Download Unit 5 Chapters 21-24

Unit 6 Chapters 21-24
Absolutism in Europe
1. Define absolute monarch2. Define divine right –
3. What was the goal of absolute monarchs?
4. To whom did absolute monarchs have to answer?
5. Why did the middle class support monarchs?
6. How did monarchs pay for their ambitions and goals?
7. What broke down during the Reformation that opened the way for monarchs to assume greater control?
8. Before the Protestant Reformation, who was the most powerful person in all of Europe – even more
powerful than kings?
Power Centralized
In one
Absolute Monarch
_________________Weakens the power
of the
Catholic Church
and its leader,
The Pope
Belief in
______________ =
Belief that a monarch gets
his or her power from
God
Belief in government having
total or
_______________ =
Absolutism
1
Five Powers Emerge to Dominate Europe after the Age of Exploration
Label and shade the following countries and cities
Countries: England, France, Spain, Prussia and Russia
Cities: London, Paris, Madrid, and Moscow
France
The French Wars of Religion
• War fought between _________________________________________________influenced by John Calvin called Huguenots
that lasted from 1562 to 1598
– Only 7% of the French population were Huguenots, but this included 50% of the nobility who
threatened the French monarchy
– The house of Valois, the current family ruling France, was strongly Catholic – one king, one law, one
religion
• _________Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
– The French Queen Catherine de Medici convinces her son to order the killing of _____________ who are
in Paris for the royal wedding of Catherine’s daughter to Henry of Navarre
• Henry is part of the Bourbon family and a leading Protestant who is in line for the throne if
the king dies without an heir
– 3,000 die in Paris and up to 10,000 – 70,000 total
• Catherine spares her new son-in-law
• The last Valois king dies and Henry of Navarre is made king
– He converts to Catholicism to gain acceptance
• “Paris is worth a mass”
2
1598 Henry ends the war by issuing the ___________________________
Recognized _______________________as the official religion of ______________ but gave _____________________________
_______________________________________________and to fortify towns in which they have a majority
• Henry of Navarre is now __________________________
– He _________________________________________________ and even built up a surplus
– In 1610 Henry was stabbed to death by a fanatic Catholic and the throne passed to his young son
Louis
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
•
•
Since Louis was a _____________________, his mother served as regent for several years
•
Once he was old enough to rule, __________________________________became his chief minister and advisor
•
Richelieu was determined to strengthen the French monarchy - _______________________________________________
–
Wanted to _________________________________________________________________
•
–
Took away some of the privileges granted to them in the Edict of Nantes
Saw __________________________________________, so Richelieu started to suppress them and used spies to
uncover plots and revolts
–
Richelieu was also in charge of foreign policy
•
Main enemy of France was the Hapsburg family and he __________________________________
against the Hapsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War
•
Cardinal Richelieu dies in 1642 and Louis is assassinated the next year, leaving as the new king the five
year old Louis XIV
Louis XIV
•
Becomes the ____________________________________, led France during a time of great power, glory, and prosperity
•
As a young boy, Louis had to flee Paris due to noble rebellions called the Fronde
–
•
Louis never again trusted the nobility
At age 18 Louis declared he would run the gov’t himself
–
“L’etat, c’est moi” = ________________________________________
–
Chose ___________________________ as his symbol, implying that ______________________________________________
and he was known as _____________________________
•
Louis made all the military, political, and economic decisions
•
Louis built the enormous _____________________________ twelve miles outside of Paris and moved the gov’t there
–
Required his nobles to either ____________________________________________
–
Nobles became more concerned with _________________________________ rather than _______________________
___________________
–
Life at Versailles was expensive, ____________________________________________________________________________
•
Louis ________________________________________ the Edict of Nante and outlawed ____________________________________
•
Idea of a _______________________________ – Louis wanted to expand French territory and control western Europe
–
Modernized and enlarged the army – had the largest in Europe
3
Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible
•
First to claim the title ______________________________ and got rid of _______________________
•
Reforms during the “good period”:
•
–
Created a general council and a new legal code
–
Promoted military officers based on merit and reduced the power of the boyars (Russian nobles)
Then his wife Anastasia died and Ivan becomes unstable and violent
–
Sends away his closest advisors, takes away land from 1200 boyars, and destroys whole towns
because he thought they were plotting against him
•
First to claim the title czar (caesar) and got rid of foreign rule
•
Reforms during the “good period”:
•
–
Created a general council and a new legal code
–
Promoted military officers based on merit and reduced the power of the boyars (Russian nobles)
