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Chemistry for Earth Systems Notes
Matter is anything that has
.
All matter is made of substances called
down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
, which is a substance that cannot be broken
Elements are made up of
All atoms consist of even smaller particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The center of an atom is called


, which is made up of
A proton is a tiny particle that has mass and a
electric charge.
A neutron is a tiny particle with approximately the same mass as a proton, but it has
Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are

, smaller particles that are in constant motion.
An electron has little mass, but it has a
magnitude as the positive charge of a proton.
electric charge that is exactly the same
Periodic Table
The periodic table of the elements is arranged so that a great deal of information about all of the known elements is
provided in a small space.
Generally, each element is identified by a one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation known as a
All elements are classified and arranged according to their
table of the elements.
in the periodic
The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus is its
.
The sum of the protons and the neutrons in an atom’s nucleus is its
Draw the diagram from the PowerPoint of the element chlorine to illustrate how atomic numbers and atomic mass are
listed in the periodic table of the elements.
All atoms of an element have the same number of
However, the number of neutrons of an element’s atoms can vary.
.
Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called
Isotopes
The
element.
of an element is the average of the mass numbers of the isotopes of an
.
is the spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation.
In the process of radioactive decay, a nucleus can lose
neutron, or change a neutron to a proton.
, change a proton to a
Because the number of protons in a nucleus
identity of an element.
, decay can change the
Ions
An atom that
net electric charge and is called an

Positive ions -

Negative ions -
one or more electrons from its outermost energy level has a
.
Element Abundance
Most abundant elements in universe (1)
(2)
Most abundant elements in Earth’s crust (1)
(2)
Compounds
A compound is a substance that is composed of atoms of
Compounds have
properties from the elements of which they are composed.
Compounds are represented by chemical formulas that include the symbol for each element followed by a subscript
number showing the number of atoms of that element in the compound.
Examples:
A state of stability is achieved by some elements by forming chemical bonds. A
is the force that holds together the elements in a compound.
Three types of bonds
o
o
o
covalent –
ionic –
metallic –
Chemical Reaction
The change of one or more compounds into other compounds is called a
Chemical reactions are described by chemical equations
Write the chemical equation example:
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of
that retain their identities.
When a mixture’s components are easily recognizable, it is called a
mixture.
In a homogeneous mixture, also called a
, the component particles cannot be
distinguished, even though they still retain their original properties. A solution can be
.
States of Matter
Solids are substances with
molecules.
, which can be ions, atoms, or
Most solids are
regular geometric patterns, giving solids definite shape and volume.
because the particles of a solid are arranged in
When thermal vibrations become vigorous enough to break the forces holding the solid together, the particles can slide
past each other, and the substance becomes
.
Liquids take the
they are placed in, but they do have a
.
This process of change from a liquid to a
at temperatures below the boiling point is called
Gases, like liquids, have no definite shape. Gases also have no
restrained by a container or a force such as gravity.
Draw the chart of the Phase Changes of Matter.
unless they are