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Nature and Scope of Sexual Offending Randy Shively, Ph.D. Director of Research and Clinical Development Alvis, Columbus, Ohio Sex Offender Characteristics Needy; Immature Manipulative; Secretive Controlling; Domineering Poor Social Skills; Sexualize Relationships Sex Offender Characteristics Shame for Offense; Not want to discuss Blame others and system for being at AH Broken family relationships Violence and Domestic Violence Sex Offender Characteristics Poor communication and relationship skills Very poor self esteem- feels insignificant Untreated mental health issues Anger directed at Staff and System Sex Offender Facts Percentage of Sex Offenders who will commit another sex offense- 2.7% Percentage of Sex Offenders who will commit another crime- 70% Percentage of sexual offenses that occur while living in a supervised setting- 60% NCMEC, 2013 It is estimated that 60% of sexual assaults are not reported to the police Approximately 2/3 of rapes were committed by someone known to the victim 38% of rapists are a friend or acquaintance 28% of rapists are intimate partners. Victims of Sex Offenders Incarcerated in Ohio 79% 17 years old or younger 56% 12 years old or younger 87% female 85% knew the offender Misunderstanding of the Issues Sex Offending is a very misunderstood area for most of the public- it is not often repeated as other crimes; Many of the sex offender rules do not protect the public- they places barriers for the sex offender Most sex offenses do not happen with strangers but people well known to the victims Proportionally More Sex Offenses Higher proportion of sex offenses with DD population among all types of offenses when compared to the nonDD offender population Why? Why? Why? Why more sex offenses? Fewer dating opportunities Belief in ID world that those with cognitive delays are asexual Less tolerance of sexual deviance in community Poor social skills-poor decision making All sex offenders 5 years 10 years 14% 20% 15 years 24% Rapists 14% 21% 24% 9% “Girl Victim” Child Molesters “Boy Victim” Child Molesters 23% 13% 16% 28% 35% Over 50 years old at release 7% 11% 12% Under 50 years old at release 15% 21% 26% Harris and Hanson (2004) RNR Model in Corrections-All Offenders Risk- Who do we need to target for treatment- target moderate to high risk offender Needs- What dynamic life areas relate to recidivism and which can be altered through active programs, ie. substance abuse Responsivity- How? Individual differences in clients which need to be considered when presenting programs (ie. Motivation, ID, mental health) Ohio Risk Assessment System- ORAS Risk Areas to Recidivate Family/Marital Accommodation Companions Alcohol/Drug Problems Emotional/Personal Antisocial/Criminal Attitudes RISK FACTORS-SEX OFFENDING • • • • • • • • • • • Prior sex offenses Diverse sex crimes Deviant sexual interest Sexual preoccupation Antisocial orientation/psychopathy Victim characteristics (male, stranger, unrelated) History of rule violations (non-compliance with supervision, violation of conditional release) Attitudes tolerant of sex crimes Emotional identification with children Conflicts with intimate partners or lack of intimate partner Psychopathy and deviance combined Non-DD Sex Offenders - Typology Rapists/Violence Pedophiles/Child Victims Immature/Date Rape Pornography Violations-importuning/downloading underage DD Sex Offenders in Treatment Underage victims- Pedophilia and poor discrimination of age Impulsive in general- violate rules and people impulsively Anger/control/rape- retaliation or control of others drives their offending Pornography- internet violations CROSSOVER There are no pure categories within sexual offending categories alone. Colorado study: 25.7% assaulted both genders 50% crossed over juvenile/adult Subtypes of Paraphilias Exhibitionism Fetishism Froteurism Pedophilia Sexual Sadism/ Masochism Voyeurism Deviance or Disability? Are the behaviors being assess representative of a sexual pathology (paraphilia) or are they symptomatic of environmental factors and/or poor understanding of sexual situations and social consequences? Labeling someone sexually deviant can be a life sentence! Assessing Paraphilias: Questions Is the behavior (problems) part of a preferred sexual pattern? Are the behaviors present when there is no active mental health disorder? Is the behavior(s) part of a recurrent pattern? Was the onset earlier in life? ID Specific Risk Areas ID Specific Risk Factors in Literature: Lack social skills History of Delinquency Impulsive Low Self Esteem Substance Abuse Poor Response to treatment Phenix and Screenivasan ,2009 ID Specific Risk Areas ID Risk Issues: Psychiatric History Unemployment Sexual Deviance Antisocial Attitudes History of Delinquency Susceptible to others influence Phenix and Screenivasan, 2009 Coming to Treatment Usually partial to total denial of sexual offense- roll with resistance (MI model) Usually referred for treatment out of court mandate or program mandate- forced choice A lot of thinking errors and social behavior problems related to offense Society Believes Most Sex Offenders are Molesters of Children- Untrue Small Percentage- 20% or less of DD sex offenders Pedophiles are not to be trusted around children- they say they can not trust themselves Need life long accountability and counseling There are two basic categories of child molesters: The first is the situational molester whose sexual preference is not solely children. He perceives himself as entitled to sex and is likely to have a history of varied crimes. He may abuse other vulnerable populations, e.g., elderly, sick, developmentally disabled. He frequently offends readily available children to whom he has easy access. The second category is the preferential molester. This child molester has definite sexual inclinations toward children, with sexual fantasies and imagery focusing on children. He has sex with children because of the sexual attraction and arousal. The problem is not only the nature of the sexual attraction, but also the need to have repeated and frequent sex. The preferential molester has the potential to abuse large numbers of victims. Know Your Client- Best Risk Protection What motivates him/her? Do they know they have a problem related to risk? What are their blind spots? What are their strengths/needs? How can you build off their strengths? Contact Information Randy Shively, Ph.D.- Alvis [email protected] References Seligman, L. 1998. Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive guide to treating mental disorders. Jossey-Bass, Inc.: San Francisco, CA. Quinsey, V., Harris, G., Rice, M., and Cormier, C. 1998. Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC. Center for Sex Offender Management. 2000. Myths and facts about sex offenders. (csom.org/pubs/mythsfacts) Harris, J., and Hanson, RK. 2004. Sex offender recidivism: A simple question. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness: Canada.(www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca) References, Cont’d Heil, P., Ahlmeyer, S., and Simons, D. 2003. Crossover sexual offenses. A Journal of Research and Treatment, vol 15(4). US Dept of Justice. Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women. (ojp.usdoj.gov/nij). Dornin, C. 2010. Facts and fiction about sex offenders. University of Cincinnati. (corrections.com/news/article/24500-facts-and-fictionabout-sex-offenders). References- cont’d National Association for the Dually Diagnosed. 2007. Diagnostic manual- intellectual disability: A clinical guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. Kingston, NY. Griffiths, D. and Lunsky, Y. (2003). Socio-sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Assessment Tool-Revised. Wood Dale, Illinois: Stoelting Co. Boer et al. (2012). Assessment of Risk and Manageabilty of Individuals with Developmental and Intellectual Limitations who Sexually Offend (ARMIDILO-S).