Then his wife Anastasia died and Ivan becomes unstable and violent
–
Sends away his closest advisors, takes away land from 1200 boyars, and destroys whole towns
because he thought they were plotting against him
Peter the Great
•
•
•
Main goal was to _______________________________________________________________________
–
Wanted to make Russia more like Western Europe
–
Process of _________________________________
Reforms
–
Built Russia’s ________________________ and modernized the army
–
Brought the ______________________________________ and started the first Russian newspaper
Built ___________________________________ as his new capital, was modeled after western cities
Prussia and Frederick the Great
•
Prussia was one of ________________________________________, but it was fragmented
•
Frederick the Great built a strong army for protection and made Prussia one of the most powerful German
states, with Berlin as its capital
Thirty Years’ War
•
Began as a _________________________________ since the Peace of Augsburg did not recognize _____________________
–
Also, since the 1450s all of the Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family and the
newly crowned Ferdinand decided to exert his authority
•
–
Would be both a religious conflict and a conflict between emperor and his nobles
–
Lasted from ____________________________________
Starts when –
In response they throw his two Catholic advisors out a window
–
They survive because they land in a dung/garbage heap – known as the Defenstration of Prague
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•
•
The two sides
–
Catholic =
–
Protestant =
–
Who doesn’t enter the war?
The _____________________________ ended the war in _______, with ________________ emerging as the dominant nation
in Europe
•
–
Reinstated the Peace of Augsburg, now includes Calvinism
–
The German princes become sovereign and independent – _______________________________ lost its power
The Thirty Years’ War was the most destructive war yet due to the musket and increased use of guns
–
The battles took place on German soil, causing much destruction
•
Millions of Germans died, either in battle or starved to death
Spain
Charles of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
•
Became King Charles I of Spain as a teenager
–
Territory included ______________, the Low Countries (________________________________________), along with
______________________________________
•
Three years later he ____________________________________________________ as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
–
Borrowed the money from a __________________________________________________
–
He now controlled parts of _________________________________________________________
•
He supported many Spanish explorers, along with Cortez, and brought much wealth to Spain
•
He fought against the _________________________________________ and rebellious _________________________________,
along with dealing with ___________________________________
–
Decided to give up his throne and retire to a monastery
•
Gave his brother the ___________________________________________________________
•
Gave his son Philip, _______________________________________________________________
Philip II
•
Became king of Spain after his father abdicated and Spain ________________________________________________________
during his reign
•
Philip was a devout____________________ and his goal was to make _________________________________________ Catholic
–
He saw Spain as __________________________________to save Catholic Christianity from Protestant heretics
–
He fought many battles and wars for this goal
•
His greatest naval victory was when he defeated the Muslim Turks at the Battle of Lepanto
in 1571
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•
Dutch Revolt
–
Starts in the ____________, the Dutch want __________________ to practice ________________and they are tired
of paying __________________
–
Dutch Calvinists begin to destroy churches and refuse to declare allegiance to Philip
–
Philip sends an army to the Netherlands to put down the revolt and set up a court to _________________
the leaders
•
–
The court was known as the _____________________________ that tortured and executed thousands
Resistance gathered in the north around a Dutch prince and the revolt went on for years until a
____________________________________________________
•
the seven northern provinces formed the independent state of the Netherlands while the
southern provinces remained with Spain and Catholic
•
Philip had many problems with ___________________, especially with its queen, ____________________
–
He viewed her as a _____________________________ since she was a ______________________,
–
she refused to marry him after her sister died, she had aided the Dutch rebels, and she was allowing
English ship captains to raid Spanish ships
•
–
These English “sea dogs” took much wealth away from Spain
–
Philip decided to _____________________________ and return the country to __________________________
In 1588 the Spanish Armada sailed towards England
–
It totaled 130 ships and 20,000 soldiers and also carried the Inquisition
–
Elizabeth rallied her troops to fight the Spanish
–
Due to English using fire ships and a storm that sank many ships, the Spanish Armada was
destroyed and Philip failed in his goal to invade England
•
Philip spent a lot of money on warfare that ___________________________________________________________________
England
Elizabeth I
•
Elizabeth, the daughter of ________________________________________________, became Queen of England in 1558
