Download File - Social Studies @ LSL

IB History
Higher Europe
Paper 3
Student guide
18th January, 1871
Galerie des Glaces
Chateau de Versailles
One of the defining moments in 19th Century European History and with huge portent for
the 20th. Forty-eight years later Clemenceau chose this same room as the place where
the peace treaty after the 1914-18 war would be signed.
1
www.fordham.edu/halsall
Map Chest;
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/haindex.html
http://www.fsmitha.com/maps.html#h2
Flags and other symbols from http://flagspot.net/flags/
One question from each topic will appear on Paper 3. Students will need to answer 3
questions. The Higher teacher will probably wish to cover five or six topics.
He/she will choose which areas they wish to cover.
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The Congress System
Course Outline
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Vienna and post-Napoleonic settlement, attitudes of the Great Powers
Later Congresses: Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach and Verona
Metternich's influence in Austria-Hungary and Europe
Demands for parliamentary/constitutional reform
1848 revolutions: causes, events, suppression, results
Past Questions
1. How far do you agree with the statement that “security not revenge” was the
main objective of the Statesmen at the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
2. Examine the aims and principles of the European powers who took part in
the Congress of Vienna, September 1814 to June 1815.
3. Explain whom you consider were the winners and losers of the Vienna
settlement (1814/15).
4. How far did the Congress of Vienna solve the problems faced by its
delegates?
5. “The success of the Congress of Vienna has been much exaggerated.” How
valid is this assessment of the short-term and long-term results of the
Congress?
6. In what way did the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System reflect
Metternich’s aims?
7. Analyse the successes and failures of both the Congress of Vienna and the
Congress System.
8. How far do you support the claim that the Congress of Vienna and the
Congress System were “a study in allied unity”?
9. Examine the working of the Congress System between 1815 and 1825.
10. “Selfish manipulation (exploitation) by great powers”. To what extent is this a
fair judgement of the Congress System in the period 1815-1825?
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11. Why did Europe erupt into revolution in 1848?
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
The 1848 Revolutions
The Concert of Europe
Revolutions and Nationalities
Metternich: Prince of Paradox
Europe in Revolt, 1848
Europe in Turmoil in 1848, Elites shut the lid
Wilmot
Cowie & Wolfson
Lee
Jones
Lowe
Browning
Pelling, New Perspective, Dec 1998
Fortescue, MHR Nov 1992
Price, New Perspective, 1995
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The Hapsburg Empire 1815-1918
Course Outline
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Austria and Prussia, 1815 to 1848
Economic developments, the Zollverein
1848 revolutions
Wars, unification of Germany
The dual monarchy, Austria-Hungary
Dissolution of the Empire
Past Questions
1. In 1820 Metternich complained: “Today I must devote myself to propping up rotten
buildings”. What did he mean and how successful was he?
2. Evaluate the extent to which Metternich achieved his aims for Austria and for
Europe.
3. For what reasons, and with what justification, is the period 1815 to 1848 known as
“The Age of Metternich”?
4. Account for the outbreak of any two revolutions in 1848 and assess their results.
5. Analyse the causes and results of political and economic unrest in any two
European countries between 1830 and 1850.
6. Why and with what results did revolutions occur in 1848 in two of the following:
Austria; Germany; Hungary; Italy?
7. What were the causes and results of the 1848 revolutions in the Austrian Empire?
8. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of Austria in the first half of the 19 th
century.
9. With what justification can it be said that the first half of the 19th century witnessed
the inevitable decline of Austria?
10. How and why did events concerning Austria-Hungary effect Europe between 1867
and 1914?
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11. In what ways was the Ausgleich (compromise) of 1867 a turning point in Austrian
history?
12. Explain the importance for Austria of the Ausgleich (the agreement which provided
for the Dual Monarchy) of 1867, and the Congress of Berlin, 1878.
13. “The establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 delayed, but could not prevent,
the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.” How justified is this view?
