagne’s rule consisted mainly of which two modern day countries? (France and Germany) 8. What was the population of the Holy Roman Empire? (about 20 million people) 9. What was Charlemagne’s vision for his empire? (To restore the old Roman ideals, cultures, laws and education.) 10. Who usually arranged marriages? Who chose Charlemagne’s wife? (Parents usually arranged marriages; Charlemagne chose his wife himself.) 11. What is the broad definition of “the church” as it apples to the Middle Ages? (general European (and Christian) society) 12. What was the role of the monastery? (Its role was to provide religious and general education, maintain records and libraries, serve as a location for business and religious events and provide protection and health services for local peasants.) 13. What types of jobs did medieval women have? (They performed household duties such as cooking, sewing, weaving and also served as midwives, apothecaries, blacksmiths, and impromptu soldiers.) 14. Who were the prominent invaders in the 8th and 9th centuries? (The Vikings in Scandinavia; also called the Norsemen or Normans, some eventually settled in present day Normandy in France.) 15. What were the divisions in Europe and the Middle Ages in the 9th century? (the Latin or Roman West, the Byzantine East and Islam) Feudalism III. Feudalism (9th -14th centuries) A. King 1. Nobles a. Lords – powerful landowners gave land to vassals b. Vassals – served lords i. Paid taxes to lords in exchange for land (fiefs) ii. Some vassals were knights iii. Knights fought for their lords c. Serfs were peasants i. worked on noble’s land given housing and protection IV. Feudalism kept Europe divided A. Little trade between kingdoms B. noble’s land center of economic activity C. main part of noble’s land is called manor The Role of the Church V. Roman Catholic Church survives fall of Rome A. Christianity split into several churches 1. Roman Catholic in Western Roman Empire a. Church is main source of education during Middle Ages i. Built universities attended by nobles b. Becomes Holy Roman Empire i. confederation of states associated with the Catholic Church How did the Renaissance change Europe? The Renaissance – 300 year period 1300-1600 – rebirth in learning and art (Ancient Greece and Rome) I. The Renaissance A. Crusades 1. take back the Holy Land from Muslims 2. economic growth, increase in trade (Mediterranean and Middle East) 3. birth of “towns” to supply armies 4. jobs created – loss of power for feudal lords 5. “Black Death” plague killed 1/3 Europe’s population How did the Renaissance change Europe? II. The Rebirth of Europe 1. began in city-states increased trade between Italian cities and Middle East 2. Crusades made some wealthy – built palaces 3. birth of “patrons” wealthy or powerful person who provides money, support and encouragement to an artist or a cause 4. new pride in city-states III. New “humanity” 1. scholars question the concept of religion 2. “secular” deals with world not religion 3. paintings had both religious themes and contemporary people 4. birth of new “perspective” a technique used by artists to give the appearance of depth and distance IV. New languages 1. shift from Latin How did the Renaissance change Europe? V. The Renaissance spreads A. 100 Years War – ended in 1453 (between England and France) 1. war out of the way – trade routes expanded 2. wealthy merchant class developed 3. sponsors of artists and writers 4. northern Europe study of Christianity – criticism of Catholic Church 5. printing press How did the Renaissance change Europe? III. Feudalism (9th -14th centuries) A. King 1. Nobles a. Lords – powerful landowners gave land to vassals b. Vassals – served lords i. Paid taxes to lords in exchange for land (fiefs) ii. Some vassals were knights iii. Knights fought for their lords c. Serfs were peasants i. worked on noble’s land given housing and protection IV. Feudalism kept Europe divided A. Little trade between kingdoms B. noble’s land center of economic activity C. main part of noble’s land is called manor Adventist Family Baptist Family Christian Science-Metaphysical Family Adventist groups, Jehovah's Witnesses, and British Israelism Southern Baptists, American Baptists, etc. Christian Science, New Thought Communal Family Eastern Orthodox Family The Jesus People, Twin Oaks, etc. Various Orthodox churches -- Russian, Greek, Serbian, etc. European Free-Church Family Holiness Family Independent Fundamentalist Family Amish, Brethren, Mennonites, Quakers, Shakers, etc. Christian and Missionary Alliance, Church of the Nazarene, etc. Plymouth Brethren, Fundamentalists, etc. Latter-day Saints Family a.k.a. LDS Restorationists Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The community of Christ Lutheran Family Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Lutheran church - Missouri Synod, etc. Messianic Judaism Pentecostal Family Pietist-Methodist Family Jews For Jesus, and other similar groups Assemblies of God, Church of God (Cleveland, TN) Scandinavian Pietism, United Methodist Church, other Methodists Reformed-Presbyterian Family Reformed, various Presbyterian churches, Congregational, United Church of Christ Western Liturgical Family Anglican Communion; Roman Catholicism, including the Latin Church and the Eastern Rite Churches: (Armenian 5 Catholic Church, Chaldean C.C., Coptic C.C., Marionite C.C., Melkite C.C., Syrian C.C.); Old Catholicism; and the Ukranian Catholic Church 22.1 The Scientific Revolution In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation The Roots of Modern Science • The Medieval View – Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources. – Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth The Roots of Modern Science • A New Way of Thinking – Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (13001600) – Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiry – New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking – Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • The Heliocentric Theory – Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate – Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun – Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct Nicolaus Copernicus A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Galileo’s Discoveries – Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy. – He makes discovery about planet surfaces – supports heliocentric theory – 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons) – Sun spots Galileo Galilei • Conflict with the Church – Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith – Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition Science and the Church Galileo’s Theories • Brought him into direct conflict with the church • Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus • Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support Trial • Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition • Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views • Trial held, April 1633 House Arrest • Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work • Received lenient sentence in return • Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life The Scientific Method • A Logical Approach • Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories * urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions * using logic and math to reason out basic truths Find the Main Idea What was the Scientific Revolution? Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation Draw Conclusions How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science? Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about government, religion, education, and economics. The French Revolution & Napoleon On the Eve of Revolution • Summary: – Social unrest, government debt, and food shortages contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 On the Eve of Revolution • Since the Middle Ages, everyone in France had belonged to one of the three social classes, called Estates – The 1st Estate – Clergy – The 2nd Estate – Nobles – The 3rd Estate – Peasants 100 80 60 1st Estate 2nd Estate 3rd Estate 40 20 0 Prrecentage of French population On the Eve of Revolution • The 1st & 2nd Estates were rich and powerful – They had many special privileges • For example, they did not have to pay taxes –They made up about 2% of the total population of France 70 60 50 40 1st Estate 2nd Estate 3rd Estate 30 20 10 0 Land Ownership On the Eve of Revolution • Most (98%) of French people belonged to the 3rd Estate – Although they were poor, their tax burden was the heaviest On the Eve of Revolution • In 1789, France faced several crises – For many years the French government had been spending more money than it had earned – Bad harvests caused food prices to rise • Many peasants did not have enough to eat –In towns and in the countryside, starving people rioted On the Eve of Revolution • To deal with these problems, King Louis XVI met with the leaders of the 3 Estates – Most common people wanted financial relief, but the elected members of the Third Estate wanted government reform On the Eve of Revolution • After weeks of meetings, its leaders took a daring step – They created a new government called the National Assembly • Some reform-minded nobles and clergy joined them On the Eve of Revolution • The National Assembly promised to write a new constitution for France – However, dangerous rumors, increasing food shortages, and an attack on the Bastille (a Parisian political prison) kept the problems from being solved • A violent revolution was starting Creating a New France • Summary: – The National Assembly instituted political and social reforms in the early stages of the revolution Creating a New France • In 1789, a terrible famine occurred in France – Starving peasants attacked the homes of nobles Creating a New France • Revolutionary groups took over Paris and demanded an end to the monarchy – Finally Nobles agreed to give up their special privileges Creating a New France • The National Assembly began making reforms – They agreed to abolish feudalism – In 1791, the assembly finished writing a new constitution that used Enlightenment ideas Creating a New France • Under this constitution, people had natural rights and the government had to protect those rights – The constitution created a limited monarchy • The assembly also reformed French laws and supported trade Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Creating a New France • But when the assembly took control of the French Catholic Church and sold its lands to pay back the government’s debt, the pope, clergy, and many peasants rejected the revolution National Assembly Creating a New France • Other groups, however, wanted even more changes – Violent disagreements soon caused the downfall of the assembly Creating a New France • News about the French Revolution spread across Europe – While many Europeans supported the revolution, rulers and nobles were afraid that revolutionary ideas would spread to their own countries Creating a New France • After the French king and his family made