Download THE CHEMICAL BASICS OF LIFE

1. ORGANIC MOLECULES
COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN CARBON
CO2 IS THE EXCEPTION
• THERE ARE MILLIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
COMBINATION
• WHY? (HINT: IMAGINE A CARBON ATOM AND THINK
OF BONDING)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9943298
Each Electron on the valance shell is a
Potential?
BOND
1.
2.
4.
3.
IV. COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
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• THERE ARE FOUR GROUPS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN
LIVING THINGS:
– CARBOHYDRATES
– LIPIDS
– PROTEINS
– NUCLEIC ACID
– Serving Sizes
WHY EAT CARBS?
OUR BODY REQUIRES IT FOR
ENERGY
1. CARBOHYDRATES
• COMPOSED OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND
OXYGEN (1:2:1 RATIO)
• C6H12O6 –GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDE
• 3 TYPES -SUGAR, STARCH, AND FIBER
• SIMPLE FORM KNOWN AS
MONOSACCHARIDE
• COMPLEX FORM KNOWN AS
POLYSACCHARIDE
MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GALACTOSE
B. MAKING LARGER SUGARS BY POLYMERIZATION
Link for dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (REMOVE H2O)
CREATES Disaccharides
Monomers
Dimers
Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
Glucose + galactose = lactose + water
Glucose + glucose = maltose + water
2 MONOSACCHARIDES = 1 DISACCHARIDE
Bonding Dehydration Synthesis- Removing H2O
Two Monomers (glucose & fructose) become a Dimer
(sucrose)
Breaking down molecules bonds HYDROLYSIS add H2O
example a dimer(sucrose) becomes 2 monomers glucose
& fructose
• ADDING WATER BREAKS UP POLYMERS
C. POLYSACCHARIDES ARE BIG
CARBS.
• GIANT POLYMERS OF THOUSANDS OF
LINKED MONOSACCHARIDES -glucose
• A STORAGE PRODUCT WHICH CAN BE
BROKEN DOWN INTO MONOSACCHARIDES.
TYPES OF PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES
• 1. STARCH: A Polysaccharide (big sugar)
STORED IN PLANTS FOR ENERGY USE
PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE
• 2.
CELLULOSE: GIVE PLANTS STRENGTH &
STRUCTURE
• This is also known as Fiber!
• Plant cell walls structure of veggies Tree Bark
ANIMAL POLYSACCHARIDE
• GLYCOGEN: STORED IN MUSCLES AND
LIVER OF ANIMALS
• Too much can build up to become FAT or can
be BROKEN DOWN into GLUCOSE for energy
GLYCOGEN IS STORED IN THE
LIVER & MUSCLES
3. POLYMERIZATION- A Process
of building molecules
• BUILDING LARGE COMPOUNDS USING SMALLER
COMPOUNDS
• MER-MEANS PART
• A SINGLE COMPOUND IS A MONOMER
• Dimer two monomers
• THREE OR MORE COMPOUNDS TOGETHER ARE
POLYMERS
• MANY POLYMERS ARE KNOWN AS
MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS
• POLYMERS OF AMINO
ACIDS LINKED BY
PEPTIDE BONDS
• Contain -3 parts
– 1. AN R GROUP (any
compound or Element)
– 2. An Amino (contains
Nitrogen)
– 3. A Carboxyl
(COOH/COO)
EXAMPLES OF AMINO ACIDS There
are just 20 types
Pink
Boxes
show the
R groups
PROTEINS HAVE PEPTIDE BONDS
Animation of Peptide Bond Formation
• TWO bonded AMINO ACIDS is a
DIPEPTIDE
• MANY bonded AMINO ACIDS is a
POLYPEPTIDE
• A Polypeptide is a PROTEIN
HOW DO WE MAKE AMINO
ACIDS BOND?
• Dehydration
Synthesis!
• Remove the H2O
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
Let’s watch the video
• ENZYMES (speed up) CHEMICAL REACTIONS
– Reduces the energy needed for the reaction
• STRUCTURE-MUSCLES/TISSUES IN BODY
• CELL SIGNALING –Tells HORMONES to go
from the glands to target organs
• TRANSPORT Channels to move items into/out
of Cell Membranes
• DEFENSE –Immune system, White blood cells
in the blood
How Enzymes fit to only its specific Substrate
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SPECIAL TYPES OF PROTEINS
ENZYMES
• A PROTEIN THAT INCREASES THE RATE OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Each ENZYME has its own SUBSTRATE
(molecule) that it fits to
• They fit like a LOCK AND KEY…OR PUZZLE
PIECES
• Where they meet is called THE ACTIVE SITE
What can prevent an Enzyme
from binding to its substrate?
• Heat
• pH
• Changing the active site so binding
substrate does not happen
Enzymes lower the amount of
energy needed in a reaction.
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