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CHAPTER 16 General Pharmacology Pharmacology: The science that deals with the origins, ingredients, uses and actions of medical substances. Drug: A substance that alters the body’s functions when absorbed. Medication Information Types or Categories of Medications The EMT who is familiar with the name, dose, route, effects, indications and contraindications of a drug, and has medical director approval, can assist a patient with their medication. Medication Types or Categories EMS unit medications Activated charcoal Oral glucose Oxygen Physician-prescribed patient medications Nitroglycerin Epinephrine auto-injector Inhalers Medications Activated Charcoal Medications - Oral Glucose Medications - Oxygen Medications Inhaler Medications Nitroglycerin Medications Epinephrine Assisting with Medications Medication Names Generic name: The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia; a government publication listing all medications used in the United States. Trade name: A copyrighted brand name assigned to a medicine by its manufacturer. The trade name is capitalized and followed by the ® symbol. Generic and Trade Names of Selected Medications Generic Name Trade Name Oral glucose Insta-glucose Albuterol Proventil Nitroglycerin Nitrostat Epinephrine Adrenalin Medication Forms Forms of Medication Tablet Gel Gas Aerosol Liquid Ointment Paste Cream Powder Syrup Pill Capsule Drug Dynamics Drug Actions Systemic Affecting the entire body Local Affecting a specific area of the body Absorption: Uptake of a substance through some surface of the body. Elimination: The removal of a substance from the body. Drugs are eliminated by way of the liver, kidney, bowels and lungs. Medication Administration Indications and Contraindications Indication: The intended use of a medication for treating a specific illness or condition. Contraindication: A situation in which a medication should not be used due to the potential for harm it might cause a patient. Dose: The prescribed or recommended amount of a medication that should be administered to a patient. Five Rs of Drug Administration Right patient Right drug Right time Right dose Right route Administration Routes Routes of Administration Oral Generally safe, easy, and economical Medication is swallowed Absorbed slowly into digestive tract Patients must be alert to take medications Sublingual Place medication under the tongue Absorbed rapidly into the capillaries Digestive tract is bypassed Routes of Administration continued Inhalation Fine mist or gas absorbed by the lung capillaries Patients may need assistance with administration Onset of action is generally rapid Delivery of drug is usually an inhaler device Routes of Administration Subcutaneous continued Drug is injected under skin into fat Absorbed slowly by the surrounding bloodstream Common route for epinephrine Intravenous Liquid injected directly into the bloodstream Usually administered by ALS personnel Onset of action is immediate Routes of Administration continued Intramuscular Drug is injected deep into muscle tissue Absorbed slowly through capillaries Common route for epinephrine autoinjectors Routes of Administration Topical continued Applied and absorbed through the skin Onset of action is very slow Common medications administered are NTG patches and creams Rectal Drug is given through anus into rectum Absorbed at rate similar to oral route Not commonly done in the field If you receive an order to administer a medication, always repeat medication name, dose and route back to the physician for confirmation. Medication Actions Actions Mechanism of action: The desired effect of the drug on the body. Side Effects Side effects: Any action of a drug other than the desired one. Common side effects of numerous medications include nausea and vomiting. Documentation and Reassessment Strategies Medication Documentation Who ordered the medication physician and time? What medication was administered? What time was the medication administered? What was the dose given? Medication Documentation continued What was the route? Who administered the drug? What were the vital signs before and after administration? What was the patient’s response to the medication? SUMMARY Medication Information Medication Administration Medication Actions Medication Documentation