14. Account for the weakness and decline of Austria-Hungary between 1867 and 1914.
Resources
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
The 1848 Revolutions
The Concert of Europe
The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918
Revolutions and Nationalities
Metternich: Prince of Paradox
Europe in Revolt, 1848
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Wilmot
Cowie & Wolfson
Lee
Jones
Lowe
Mason
Pelling
Browning
Pelling, New Perspective, Dec 1998
Fortescue, MHR Nov 1992
Italy 1815-1871
Course Outline
 Separatism, the Papacy, Rome
 Republicanism, 1848 revolutions
 Growth of power of Piedmont-Sardinia
 Contribution of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour
 Foreign involvement
Past Questions
1. “The involvement of foreign powers was of crucial importance to the
Unification of Italy.” How far do you agree with this statement?
2. Show how Italian unification was achieved in spite of the problems caused by
the existence of various secular states and the Papal states.
3. How serious an obstacle to Italian unification was the Papacy between 1815
and 1870?
4. Why did it take so long to unify Italy?
5. How and why did Piedmont/Sardinia play an important part in Italian
unification?
6. How, why, and with what results did Rome remain outside a unified Italy until
1870?
7. How and why did Cavour contribute to Italian unification?
8. Analyse the aims, motives and policies of Cavour between 1852 and 1861.
9. “Cavour’s main aim for Italy was independence rather than unification.” How
far do you agree with this quotation and consider that it explains his
success?
10. In 1861 Cavour said, “Rome must be the capital of Italy because without
Rome Italy cannot be constituted.” Assess Cavour’s attitude to and
contribution to Italian unification in the light of this statement.
11. Why has it been claimed that Italian unification needed both a Cavour and a
Garibaldi?
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12. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini and Cavour.
13. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini and Garibaldi.
14. Why and with what justification is Garibaldi regarded as an Italian patriot?
15. Compare and contrast the contributions of Mazzini and Garibaldi to Italian
unification.
Resources
Field trip to Risorgimento sites in Rome, Janiculum, Museo Risorgimento, Port Pia etc
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
The Unification of Italy
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
The Unification of Italy
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
The 1848 Revolutions
The Concert of Europe
Nabucco
The Making of Modern Italy
The Unification of Italy
The Unification of Italy
Revolutions and Nationalities
Mazzini: terrorist or hero ?
The Republicans & the Risorgimento
A geographical expression ?
The Risorgimento's Failure
Wilmot
Warwick History Videos
Cowie & Wolfson
Morrogh
Lee
Jones
Lowe
Verdi
Brendon
Stiles
Gooch
Browning
Brendon, MHR, Nov, 2002
Chapman, MHR, Sep 2000
Hearder, Hist Review, Mar 1996
Morris, MHR, Feb 1994
www.ipswich.suffolk.sch.uk/history/italian%20unification.htm
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German Unification
Course Outline
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Austria and Prussia, 1815 to 1866
Bismarck, Prussian domestic and foreign policies, to 1871
Wars, unification of Germany
Past Questions
1. In what ways were the seeds of German unification sown between 1800 and 1815
and how much progress had been made towards this goal by 1853?
2. What did the 1848 Revolutions reveal about the strengths and weaknesses of
Austria and Prussia?
3. How far is it true to say that Austria lost control of Germany rather than Prussia
gained it?
4. Show how the policies of Metternich and Bismarck contributed to the defeat of
Austria by Prussia in 1866.
5. Why was it that Prussia, rather than Austria, had achieved the dominant position in
Germany by 1866?
6. It has been claimed that Germany was united “more by coal and iron than by blood
and iron”. How far do you agree that economic power contributed more to the
unification of Germany than did the military victories of the 1860s?
7. To what extent were Bismarck’s successes due to the mistakes of his opponents?
8. Explain how the inherent strength of Prussia combined with Bismarck’s political
skills achieved German unification.
9. To what extent is it true to say that Bismarck gave Germany many years of
prosperity and legal government and Europe a period of peace?
10. In 1867, Bismarck said: “Anyone who has looked into the eyes of a soldier dying on
the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.” Analyse Bismarck’s foreign
policy in the light of these words.
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11. What advantages and disadvantages did Bismarck inherit when he became Minister
President of Prussia in 1862 and how did he use the advantages to bring about
German unification?
12. “Bismarck’s greatness lay not in mastering events but in going with events so as to
seem to master them.” How far do you agree with this judgement?