–
During her reign, England became the leader of ______________________________________ and she laid the
foundations for a world empire
•
Elizabeth worked to resolve religious conflicts
•
In foreign affairs, Elizabeth played a balancing act with ______________________________, supporting one and then
the other to make sure neither _________________________________
–
She used her marriageable status as a way to make alliances, although Elizabeth never married –
she refused to share or limit her power
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•
Since she never married, her heir was her cousin, ________________________________________________________________
–
Mary had fled Scotland and had been living as a sort of prisoner in England for years
–
Unfortunately, it was discovered that Mary was plotting with _________________________________________
and she was beheaded for treason
•
When Elizabeth died in ____________, Mary’s son________________ became the new king of England
The Stuart Kings
•
Mary’s son, James was now _____________________ and also ___________________________________
–
Believed greatly in the divine right of kings, didn’t get along with__________________________________
–
Had problems with ________________________________________________________, who demanded that the
Church of England be reformed
•
They felt it was still _____________________________ with elaborate ceremonies and the hierarchy
•
James refused most of the reforms, but he did agree to the publication of an English version
of the Bible, called the _____________________________________________
•
Charles I became king on the death of his father James I
–
He too believed in ___________________________________ and had problems with ________________________
–
Many people felt that Charles was trying to ___________________________ (he married a Catholic princess)
•
–
_________________________________ went to ____________ rather than live under his religious policies
Charles called Parliament to request money, but Parliament refused unless the king signed a
petition that would place limits on his power
–
Charles __________________ Parliament and decides _________________________________and ____________________
and force bankers to give him loans – _____________________________________
–
Long Parliament – Charles is forced to recall Parliament years later when he is badly in debt
The English Civil War
•
Conflict between Parliament and the king to determine the power of each in governing England
•
Some members of Parliament rise up against Charles and disobey his wishes and rights
–
•
Charles then calls for troops to fight for him
Civil War breaks out in 1642 between supporters of the king (called ________________________) and supporters
of Parliament (called ______________________)
–
____________________ wins, mainly due to the New Model Army and its leader, ____________________________
–
His army was made up of _____________________________ who believed they were doing battle for_______
–
In 1646 the king surrenders and Cromwell purges Parliament of everyone who had not supported
him and what is left is known as the Rump Parliament
•
Cromwell then puts the Charles on trial for treason and in 1649 Charles I is publicly beheaded
–
This horrified much of Europe.
–
Why?
7
Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and declared that England was a
_________________________ = _____________________________________________________________________________________________
–
Cromwell soon dismisses Parliament and sets up a ______________________________, ruling ruthlessly until
his death in 1658
The Restoration
•
Many people were unhappy under Cromwell’s rule and after his death, Parliament voted to restore the
monarchy in 1660
–
They invited ______________________, son of the slain monarch (CharlesI), to take the throne
Some changes –
Parliament got keep much of the power it had gained
–
The ______________________________________ is restored as the state religion
–
The _______________________________________ of 1679 = guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had
the _____________________________________________
The Glorious Revolution
•
__________________, brother of Charles II, is next to sit on the throne in 1685
–
Problem arises in that James has become a _________________________ who names many Catholics to
________________________________
–
People aren’t too worried because James has two adult daughters who are Protestant who are next
in line for the throne
–
•
Then James marries a Catholic princess who gives birth to a son – prospect of a Catholic dynasty
A group of nobles invites James’ daughter Mary and her husband, the Dutch leader William of Orange, to
invade England in 1689
•
It is a “__________________________________________”, with _____________________________ and James II flees to ___________
–
Both William and Mary accept the throne, along with a _____________________, which gave Parliament
the right to ___________________________
•
–
The Bill of Rights was central to England’s growth as a _____________________________
__________________________ of 1689 gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship,
although few people are persecuted for religion
–
____________________________ – only Protestants could be monarchs and disinherited the Catholic branch
of the Stuart line
8
Absolutism in –
Spain
When _______ retired he
France
Cardinal Richelieu
divided his lands, ___________
is an _________________ for
got Spain, Spanish
French king
Netherlands and its colonies.
