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Introduction to Infection Control
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Infection control is one of the most important aspects of environmental safety.
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The term refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of
spreading infections, especially in hospitals.
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The purpose of infection control is to reduce the occurrence of infectious
diseases.
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Health care providers have the responsibility to understand and follow the
facility’s infection control policies and procedures.
:Infection Control: Past and Present
Brief History
Objective:
Understand the history of Infection Control and Prevention (ICP)
History of infection control
-Pre 1800: Early efforts at wound prophylaxis
-1800-1940: Nightingale, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur
-1940-1960: Antibiotic era begins, Staph. aureus nursery outbreaks, hygiene focus
-1960-1970s: Documenting need for infection control programs, surveillance begins
-1980s: Focus on patient care practices, intensive care units, resistant organisms, HIV
-1990s: Hospital epidemiology (Infection control, quality improvement and
economics)
-2000s: Healthcare system epidemiology
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)
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In 1854 (during the Crimean War), she was the first to
identified the relationship between nursing and infection
control.
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Nightingale’s firm belief in preventive medicine led to an
established standard of formalized cleanliness and sanitation in
hospitals and the military.
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She observed that by opening the windows in the hospital
and allowing air from the outside to come in, there was less
illness among the patients.
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Nightingale believed that respiratory secretions were potentially dangerous,
especially among the sick and that the sick should be isolated.
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Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865)
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He was an obstetrician who practiced in Vienna, Austria.
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He studied puerperal (childbirth) fever.
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Established that high maternal mortality was due to failure
of doctors to wash hands after post-mortems.
He theorized that disinfecting hands could prevent
transmission of infection.
Beginning in 1847, he required all medical students to
wash their hands with chlorinated lime before assisting in deliveries.
Reduced maternal mortality by 90%.
He was ignored and ridiculed by colleagues.
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Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
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Professor of surgery in Glasgow, Scotland.
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He was troubled by high mortality rates from post- surgical sepsis.
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He was the first to see the connection between Pasteur's discoveries
of the fermentation process and the suppuration of wounds.
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Lister is credited with the beginnings of sterilization in the Operating
Room.
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Before surgery, he sprayed the operating rooms with carbolic acid,
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He began applying carbolic acid to compound fracture wounds.
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Mortality rate from amputation plummeted from 45% to 15%.
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
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If one were to choose among the greatest benefactors of humanity, Louis
Pasteur would certainly rank at the top.
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He solved the mysteries of rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera, and silkworm
diseases, and contributed to the development of the first vaccines.
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He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation,
thereby setting the stage for modern biology and biochemistry. He described
the scientific basis for fermentation, wine-making, and the brewing of beer.
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Pasteur's work gave birth to many branches of science, and he was singlehandedly responsible for some of the most important theoretical concepts and
practical applications of modern science.
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The Birth of ICP Programs
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention:
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1960s - hospital surveillance.
1970s - training courses.
1970s - National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS).
1974 - Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC).
1991 - Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).
1995 - hospital infections program
(Now the DHQP- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion).
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2005 - National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).
Current IC Program
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Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
(Developed a set of National Patient Safety Goals which hospitals must
comply with in order to be accredited)
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Institute of Medicine (IOM)
(To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System)
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National Quality Forum (NQF)
(Develop and implement a national strategy for health care quality
measurement and reporting)
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Consumer’s Union
(push for reporting of hospital-acquired infection)
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And many more…
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