13. To what extent should Bismarck receive credit for the unification of Germany?
14. Compare and contrast Bismarck’s policies towards Austria and France between
1862 and 1871.
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
The Unification of Germany
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
From Confederation to Empire
The Unification of Germany
The Unification of Germany
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
The Concert of Europe
Revolutions and Nationalities
Wilmot
Warwick History Videos
Cowie & Wolfson
Lodge
Gorman
Stiles
Lee
Lowe
Browning
www.ipswich.suffolk.sch.uk/history/german%20unification.htm
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The Kaiserreich
Course Outline
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Bismarck and Prussia/Germany, 1871-1890
Wilhelmine Germany, 1890 to 1918; domestic and foreign policies
Past Questions
1. What were the main problems faced by Bismarck after 1871 and how successfully
did he resolve them?
2. “No man has had so great an effect on Germany and none a more profound effect
on Europe.” Evaluate this quotation on the career and importance of Bismarck.
3. What problems did Bismarck face at home after 1871?
4. What were the main political, social and religious problems which affected the
German Empire between 1871 and 1914?
5. “Bismarck’s policies both at home and abroad, between the years 1871 and 1890,
merely stored up problems for the future, both for Germany and Europe.” To what
extent do you agree with this verdict?
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Wilmot
Germany: Adolescent Empire
History of the 20th Century, ed. AJP Taylor
Video: The Kaiser, Timewatch
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Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Cowie & Wolfson
Years of Change, 1890-1945
Wolfson
Europe, 1890-1990
Traynor
Imperial and Weimar Germany, 1890-1933
Laver
From Bismarck to Hitler:Germany 1890-1933
Layton
Bismarck and the German Empire, 1871-1918
Abrams
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
Lee
www.stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/gbs2/whkmla/region/germany/ksr7190dom.html
www.activehistory.co.uk/worksheets/a2/lme/wilhelm_dom_pol.pdf
www.worldwar1.com
www.colby.edu/personal/rmscheck/Contents.html
www.greenhead.ac.uk
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France 1815-1871
Course Outline
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The Restoration, Louis XVIII, Charles X
The 1830 Revolution
Louis Philippe and 1848
Napoleon III, domestic and foreign policies
1870-1871
Past Questions
1. How far do you agree with the claim that the restoration of the Bourbons to
the French throne was “doomed to failure”?
2. Compare and contrast the aims and policies of Louis XVIII and Charles X.
3. How far is it true to say that, “Louis XVIII’s policies proved that the Bourbon
restoration in France could work, but that the policies of Charles X ensured it
would fail.”
4. Why did Louis Philippe replace Charles X as the French King in 1830?
5. How far is it true to say that the so-called Revolution in France in 1830 was
inevitable?
6. In what ways was the 1830 Revolution in France conservative, and how did
the nature of his accession affect the policies of Louis Philippe?
7. Account for the changes in the way France was governed between 1830 and
1875.
8. How and why were the hopes of revolutionaries in France frustrated between
1848 and 1853?
9. Why were so many people in France prepared to vote for Louis Napoleon in
1848 but accept his coup d’état in 1851?
10. Analyse the successes and failures of Napoleon III’s domestic policies.
11. To what extent, and with what results, did Napoleon III liberalise the Second
Empire in France?
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12. Which of Napoleon III’s policies reflected genuine care for the well-being of
his subjects?
13. To what extent was Napoleon III responsible for his own downfall?
14. How far would you agree that Napoleon III was more successful in his
domestic than in his foreign policy?
15. How far was Napoleon III responsible for the dangers that overwhelmed him
?
Resources
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
Revolutions and Nationalities
Wilmot
Cowie & Wolfson
Lee
Browning
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Alexander II & Tsarist Russia
Course Outline
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Tsarism and Russia
Alexander II, emancipation of the serfs, other reforms and reaction
Growth of opposition
Past Questions
1. In what ways, and for what reasons, did Alexander II attempt to reform Russia
between 1855 and 1866?
2. Evaluate the motives for an results of Alexander II’s reforms?
3. To what extent did the reforms of Alexander II fulfill his aims?
4. What problems did Alexander II face in 1855 and how far was he successful in
solving them?
