Download The evolution of the European economic core area

The evolution of the
European economic core
area
dr. Jeney László
Senior lecturer
[email protected]
Economic Geography
I. International Business bachelor study programme (BA)
Spring term 2015/2016.
CUB Centre of Economic Geography and Futures Studies
The changing global position of
the core areas (Triad)
2
Alternative
definitions of the
core areas

Cold War: First and
Second World
– Not up to date

W. Brandt: The Rich
North, The Poor South
– Brandt line, 1980s
– North Asia: rich?
– Australia: Northern?

Triad
– Position of Australia?

High income countries
(Worldbank, IMF)
– Annually changing

Developed World
3
Economic core
regions


Its state of development:
in the forefront of the
age
Its development is
autonomic and organic
– Self-modernization:
derived from the inner
structure and the inner
motivation of the society
– Recognition of natural and
human rules  getting the
new resources  ensure a
more higher state of 4
satisfaction of needs
Differences amoung
the core areas of
the world economy
aspects
Ancient
times
Colonization
Europe
East Asia
Developed cultures
GreekRoman
antecendent
N. America
Australia–O.
Lagging tribal cultures
More 1000
years old
civilizations
Geopgraphic Isolation
British colonies
Discoveries, (China:
Early, having Late
West Europe semi-colony) col. (+econ.) colonization
Economic
Europe –
macroregion Africa
Far East
The
Americas
Europe–Afr.
 Far East
Being core
from
Discoveries, Ancient cult., Late 19th
industrial rev Postwar per. century
Late 19th
century
Success
products
Medicines,
machines
mining, 5
agriculture
High-tech (computer, chip,
robot) + application of IT
Basic information on the core
areas of the world economy
Area
Km2
Population
persons
GDP
PPP
Per cap
GDP
PPP
Export
US $
Import
US $
EU
4,3 mn
WR7
490 mn
WR3
14,82 bn 32700
WR1
WR31
1,95 bn
WR1
1,69 bn
WR2
USA
9,8 mn
WR3
310 mn
WR4
14,66 bn 47200
WR2
WR10
1,29 bn
WR3
1,94 bn
WR1
Japan
380 th
WR60
130 mn
WR11
4,31 bn
WR4
0,76 bn
WR4
0,64 bn
WR4
China
9,6 mn
WR4
1300 mn 10,09 bn 7600
WR1
WR3
WR100
1,58 bn
WR2
1,33 bn
WR3
34000
WR28
TNCs with the largest income in
the world (Fortune: Global500)


Growth of East Asia, decline of North America
353 industrial companies with the largest trade of the
7
world (Rebitzer, D. W. 1995)
– 1956: 77% Am, 23% Eu  1993: 36% Am, 32% Eu, 26% Japan
Geographic concept of Europe
8
What does the European core
of the world economy mean?

Definition of Europe differs
– Geographically
– Politically
9
Phisical geographic borders of
Europe

Is Europe an own continent?
– Phisical geography: not a sharp
borderline towards Asia
– Geology: Eu and Asia is one huge
continent, Eu. is part (peninsula) of
Asia/Eurasia (Eurasian plate) – India on
the contrary: not part of Asia  Indian
plate  (Indian subcontinent)

Borders of Europe (more clear-cut:
S, W, N, more debated: E)
–
–
–
–
South: Mediterranean Sea
West: Atlantic Ocean
North: Arctic Ocean
East: just in the 19th cent. (Humboldt):
10
Ural Mountains (+ Ural River, Caspian
Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea)
Human geographical borders of
Europe: hard to define the
transcontinental countries


European borders fall into the line of
state borders
Transcontinental countries: partly
spread to Asia too
–
–
–
–
–

Russia (European area 29%, pop. 72%)
Kazakhstan (rather Asian)
Turkey (European area 3%)
Georgia (rather European)
Azerbaijan (rather European)
Physical geographically totally Asian
countries with European orientation
– Cyprus (partly Christian, member of EU)
11
– Armenia (Christianity)
Cultural and social criterions of
Europeanism according to Jordan,
T. G. (1996)

Arbitrary criterions with arbitrary limit values
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Religion: Christian over 80%
Language: Indo-Europeans over 80%
Anthropological character: white population over 90%
Health: infant mortality under 1%
Developed economy: per capita GDP over 10.000 $
Education: illiteracy under 10%
Developed transport network: road density over 400km/km2
Industrial/tertiary employment structure: share of agricultural
workers under 15%
9. High urbanization: urban residents over 50%
10. Stable population number: natural increase under 1%
12
11. Parliamentary democracy: before 1980
Political borders of Europe:
membership of European
integrations