______________
Phillip II saw no limits to his
power
Prussia
30 Years War is a very deadly
war in Holy Roman Empire
At end of war, princes of
German city-states become
independent of Hapsburgs
family.
30 Years War makes Prussians
want a strong military for
protection.
Russia
Russia is not like
Western Europe.
1.____________ Church
2. Language not from
Latin
3. Styles different
When his uncle king of
Cardinal _______________
___________ the Great becomes
________the Great wants
Portugal died, Phillip seized
wants to make France
ruler of Prussia. He wants to
to______________________
Portugal and all its colonies,
powerful and French
centralize all power in
Russia. Takes trip
which gave him incredible
monarch _____________
____________.
around Western
wealth
Europe.
Wants to weaken the
Frederick keeps building up
Phillip II was __________ used
______________, rulers of
military to make Prussia
his wealth and vast navy to
Holy Roman Empires
stronger.
try to attack __________ and
westernization-
Peter the Great wants
Protestant England
France enters 30 Years
to centralize all power
What was the outcome?
War on side of
in _______
_____________
Ex. Brought the church
under ___________
______________________
Result of defeat?
Louis XIV wants to
Centralize all power to
_____________. L’etat c’est
moi =
huge debt to other countries
1. Builds_________.
and repayments for loans,
2. Gets rid of ____
Phillip II declares bankruptcy
______________
3 times,
3. Controls Estate
Spain never developed a
system. (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
_______________ class
Netherlands revolt
9
Absolutism in England
Henry VIII
Created the _____________________________________and made the
__________________ the head of the church
Henry’s Children made changes:
Mary Queen of Scotts
Mary reinstituted ____________________ and killed many
_________________________
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth reinstituted __________________; created a huge debt
and battled with ________________________ over money and
died without heir
James I took over
-argued with protestants over religious issues
-made an _________________________ or the King James
Version
Charles I took over and created a lot of turmoil
-fought with parliament over money
-Signed Petition of Right
-dissolved Parliament several times
-led to English Civil War
-king was executed
-Although a written constitution was made, Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
tore it up and created a ___________________________and his
government lasted until his death
Parliament was reelected, and Charles II was asked
-This was The Restoration
to be king-Upon his death, his son, James II took
over and tried to went against laws and favored
Catholism
His daughter Mary and her husband, William were
-Glorious Revolution
invited to be new rulers with a bloodless takeover
-William and Mary vowed to recognize ___________________as
partner in ruling
-England became a Constitutional monarchy
-A Bill of Rights was created
-a cabinet of administrators was also created
10
Scientific Revolution
Complete the following using your book chapter 22:
1. Before 1500, how did scholars decide what was true or false?
2. Describe the Medieval view of the earth and the planets. What is this theory called?
3. What did Christianity teach about the placement of the earth?
4. What was the Scientific Revolution?
5. On what was the Scientific Revolution based?
Copernicus
Vesalius
Kepler
Boyle
Galileo
Sir Isaac Newton
Francis Bacon
Descartes
11
Enlightenment
p.629
EnlightenmentPhilospohes List and explain the five core beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers
1. Reason –
2. Nature –
3. Happiness –
4. Progress –
5.
Liberty -
Mary
Wollstonecraft
Thinker
What did she write?
What did she disagree with Rousseau about?
What else did she urge women to do?
Country
Enlightened Monarchs Main ideas, beliefs, Impacts on society
Fredrick the
Great
Joseph II
Catherine the
Great
12
Their
thoughts
on…..
Hobbes
Locke
People
Purpose of
Government
Type of
Government
Rights
Overall Goals
13
Complete the following:
1. Define revolutionList the three causes of revolutions and describe each in your own words!!! (p.708)
1.
2.
3.
England
British
Colonies
Complete the following chart:
Declaration of America was Influenced by the
Independence
___________________. America became a country
Who is the
during the heart of the Enlightenment. As a
author of this
result, it was greatly influenced by the
document?
Enlightened thinkers. The Declaration of
Independence as well as the US Constitution
with its Bill of Rights would probably not
The US
Constitution
The Bill of
Rights
(in the
Constitution)
have existed if the_____________________ had not
occurred.
