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Physics 451 Quantum mechanics I Fall 2012 Oct 8, 2012 Karine Chesnel Quantum mechanics Announcements Homework this week: • HW # 12 due Thursday Oct 11 by 7pm A8, A9, A11, A14, 3.1, 3.2 Quantum mechanics A friendly message from the TA to the students: I have noticed in recent homeworks that more students quit to do entire problem(s). They are either short in time or overwhelmed by the length of the problems. It is understandable that this is an intense course, and the homework is time consuming. And as it is approaching the middle of the semester, all kinds of things are coming. But please be strong and do your best to learn. If you are really out of time, do as much as you can. Anyway, we don't want students to give up. Quantum mechanics Review- Matrices Physical space k Generalization (N-space) k’ • Linear transformation Matrix j’ j i i’ T Tij • Transpose ~ T T ji • Conjugate T * T ji • Hermitian conjugate • Unit matrix Old basis New basis • Inverse matrix • Unitary matrix Expressing same transformation T in different bases * Homework- algebra Pb A8 manipulate matrices, commutator transpose A , Hermitian conjugate inverse matrix B 1 1 C B det B Pb A9 a†b a b ab† a b Pb A11 Pb A14 A, B A† scalar matrix matrix product ST , ST † 1 transformation: rotation by angle q, rotation by angle 180º reflection through a plane matrix orthogonal T T 1 Quantum mechanics Need for a formalism Wave function Operators Hˆ H ij Vector Linear transformation (matrix) Quantum mechanics Formalism N-dimensional space: basis Norm: a e 1 , e2 , e3 ,... eN a a Operator acting on a wave vector: Expectation value/ Inner product T a b T aT a T a T a T †a a b T a T †b a If T is Hermitian b T a Tb a Quantum mechanics Hilbert space Infinite- dimensional space N-dimensional space e1 , e2 , e3 ,... eN Wave function are normalized: , 2 , 3 ... n ... 1 ( x) dx 1 2 b Hilbert space: functions f(x) such as f ( x) dx 2 a Wave functions live in Hilbert space Pb 3.1, 3.2 Quantum mechanics Hilbert space f g Inner product f * ( x) g ( x) dx Norm f 2 f f f * ( x) f ( x)dx f m f n nm Orthonormality f g f Schwarz inequality g f ( x)* g ( x)dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx 2 2 Quantum mechanics Determinate states Stationary states – determinate energy H n En n Generalization of Determinate state: Standard deviation: Q Q 2 2 For determinate state For a given operator Q: Q q 2 Q2 Q 2 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 0 Q Q Q operator 2 eigenvalue eigenstate 0 2 Quantum mechanics Hermitian operators Observable - operator Q Expectation value *Qdx Q since Q Q * For any f and g functions Q Q† f Qg Qf g Q† Q Observables are Hermitian operators Examples: x̂ p̂