Council of Europe:
– European frontiers fall into
the line of state borders
– Wider: whole territory of
geographical Europe is
included (expect for Western
part of Kazakhstan)
– Spread also to Asia (Siberia,
Caucasus Mountains,
Anatolia, Cyprus)

European Union
– Only 28 members
– The overseas dependencies
also joined (e.g. French
Guiana from South America)
– Greenland: entered as
13
dependency of Denmark,
but separated in 1983
Evolution of Europeanism till
the WW II
Appearance of the concept of
Europe

In the early ancient
times
– Name of Europe:
Phoenician ‘ereb’
(=darkness, sunset)
– 8th century BC: 1st
mention in Greek
mythology
– At the beginning:
Europe ≈ Thrace +
Macedonia
– 6th century BC: from
Gibraltar to Caucasus
Mts.
– Herodotus, Hippocrates:
political, cultural values
(opposite to Asia, 15
Persian Empire)
Europe under the Roman Empire

Roman Empire
– 1st big great political unit
spreading to significant
parts of Europe
– Beyond the ‘limes’
(visible borderline):
Barbaric lands (≈not
Europeans)
– But Middle East, North
Africa also belonged to
the empire  concept of
Europe turned to pale
– Classic Greek-Roman
culture: part of the
European intellectual
16
heritage (Christianity,
law, arts, Latin culture)
Middle Ages:
Europeanism = Christian
religion and ethics

Early Middle Ages: only Western (Catholic) Christianity
– 6th–7th century (Isidore, bishop of Seville): Europe = former
Western Roman Empire

8th–9th century: Europe = Carolingian (Frankish) Empire
– 2nd big great political unit spreading to significant parts of
Europe
– Europe ~ foundation members of the European integration (EU:
honours about Charlemagne)
– Borders of EC ≈ the frontier of Western Christianity (except for
orthodox East Balkan: GR, CY, BG, RO)
– Opposite to the ‘heterodox’ Byzantine Empire  not European

Renaissance (pope Pius II): Europe ≈ whole Christian
world
– Opposite to the ‘pagan’ Ottoman Empire (crusades)
– Today also arises by the EU-accession of Turkey
17
– Question of the word ‘Christian’ in the European Constitution
Common European cultural waves

Appearance of the common European identity
– 15th–16th century, Machiavelli: common history, culture and political
interest of the European nations
– Students at medieval universities from whole Europe (Latin, as common
linguistic heritage)
– Humanism ≈ Europeanism  Dante: Alliances of states

West European feudalist structure building bottom-up
–
–
–
–

Slackened bondages in the ruling class
Civil rights with economic autonomy
Rationalism, scientific–technical achievements
Liberty, individualism (opposite to the more community orientated
Eastern cultures)
But reformation: reaction against to the common Europeanism
– Breaking line: Catholic South – Protestant North
– Organizations of nation states
– Nationalism: ‘fashionable’
18
European unity ideas
during the long 19th
century

Colonization: strong European identity
– Quantitative and qualitative development: supremacy

Empire of Napoleon
– 3rd big great political unit spreading to significant
parts of Europe
– Liberty, equality, fraternity = Europeanism

European integration
– Mazzini, Kossuth: European Confederation
– Victor Hugo (1849): European United States (like
USA)
19
Effects of European civilization on
different parts of the World
according to Jordan, T. G. (1996)
20
European cultural pessimism at
the 20th century


WW I: European nations fought against each other
Instead of the former fashionable nationalism
international intellectual waves (but global, not
European)
– Socialism: internationalism, but on the basis of working class
– Catholicism: universal

Depression after WW I
– Europeanism = agony, pessimism
– Spengler: The Decline of the West
– Jose Ortega y Gasset: mass of humans instead of Europanism
21
Pan-Europeanism at interwar
period


Carlo Sforza: European United States
Pan-European campaign
–
–
–
–
–


Richard Coudenhowe Calergi, 1923: book titled by Pan-Europe
Hate of nations  further war
Threat from the East: communism (military)
Threat from the West: Americanism (economic)
1926: 1st Pan-European Congress
Establishment of League of Nations
Briand (French foreign min.):
– integrated the Pan-European approach to the League of Nations
– Suggested the establishment of an EU
22
WW II, Cold War: the
worst periods in the
European history

1933: Hitler – new European order (Pax Germanica)
– 4th big great political unit spreading to significant parts of Europe

After WW II:
– Role of Europe decreased in global politics (Germany, Italy,
England, France)
– 2 superpowers stand out: USA and SU

Cold War: Europe’s division in two parts (Iron Curtain)
– Beginning of the European integration process
– Europe = step by step widening European integration (EU)
23