Download Human Osteology Normal Anatomical Position Anatomical Planes

Human Osteology
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Study of the Skeleton
Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Cartilage
Bones
Ligaments
Normal Anatomical Position
•  The skeleton is
positioned as it would
be in a living person
who is standing on
two feet, eyes and
head forward, hands at
the side with the palms
turned outward. The
skeleton s right side is
your right side etc.
Anatomical Planes
•  FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into
Anterior and Posterior
parts
MEDIAN (or midsagittal)
separates body into Right
and Left parts
HORIZONTAL separates
the body into Superior and
Inferior parts
SAGITTAL any plane
parallel to the median
plane
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Anatomical Terms
•  Superior: above
•  Inferior: below
•  Anterior: toward/from
front (ventral: toward
belly)
•  Posterior: toward/from
back (dorsal: quadrupeds)
•  Medial: toward midline
•  Lateral: toward/from the
side (way from midline)
Proximal/Distal
•  proximal: nearest axial
skeleton ; end of the bone
is the closest to the skull
or its attachment to the
trunk or axial skeleton
•  distal: farther away from
axial skeleton; the end that
is furthest away from the
skull and axial skeleton
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Skeleton
•  Axial Skeleton
•  Appendicular Skeleton
Parts of Skeleton
•  Skull
•  Infracranial or
Postcranial skeletons
The Skull
•  thinking, speaking,
hearing, seeing,
breathing, smelling,
eating (mastication),
and tasting …
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Parts of the Skull
•  Skull
•  Cranium (skull minus
mandible)
•  Calvarium (vault)
•  Calotte (skull cap)
•  Mandible (lower jaw)
22 Skull Bones
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6 unpaired and 8 paired
8 Cranial
14 Facial
+ 6 ear bones (incus, stapes, malleous)
Frankfurt Horizontal Plane
•  The line from inferior
edge of the left eye
socket to the top of
the bony ear hole
(external auditory
meatus) parallel to a
level surface
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Frontal
Left Lateral
Basal or Inferior
Posterior
Superior
Major Cranial Sutures
Basal Suture
•  Spheno-occipital
synchrondrosis:
betweem sphenoid and
occipital bone
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Bones of the Vault
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Frontal Bone (1)
Parietal bone (2)
Occipital bone (1)
Temporal bone (2)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Bones of the Face/Eye Socket
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Maxilla (2)
Nasal bone (2)
Zygomatic bone (2)
Mandible (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)
Lacrimal bone (2)
Bones of the Skull
•  Palatine bone (2)
•  Zygomatic bone (2)
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More Bones of the Skull
•  Inferior nasal concha
(2)
•  Vomer (1)
Ear Ossicles
•  Incus
•  Malleous
•  Stapes
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Features
•  External Auditory
Meatus
•  Zygomatic arch
•  Temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)
Basal View
•  Foramen magnum
•  Occipital condyles
Mandibular Anatomy
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Body
Ramus
Head of condyle
Coronoid process
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Special Features
•  Superciliary arches
(brow ridges)
•  Galbella
•  Nasion
•  Canine fossa
•  Anterior nasal spine
Other features
•  Temporal Line
•  Mastoid process
•  Supraorbitial notch/foramen
Superior nuchal line
•  External occipital protuberance
Teeth
•  Part of the digestive
system
•  Homodont
•  Heterodont
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Teeth
•  Deciduous (primary)
•  Permanent (secondary)
Deciduous Teeth
•  Incisors (2)
•  Canines (1)
•  Molars (2)
•  Total = 20
Deciduous Dental
formula:
2102
2 1 0 2 = X 2 = 20
Permanent (Adult) Teeth
•  Incisors (2)
•  Canines (1)
•  Premolars (2)
•  Molars (3)
•  Total teeth: 32
Permanent dental formula:
2123
2 1 2 3 = 16 X 2 = 32
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Tooth Anatomy
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Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
Forensic Sex
Names these Bones?
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Names these Bones?
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