“Article I: Legislative Power…
Article II: Nature and Scope of Executive
Power…
Article III: Judicial Power, Courts, Judges…”
On whose ideas is this based?
“…The Senate shall have the sole power to try
all Impeachments. When the
President is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment
shall not extend further than to removal of
office…”
On whose ideas is this based?
“…All men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable RIGHTS, among these are
LIFE, LIBERTY, and the
Pursuit of Happiness…”
On whose ideas is this based?
____________________
“Every Bill which shall have passed the
House of Representatives and the
Senate, shall, before it becomes law, be
presented to the President; if he approves he
shall sign it, but if not he shall [veto] it…”
On whose ideas is this based?
Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of RELIGION, or
prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the FREEDOM OF
SPEECH, or of the PRESS…”
On whose ideas is this based?
14
Case Study - American Revolution 1775-1781
Great Britain (England) had gone through a civil war and then the Glorious Revolution during the 1600s, and as
a result, citizens got used to having a say in government. The people that lived in the British colonies in the
New World (like Virginia) were British citizens as well.
1 Britain believed in mercantilism. Therefore, it wanted colonies to make them rich. Britain really didn’t care
much about what the colonists wanted. The colonists didn’t like this form of government. They wanted a
government that did what they needed.
2 People in the colonies were very familiar with John Locke’s ideas. They agreed with him that people had
basic rights that can’t be taken away. They also agreed with him that if a government was not good then the
people had the right to rebel and create a new one that protected their life and liberty. They felt like the British
government was not protecting their rights.
3 Britain kept raising taxes on the colonists, which hurt American businesses but helped Britain. Britain sent
troops to keep order and then made the Americans pay for them with more taxes. Britain also only allowed
American businesses to trade with Britain, which meant the Americans couldn’t sell to other countries that
could pay more money.
4 Britain began passing laws and taxes that colonists had to follow without letting the colonists vote on them.
Back in Britain, citizens had a say in government, but in the colonies the citizens did not. American colonists
thought they were being treated unfairly. They wanted to be have a voice in deciding on laws.
5 On top of all this, many people in America had never liked the British government. For example, the
Pilgrims and the Puritans had come to America because the government of Britain did not like the way they
practiced their religion. Descendants of these groups still disliked Britain for the way their ancestors had been
mistreated.
6 Finally, the Americans had begun to see themselves as Americans first and British citizens second. They had
more in common with each other than they did the British all the way across the Atlantic. Americans began to
feel that their people were being ruled by an outside people and instead they wanted independence. They loved
their colonies and wanted them to grow into a powerful country independent of Britain.
Each numbered section above is an example of one of these causes of revolutions. Write the number from above
in the blank next to the appropriate cause of revolutions.
_____ Social Injustice _____ Unpopular Method of Rule _____ Nationalism
_____ Enlightenment Ideas _____ Religious Intolerance _____ Economic Distress
Predict - What do you think will happen in America given what you just read?
15
Complete the following:
French Revolution Begins
1. The French were divided into three classes or estates, known as the Estates General. Who
belonged to the following estates?
a) First Estate: ______________________________ b) Second Estate:
_______________________________
c) Only about ______% of the people belonged to these two estates, yet they owned ______%
of the land.
2. Everyone else belonged to the Third Estate, which made up more than 80% of the French
people. This huge group included these three types of people:
a) __________________- Who were the well-off merchants and skilled workers who lacked
the status of nobles.
b) __________________- Were cooks, servants, and others who were poorly paid and often
out of work.
c) __________________- Were the farm workers.
3. What were the three factors that led to the French Revolution?
a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
c) ___________________________________________________
4. Who was the king of France when the French Revolution began in 1789?
_________________________
What was the name of his wife, or the queen of France? ____________________________
5. What was the name of the assembly of representatives from all three estates?
___________________________
6. What was the name of the French congress established by representatives of the Third
Estate? _________________________
7. What was the name of the promise made by Third Estate representatives to draw up a new
constitution called? _____________________________
8. On July 14, an angry crowd captured the _______________, a Paris prison.
9. What was the name given to the wave of violence that swept across France when peasants
broke into and burned the houses of nobles called? _____________________________
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
1. In August 1789, the National Assembly made a revolutionary statement that guaranteed
rights such as liberty and property called the ____________________________
2. In the fall of 1791, the _____________________ replaced the National Assembly and
decided to take away most of the king’s powers. This new assembly soon divided into two groups:
a) ____________________- Those favoring established or traditional ways of governing.
b) ____________________- Revolutionaries, or those people with extreme political views who
wanted change.