5. Alexander II believed that it was his duty to improve the structure of the State when
necessary. Why did he believe this, and what were the results of his belief?
6. Why, in spite of his efforts to reform Russian institutions, was Alexander II
assassinated?
7. How far was Alexander II responsible for the dangers that overwhelmed him?
8. How far is it true to say that Russia was transformed into a modern country between
1855 and 1900?
9. What factors led to the increase of opposition to the ruling Romanov dynasty in
Russia between 1855 and 1905?
10. Why, in spite of efforts to reform, was Russia still a backward country at the end of
the 19th century?
11. How successful were the efforts to modernize and reform Russia in the second half
of the 19th century?
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The End of Tsarist Russia
Course Outline
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Alexander III, economic policies, Witte, repression
Nicholas II
Growth of revolutionary opposition and Soviets
1905 Revolution, reforms and reaction
Impact of the war, 1914-1917
1917 Revolutions
Past Questions
1. Assess how successfully the Tsarist government dealt with the needs and demands
of the Russian people between 1881 and 1917.
2. Why did the Tsarist regime survive the 1905 revolution, but perish in the 1917
revolutions?
3. Compare and contrast the causes of the 1905 and February/March 1917
revolutions in Russia.
4. With what justification can it be said that the First World War affected the timing of
the 1917 Russian Revolutions but not their outcome?
5. Account for the failure of Russian Liberals after 1905 and the success of Lenin from
1917.
6. Account for the survival of Nicholas II in 1905 and his overthrow in 1917.
7. Why was the Tsarist regime in Russia overthrown in 1917 and not in 1905?
8. Why were there two revolutions in Russia 1917? Explain why the first could be
considered a failure and the second a success.
9. Account for the failure of the Provisional Government in Russia to retain power in
1917.
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Resources
www.uae.ac.uk/hiswebcours/russia/links/
www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
www.dur.ac.uk/
www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/
www.wasa.uk.net/history/links/Russia
www.russianarchives.com
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Wilmot
Tsarist Russia, 1801-1917
Hite
The Decline of Tsarism
Warwick History Videos
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Cowie & Wolfson
Communist Russia under Lenin & Stalin
Corin & Fiehn
Europe, 1890-1990
Traynor
Alexander II and the emancipation of the Serfs Bideleux, in Europe 1870-1914, ICBH
Years of Change, 1890-1945
Wofson
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
Lee
Russia, 1815-1881
Sherman
Nineteenth Century Russia
Offord
Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy
Acton
Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia
Channon
A Map History of Russia
Catchpole
Tsarism, a superannuated form of government ?
Cawood & Bell, MHR, Sept, 1998
Stolypin, the Tsar's last hope ?
Hannah, MHR, Sept, 1998
Tsar Alexander II, Liberator or Traditionalist ?
Neville, MHR, Sept 1997
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The Causes of the First World War
Course Outline
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Great Power diplomacy and alliances
The Balkans as a factor
Imperialism as a factor
The arms race
Fisher thesis
Past Questions
1. Why and with what results did relations between Britain and Germany deteriorate
between 1890 and 1914?
2. “Of all the factors that led to the outbreak of World War One in 1914, imperialism
was by far the most important.” How far do you agree with this statement?
3. Why, how and with what results did conflicting interests in Africa cause tensions
between Europe states between 1880 and 1914?
4. In what ways was nationalism a force for disruption between 1870 and 1914?
5. How did events in the Balkans cause disruption in Europe between 1878 and 1914?
6. Assess the relative importance of long and short term causes of the First World
War.
7. Analyse the main issues that caused tensions among European nations at the end
of the 19th century.
8. Evaluate the relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of
diplomacy in causing the First World War.