an unsuccessful attempt to flee, the king of Prussia promised he would fight to save the French monarchy Creating a New France • In 1792, France declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and several other European states – The fighting lasted for over 20 years Radical Days • Summary: – The French Revolution, driven by leaders determined to preserve and extend the revolution, entered a radical phrase Radical Days • The war with other European powers went badly for the French forces – People thought the king was helping the enemy • Mobs attacked the kings guards and killed nobles Radical Days • Radical revolutionaries, supported by Paris crowds, took control of the Assembly in 1792 – These radicals ended the monarchy, made France a republic, and wrote another constitution • In 1793, they executed, or put to death, the king and queen for treason Radical Days • By 1793, France was at war with most of Europe – Within France peasants rioted for food, and revolutionary groups fought against each another • To restore order, the new government set up the Committee of Public Safety, which had absolute power Radical Days • Using a new invention, called the Guillotine, the Committee, led by Maximilien Robespierre, beheaded thousands of people for treason, even supporters of the revolution were sometimes killed to set an example – Thousands more people were put in prison • This period is called the Reign of Terror Radical Days • By 1799, life in France had changed – The Monarchy and the old class system were gone • The government controlled the church – The French people began to feel proud of France » This feeling of pride is called Nationalism Radical Days • The new government continued to make important reforms – It set up school for children and organized a system to care for the poor – Slavery in the French colonies ended – Religious tolerance became the law The Age of Napoleon Begins • Summary: – Napoleon built a large empire by annexing lands, making alliances, and placing family members on the thrones of Europe The Age of Napoleon Begins • When the French Revolution started, Lt. Napoleon Bonaparte began to earn rapid promotions – He led the French army in victories over Britain and Austria The Age of Napoleon Begins • A general by 1799, Napoleon helped to overthrow the French government – He organized a new government and put himself in charge – Five years later he took the title Emperor of the French • At each step of his rise of power, the French voted their support The Age of Napoleon Begins • The policies that Napoleon set up show why he was so popular – He strengthen the French government and restored order – He improved the economy and encouraged new industry – He built roads and canals and supported public education The Age of Napoleon Begins • Some of Napoleon’s reforms continued the spirit of the revolution – Peasants could legally keep the Church lands they bought – Careers were opened to anyone with ability The Age of Napoleon Begins • One of his most important reforms was a new set of laws called the Napoleonic Code – These laws included many enlightenment ideas but undid some reforms of the revolution The Age of Napoleon Begins • From 1804 to 1814, Napoleon defeated the greatest nations of Europe an built an empire – He conquered the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany – He ended the Holy Roman Empire and divided Prussia The Age of Napoleon Begins • Napoleon replaced the monarchs of defeated nations with his friends and family – Only Britain remained outside Napoleon’s empire The Age of Napoleon Begins The End of An Era • Summary: – After suffering defeat, Napoleon was removed from power – European leaders restored peace and redrew the map of Europe The End of An Era • Under Napoleon, French armies spread the ideas of the French Revolution across Europe – The French overthrew European monarchs and set up their own governments • They also reduced the power of the Church and ended serfdom The End of An Era • Many Europeans welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution – However, they did not welcome the French rulers – Nationalism caused conquered people to reject French control • From Italy to Spain to the Netherlands, people rebelled against the French The End of An Era • The end of the empire began in 1812 when Napoleon invaded Russia – The invasion was a disaster – Many French soldiers died during the long Russian winter The End of An Era • The following year, an alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeated Napoleon at the town of Leipzig and forced him to live on an island in the Mediterranean The End of An Era • After the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna – They hoped to create peace after 25 years of war • One of their goals was to return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon The End of An Era • To accomplish this goal they gave power back to the monarchs of Europe – The leaders of Europe also took steps to create a balance of power • To prevent France from going to war again, they strengthened the countries around it • To protect the new order, European states formed a peacekeeping organization • The peace lasted 100 years The End of An Era The Congress of Vienna Goal Action To prevent France from going to war again Strengthen countries around France To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon Give power back to the monarchs of Europe To protect the new system and Create the Concert of Europe, maintain peace an organization to maintain peace in Europe