16
3. Nobles and others who left France during the peasant uprisings and who hoped to come back
to restore the old system were called _____________.
4. What was the name of the radical group of wage-earners and small shopkeepers that wanted
a greater voice in the French government? ____________________
5. Why were kings from other countries concerned about the French
Revolution?_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
6. In 1792, the National Convention was formed. What was the name of the radical members of
this political club called? ____________________
7. What happened to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in 1793?
________________________________________
8. What was the name of the device used to behead people during the French Revolution?
____________________
9. What was the name of the committee set up by the revolutionaries that tried “enemies of
the Revolution,” and had them executed? _____________________ Who was the leader of
this committee? _____________________
10. What was the name of the time period between 1793-1794 when thousands of people were
beheaded? __________________________
Napoleon Forges an Empire
1. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in the year ________ on the Mediterranean island of
________________
2. In what year did Napoleon seize power in France? ___________ What is the term used that
describes the sudden seizure of power, usually by military means called?
_________________________
3. In 1800, a ________________, or vote of the people was held to approve a new constitution.
The people voted for it overwhelmingly, and Napoleon took power as first ___________.
4. Napoleon made several changes that were meant to build on the Revolution’s good ideas:
a) He made ____________________ more fair and orderly.
b) He removed dishonest _________________ workers.
c) He started new public schools for ordinary citizens called ____________________
d) He gave the Church back some of its power by signing an agreement with the pope called a
______________, which gave him the support of the organized church.
e) He wrote a new set of laws called the ___________________, which gave all French
citizens the same rights.
5. In 1803, Napoleon sold the largest part of France’s North American land called the
_______________________ to the United States.
6. What was the name of the naval battle in which the British defeated the French navy, thus
preventing Napoleon from invading England? ____________________________
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
17
1. The use of naval forces to closing another country’s ports is called a
____________________
2. What was the name of Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade and communication between
Great Britain and other European nations called? ______________________________
3. Who did Napoleon make as king of Spain in 1808? ____________________. This led to a
war between France and Spain called the ______________________. Spanish peasant
warriors who fought against French troops in Spain were called __________________. How
many troops did Napoleon lose during this war? __________
4. In 1812, Napoleon invaded _______________. How many troops did Napoleon have during
this invasion? ___________________.
5. What is the name of the strategy or policy of burning fields and slaughtering livestock so
that enemy troops would find nothing to eat called? ______________
6. By the time Napoleon’s army left Russian territory, only ____________ of his soldiers were
able to fight.
7. What five countries declared war on France after Napoleon’s disaster in Russia?
____________, ____________, ______________, ________________, and
_______________. What was the name of the battle in which Napoleon was defeated in
Germany in 1813? ___________
8. In what year did Napoleon give up his throne? __________ On what island was he exiled to?
______________
9. Who took the throne of France after Napoleon? ___________________
10. In what month and year did Napoleon escape from exile and boldly return to France where
he took power and raised another army? ________/________
11. What was the name of the famous battle fought in Belgium where Napoleon was finally
defeated for good? ________________. What was the name of the British general who
defeated Napoleon? ______________
12. What was the name given to Napoleon’s last attempt to regain power?
_________________________
13. What far-off island was Napoleon sent to after he was defeated in 1815? _____________.
In what year did Napoleon die? ___________
Congress of Vienna
1. In 1814, leaders of many nations met to draw up a peace plan for Europe. This series of
meetings was called the __________________________. Who was the key leader of these
meetings? _______________________
2. What were the three goals that these meeting attempted to establish?
a) To make sure that the ______________ would not attack another country again.
b) To establish a condition called, ____________________, in which no one country became a
threat to another.
c) To establish ____________________, or the restoring of monarchs to the thrones they
had before Napoleon’s conquests.
