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The Roman Calendar July/August The Roman Calendar • Just as private religion had regular observances on a daily/annual basis, and irregular observances during crisis and exceptional events, so did the Roman State. • From this grew the CALENDAR. July (Iulius) • July is the second of the summer months • In July there are the Dog Days – which are the hottest days of the year • Julius Caesar reformed the Roman calendar (hence the Julian calendar) in 46 BC. In the process, he renamed this month after himself. July • July 4 – Festival of Pax July 5 – Poplifugia to Jupiter July 6 – Games of Apollo begin July 7 – Nonae Caprotinae to Juno July 8 – Festival of Juno, Games of Apollo continue July 9 – Games of Apollo continue July 10 – Games of Apollo continue July 11 – Games of Apollo continue July 12 – Games of Apollo continue July 13 – Last day of Games of Apollo July 19 – Lucaria to commemorate sack of Rome by the Gauls and the subsequent destruction of the Gallic army, festival of Venus July 21 – Lucaria to commemorate sack of Rome by the Gauls and the subsequent destruction of the Gallic army July 23 – Neptunalia to Neptune July 25 – Furrinalia to Furrina Ludi Apollinares • The weeks of 6 – 13 saw games held in honour of Apollo. These were mostly dramatic performances and gladiatorial combats and had little religious connection with the God Neptunalia • Held on the 23 day of July. • Dedicated in his capacity as the god of fresh-water springs in the heat of summer. August (Augustus) • August 1 – Festival of Ceres August 9 – Festival of Sol Indigis August 10 – Festival of Ops August 12 – Festival of Hercules August 13 – Vertumnalia to Vertumnus, Festival of Diana August 15 – Festival of Diana August 17 – Portunalia to Portunes, Tibernalia to Tiberinus August 19 – Vinalia to Jupiter, Vinalia Rustica to Venus August 21 – Consualia to Consus August 23 – Vulcanalia to Vulcan, festival of Juturna August 24 – Festival of Ceres August 25 – Opiconsivia to Ops Consivia August 27 – Volturnalia to Volturnus Hercules • The Greek hero had long been accepted into Roman culture because of the story that he had slain a monster in Cacus on the site long before it existed. • He was a popular hero, as he was the original macho male (woman were not allowed to go) Hercules • And popular as an unscrupulous thief • Business men would make very large donations to his cult which would pay for these festivals. Diana • On the traditional anniversary of the beginning of her worship • Originally her worship symbolised the unification of Romans & Latins under King Servius Tullius. Diana • By Augustus’ time, her cult provided a summer holiday for SLAVES • One of the very few days they had off work! Consualia • In hounor of the God Consus, held on the 21st day • His shrine lay in the Circus Maximus and his day saw offerings of grain and horse races Volcanus • Was the hottest time of the year, and was the day for the feast of Vulcan • The god of destructive fire at the time when his fires were most feared