9. Why were diplomatic efforts unable to prevent the outbreak of war in 1914?
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Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890
Europe, 1890-1990
The Origins of the First World War
Rivalry and Accord, International Relations, 1870-1914
Years of Change, 1890-1945
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
from the learning curve
www.firstworldwar.com
http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu
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Wilmot
Cowie & Wolfson
Traynor
Martel
Lowe
Wolfson
Lee
USSR
1917 – 1991
Course Outline
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1917
The Bolshevik Party, Lenin, Trotsky
Civil war, war communism, NEP
Nature of the USSR, ideology, propaganda, repression, the state, the party
Power struggle and the emergence of Stalin
Collectivization, Industrialization, Purges
The Great Patriotic War
Stalin, Krushchev & Brezhnev's domestic policies
Gorbachev, perestroika & glasnost
Disintegration of the USSR
Past Questions
1. Account for Lenin’s success in establishing himself as ruler of Russia.
2. “Much of Lenin’s success was no doubt explained by his towering domination over
his (Bolshevik) party.” To what extend does this explanation account for his rise to
power and rule, 1917 to 1924?
3. Compare and contrast the economic policies of Lenin and Stalin and evaluate their
success.
4. Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in the Russian Revolution and
establishment of the Bolshevik regime.
5. Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in establishing the USSR up
to 1924.
6. Explain the circumstances in which Stalin followed Lenin as the ruler of USSR, and
analyse the nature of his power between 1927 and 1939.
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7. “The fact that Stalin became the dominant leader of Russia by 1929 indicates that
he was a more skilful politician than Trotsky.” How far do you agree with this
statement?
8. With what justification has the period 1928 to 1939 been called “Russia’s industrial
revolution”?
9. Brutal and dictatorial though it was, the Soviet system was not totalitarian. How far
do you agree with this assessment of the USSR under Stalin?
10. Evaluate the claim that Stalin’s greatest war achievements were as much diplomatic
as military.
11. Analyse the factors which enabled the USSR to survive the German invasion of
1941.
12. How successful were the major changes which took place in Soviet industry and
agriculture between 1928 and 1941, and how did they affect the lives of the people?
13. Compare and contrast the policies of Khrushchev and Gorbachev.
Resources
Communist Russia under Lenin & Stalin
Europe, 1890-1990
Years of Change, 1890-1945
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
Stalin & Khrushchev
Stagnation and Reform:USSR 1964-1991
Russia, The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy
Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia
A Map History of Russia
Corin & Fiehn
Traynor
Wolfson
Lee
Lynch
Laver
Acton
Channon
Catchpole
www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm
http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/heroesvillains/stalin/default.htm
www.casahistoria.net
http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu
20
Spain & Franco
Course Outline
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Primo de Rivera and the dictadura
Spain to 1931
Causes, events and results of the Spanish Civil War
The role of foreign powers
Franco's dictatorship
The transition to democracy
Past Questions
1. Why did the Constitutional Monarchy in Spain collapse in 1931?
2. Why did civil war break out in Spain in 1936?
3. Analyse the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War.
4. Why did civil war break out in Spain in 1936 and what were the political, social and
economic results of the war for that country?
5. Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the opposing sides in the Spanish Civil
War.
6. Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in either Spain
between 1930 and 1939, or Portugal between 1968 and 1976.
7. Explain why Franco’s forces won the Spanish Civil War, and why the Republican
forces lost.
8. Account for the relative success up to 1939 of Franco.
9. Why did internal tensions in Spain during the 1920’s and 1930’s erupt into war in
1936?
10. Analyse the ideological, economic and strategic aspects of the causes and the
course of the Spanish Civil War.
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11. To what extent did the reaction of foreign powers dictate the course and outcome of
the Spanish Civil War?
12. Assess the aims and achievements of Franco between 1936 and 1970.
13. After 1939 did Franco heal the wounds that had resulted from Spanish Civil War or
profit from the divisions it had created?
14. To what extent can you call the rule of Franco a fascist dictatorship?
15. Assess the achievements of Franco in Spain.
16. How far had the divisions caused by the civil war in Spain been healed by 1980?
Resources
The Spanish Civil War
Franco
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980
Years of Change, 1890-1945
Revenge and Reconciliation
Franco, the patient dictator
Franco
Preston
Preston
Lee
Wolfson
Preston
Preston
Knight
www.historylearningsite.co.uk/spanish_civil_war.htm
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/swphotojournalism/index.html
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/visfront/index.html
22
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/tsdp/
http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/5/spanish/index.htm
The Spanish civil war remembered
http://www.guardian.co.uk/galleryguide/0,6191,395635,00.html
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