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3. What three countries formed the Holy Alliance in 1815? _____________, ____________,
and ______________
4. What were the long-term effects of the Congress of Vienna?
a) They diminished the size and power of _________________ but increased the power of
___________ and ____________.
b) Nationalism spread to ___________, ____________ and ___________.
c) Nationalistic feelings would ________ and lead to other ____________
d) Spanish colonies would declare their _____________ from Spain
e) People began to see ______________ as the best way to ensure equality and justice.
19
Unit 6 Chapters 21-24
Name __________________
Complete the following:
Color
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
and label the following:
Britain
French Empire
Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Denmark
Kingdom of Sweden
Prussia
Spain
Portugal
Kingdom of Sardinia
10. Kingdom of
Naples
11. Kingdom of
Italy
12. Grand Duchy
of Warsaw
13. Ottoman
Empire
Unit 6 Chapters 21-24
14. Confederation of the
Rhine
15. Norway
16. Kingdom of Sicily
17. Illyrian Provinces
18. Helvetic Republic
19. Republic of Danzig
20. Russian Empire
Name __________________
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Complete the following:
Absolutism in England??
Henry VIII
Henry’s Children made changes:
Mary Queen of Scotts
Elisabeth I
James I took over
Charles I took over and created a lot of
turmoil
Parliament was reelected, and Charles
II was asked to be king-Upon his death,
his son, James II took over and tried to
went against laws and favored
Catholicism
His daughter Mary and her husband,
William were invited to be new rulers
with a bloodless takeover
Created the Anglican Church and made
the English Monarch the head of the
church
Mary reinstituted Catholicism and killed
many protestants
Elizabeth reinstituted Anglicanism;
created a huge debt and battled with
parliament over money and died without
heir
-argued with protestants over religious
issues
-made an English translation of Bible or
the King James Version
-fought with parliament over money
-Signed Petition of Right
-dissolved Parliament several times
-led to English Civil War
-leader of anti-king forces was Oliver
Cromwell
-king was executed
-Although a written constitution was
made, Cromwell tore it up and became a
dictator and his government lasted until
his death
-This was the Restoration
-Glorious Revolution
-William and Mary vowed to recognize
parliament as partner in ruling
-England became a Constitutional
monarchy
-A Bill of Rights was created
-a cabinet of administrators was also
created
Case Study - American Revolution 1775-1781
21
Great Britain (England) had gone through a civil war and then the Glorious Revolution during the 1600s, and as
a result, citizens got used to having a say in government. The people that lived in the British colonies in the
New World (like Virginia) were British citizens as well.
1 Britain believed in mercantilism. Therefore, it wanted colonies to make them rich. Britain really didn’t care
much about what the colonists wanted. The colonists didn’t like this form of government. They wanted a
government that did what they needed.
2 People in the colonies were very familiar with John Locke’s ideas. They agreed with him that people had
basic rights that can’t be taken away. They also agreed with him that if a government was not good then the
people had the right to rebel and create a new one that protected their life and liberty. They felt like the British
government was not protecting their rights.
3 Britain kept raising taxes on the colonists, which hurt American businesses but helped Britain. Britain sent
troops to keep order and then made the Americans pay for them with more taxes. Britain also only allowed
American businesses to trade with Britain, which meant the Americans couldn’t sell to other countries that
could pay more money.
4 Britain began passing laws and taxes that colonists had to follow without letting the colonists vote on them.
Back in Britain, citizens had a say in government, but in the colonies the citizens did not. American colonists
thought they were being treated unfairly. They wanted to be have a voice in deciding on laws.
5 On top of all this, many people in America had never liked the British government. For example, the
Pilgrims and the Puritans had come to America because the government of Britain did not like the way they
practiced their religion. Descendants of these groups still disliked Britain for the way their ancestors had been
mistreated.
6 Finally, the Americans had begun to see themselves as Americans first and British citizens second. They had
more in common with each other than they did the British all the way across the Atlantic. Americans began to
feel that their people were being ruled by an outside people and instead they wanted independence. They loved
their colonies and wanted them to grow into a powerful country independent of Britain.
Each numbered section above is an example of one of these causes of revolutions. Write the number from above
in the blank next to the appropriate cause of revolutions.
_____ Social Injustice _____ Unpopular Method of Rule _____ Nationalism
_____ Enlightenment Ideas _____ Religious Intolerance _____ Economic Distress
Predict - What do you think will happen in America given what you just read?
