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NEW WORLD
BEGINNINGS
Instructor: Mr. Vaglio
I. Shaping/ Peopling of Americas
- Pangaea
- 10 million years ago – North America was created
- 2 million years ago – Ice Ages began and ended
10,000 years ago – Bering Strait
- By 1492 when the Europeans came – 54 million
people populated the Americas
- 2000 separate languages
- Countless tribes
Incas – Peru
Mayans – Central Mexico
Aztecs – Mexico
Relied primarily on the cultivation of mazie
– fed 20 mil in Mexico alone
Built very impressive cities without animals
such as horses or oxen
Corn was developed about 5,000 BC form a
staple of wild grass –foundation of Aztec &
Incan Societies
Corn reached the Pueblo people of Rio Grande
about 1200BC (intricate irrigation systems)
No dense populations or complex nation states
existed outside of Mexico (north)
Anasazi – 600 room Pueblo (Chaco
Canyon)
Mississippian Settlement – Cahokia – home
to 40,000
Cultivation of corn reached Atlantic region
1,000 AD –three sister farming
Highest densities of population on NA –
Cherokee, Choctaw,Creek
Iroquois – created closes civilization to that
of Aztecs & Incas – inspired by legendary
leader Hiawatha!
Most part natives in NA were living in
small scattered bands upon European arrival
Men hunted/ women gathered (matrilineal
culture)
1492 only 4million native in NA
II. Indirect Discoverers of the
New World
1,000 AD (Norse) The Vikings discovered
present day Newfoundland – colony failed
The Crusades – created “European Sweet
Tooth”
Marco Polo – how can he be considered a
indirect discoverer of the New World?
A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
III. Europeans enter Africa
1450 Prince Henry the NAVIGATOR
Inventions
Bartholomieu Dias 1488
• Trading posts
• Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, Principe (
Significance?)
Vasco Da Gama 1498
Spain – united with the marriage of
Ferdinand & Isabella – (Reconquista)
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation
in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of
Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque (Goa, 1510;
Malacca, 1511).
IV. Columbus comes to the New
World
Reasons for continued exploration
Thirst for spices at cheaper prices (how)
Africa source of cheap slave labor – sugar plantations
Renaissance
• Printing Press
• Mariners Compass
Columbus – set sail August 1492 six weeks later
found land October 12,
Believed he has skirted the rim of the “Indies”
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
His discovery would bring into contact 4
Continents creating an Interdependent
Global Economic System.
EUROPE – markets, capital, technology
AFRICA - furnished the labor
NEW WORLD (NA/SA) – raw materials
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
V. When Worlds Collide
Items offered by the New
World
Iguanas
Snakes
Maize, beans, tomatoes,
tobacco,
Potatoes
3/5ths the crops in the world
originated in the Americas
Introduction of New World
Foodstuffs offset Slave
Trade
Items offered by the Old
World
Cattle, swine, horses
• APACHE, SIOUX,
BLACKFOOT
SUGAR
REVOLUTION
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
VI. The Spanish Conquistadors
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Spain became the dominant exploring and
colonizing power of Europe in the 1500s
Balboa - 1513
Magellan (1519 – 1522) 5 ships – 1ship
Juan Ponce de Leon- discovered Florida
Francisco Coronado – Grand Canyon, Colorado River
Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River
Francisco Pizarro - conquistador
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
VII. Conquest of Mexico
Cozumel,Malinche, Noche Triste
20 million to 2 million in 1 century
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Spanish Colonial Structure
Peninsulares, Creoles, mestizo
Influences – laws,crops, language, religion,
animals – all proved adaptable (assimilation)
Encomienda System –
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming
of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish Empire in
the New World
1. Encomienda
or forced
labor.
2. Council of
the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
VIII. Spread of Spanish America
Spanish cities and towns flourished within a half
century of 1492
University of Mexico at Mexico City
University at Lima, Peru
Other Imperial countries became interested in the
New World – Spain secured her Northern
Periphery
John Cabot
Verrazano
Jacques Cartier
*** 1565 St. Augustine Florida
Treasures
from the Americas!
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade
Troubles in Mexico
Don Juan de OnatePope’s Rebellion
Alamo – response to Robert de la Salle
California – Father Junipero – 21 missions
“Black Legend”