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World History AP/ Period II Commonalities and Variations: Africa and Am. / Ch. 6 Terms and People Continental Comparisons Along the Niger River: Cities without States The World’s population Middle stretches of the Niger River in West Africa Unevenness in population Domesticated animals, agricultural skills and ironworking Animals capable of domestication Metallurgy Writing City-based civilizations Jenne-jeno Absence of corresponding state structure Civilizations of Africa Continental landmass not cultural identity Environmental variations Humus “Cities without Citadels” Clusters of economically specialized settlements Iron smithing Griot Occupational Castes Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization Nubian Kingdom of Kush City of Meroe Extensive long-distance trading connections Deforestation Network of indigenous W. African commerce Transshipment point 2nd Millennium C.E. Ghana, Mali and Songhay Camel-borne trans-Saharan commerce Rising state of Axum Coptic (Egyptian) Christianity Civilizations of Mesoamerica African geography encouraged some interaction Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom Horn of Africa Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia Plow-based farming system vs. hoe based Teff Monumental building and royal patronage of the arts Obelisks Geez King Ezana Coptic (4th thru 6th century C.E.) Imperial Expansion Rise of Islam (571 C.E.) A world apart Mesoamerica and the Andes Aztec and Inca Empires (15th and 16th centuries) Olmec and Norte Chico precede Mesoamerica Geographic Diversity Distinct region Intensive agricultural technology Pantheon of male and female deities Time as a cosmic cycle of creation and destruction Human sacrifice Monumental ceremonial centers World History AP/ Period II Commonalities and Variations: Africa and Am. / Ch. 6 Terms and People The Maya: Writing and Warfare Civilizations of the Andes Guatemala and the Yucatan region of Mexico Andes dramatic landscape El Mirador Colonization, conquest and trade Popul Vuh Incas (15th century C.E.) 250 C.E. to 900 C.E. Norte Chico (3000 B.C.E.) Mathematical system Elaborate calendar Chavin: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement Elaborate writing system of pictographs and phonetic elements. Costal and highland regions of Peru Almost totally engineered landscape Highly fragmented political system Tikal Collapsed with a completeness rare in history Northern vs. Southern Yucatan Ecological and political factors Teotihuacan: The Americas’ Greatest City Valley of Mexico Physically enormously impressive Street of the Dead Pyramid of the Sun Temple of the Feathered Serpent Grid-like pattern of streets Obsidian blades Mural painting, sculptures and carvings Few images of leaders No written public inscriptions 300 C.E. to 600 C.E. Tribute exacted Long-distance trade Chavin de Huantar begins 900 B.C.E. On trade routes Clear distinctions of Elite and ordinary 750 B.C.E. Elaborate temple complex Chavin Artwork San Pedro cactus Pilgrimage site and training center Moche: A Civilization of the Coast 100 C.E. and 800 B.C.E. Complex irrigation system Guano Warrior-priests Shaman-rulers Ritual sacrifice of human victims Elaborate burials Lord of Sipan Superb skill of craftspeople Fragile environmental foundations World History AP/ Period II Commonalities and Variations: Africa and Am. / Ch. 6 Terms and People Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior Alternatives to Civilization: North America 400 to 1000 C.E. Gathering and hunting peoples Vertical environment Semi-sedentary Raised field Agricultural civilization Stone work Smaller populations Little overt conflict or warfare Series of smaller civilizations The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses SW region of North America Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa 600 C.E. to 800 C.E. Africa south of the Equator Pit Houses Bantu-speakers (400 closely related languages) Kivas Ironworking technology Pueblos Slow movement of people Chaco Phenomenon Great Houses Cultural Encounters Pueblo Bonito Cross cultural encounters Highly skilled astronomers Various advantages Turquoise ornaments Batwa (Forest specialists) “Owners of the land” Bantu cultures changed Yam-based in the East Grain based and domesticated animals Common set of cultural and social practices Polyrhythmic performance Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders Eastern woodlands of North America Hopewell Culture Burial mounds/ geometric earth works Prediction of lunar eclipse Cahokia (900 C.E. to 1250 C.E.) Society and Religion Kinship structures or linage principals Gender parallelism Ancestral or natural spirits Belief in witches/ Diviners “Continuous revelation” Stratified societies with clear elite Great Suns “Principal men” / “honored peoples” “Stinkards” Algonquin and Iroquoian peoples No linguistic commonality