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Unit 6 Test
Name _________________
Match the following with the best answer:
1. _____ Divine right
2. _____ Absolute monarch
3. _____Cardinal Richelieu
4. _____Peter the Great
5. _____Westernization
6. _____Oliver Cromwell
7. _____Glorious Revolution
8. _____Constitutional monarchy
9. _____Enlightenment
10. _____Social contract
11. _____John Locke
12. _____Thomas Hobbes
13. _____Natural Rights
14. _____Thomas Jefferson
15. _____Checks and balances
16. _____Estates general
17. _____Tennis court oath
18. _____Great fear
19. _____Reign of Terror
20. _____Napoleon Bonaparte
21. _____Coup d’état
22. _____Plebiscite
23. _____Napoleonic code
24. _____Continental system
25. _____Blockade
A. A direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
B. Three things people are born with; life, liberty, and property
C. French administrator to Louis XIII that helped to build the power of the king and country to the eventual
absolute monarchy it became
D. The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region
E. A sudden seizure of political power in a nation
F. Measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others
G. The period when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures
and ordinary citizens were executed
H. A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the bastille in 1789
I. The bloodless overthrow of the English King James II and his replacement by William and Mary
J. System of justice where in there was a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices in France
K. Wrote Leviathan and belief that people were selfish and wicked and thus needed an absolute monarch
L. An 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and scientific
method to all aspects of society
M. A system of governing in which the rulers’ power is limited
N. An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of western European countries
O. A view that people, in order to escape a bleak life, had to hand over power to a strong leader who would create
law and order for the best interest of the people
P. A pledge made by the members of Frances National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue
meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Q. Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe intended to destroy great
Britain’s economy
R. Wrote Two Treatise on Governments, believed people are reasonable and moral, can learn from experience and
governments formed by the consent of the people to allow others to rule them
S. General during the English Civil War and ruled Britain as a common wealth until his death
T. An assembly of representative form all three of the estates or social classes in France
U. One of Russia’s greatest reformers, wanted to westernize Russia and established anew capital
V. Idea expressed in a speech to parliament by James I about the role and privileges of a king and how they get the
power they have
W. Political belief where in one rules should hold all to the power within the boundaries of a country
X. A true figure of the Enlightenment, Author of Declaration of Independence, writer, and statesman
Y. A general during the French revolution who seized power quickly and ruled the nation as a hero to the French
and a aggressor to the rest of Europe
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Unit 6-7 Quiz 2
Name _________________
Match the following with the best answer:
1. Congress of Vienna
2. Dictatorship
3. Nationalism
4. Bourgeoisie
5. Truce
6. Haiti’s Revolutionary leader
7. émigrés
8. Peace settlement
9. Legitimacy
10. Scorched earth policy
11. Compensation
12. Waterloo
13. Venezuelans Revolutionary leader
14. Radical
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
15. Balance of power
16. Rev. Stage 1-Liberal reform
17. Russification
18. Argentina’s Revolutionary leader
19. Metternich
20. Rev. Stage 2-Radical
bloodletting
21. Nation-states
22. Mexican Revolutionary leader
23. Rev. Stage 3-Reaction to
violence
24. Rev. Stage 4-One strong ruler
emerges
25. Kaiser
The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation
Legality, rightfulness according to birth
Jose’ de San Martin
The groups that was most satisfied with the reforms of the National Assembly
Situation in which no one country can gain control of some or all of the others
Agreement to stop fighting; armistice
German Emperor from the Roman title Caesar
In the first half of the 19th century, a European who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all
people
Nobles who left France during the Revolution
A payback for losses or services
Toussaint L’Ouverture
The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire
The form of government in France when it was ruled by Napoleon
Agreement about future relationships among countries
The organizational meetings of the heads of European governments to establish long-term peace and
security after the defeat of Napoleon
Miguel Hidalgo
An independent geopolitical unit of people have a common culture and identity
Rule of Napoleon
Simon Bolivar
The practice of burning corps and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the
land
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U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
Reforms of the national assembly
Location of the final defeat of Napoleon led by the Duke of Wellington
Rule under the Directory
Reign of Terror
Austrian Prince that was the most influential member of the Congress of Vienna
25