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Comprehending Architecture
Dennis Raymond P.
Maturan
CHSM 2010
Etymology of Architecture
• Architecture (Latin
architectura, from the
Greek– arkhitekton, from
"chief" and "builder,
carpenter") can mean:
• The art and science of
designing and erecting
buildings and other
physical structures.
• A general term to describe
buildings and other
structures.
ARCHITECTURE
• Is usually referred as
the “Mother of the
Arts” because it
houses, serves as a
background for, or
occurs in relation to
other fields of art
such as painting,
sculpture, interior
design, landscape
architecture and city
planning.
Architecture
• A style and
method of
design and
construction of
buildings and
other physical
structures.
• The art of
designing and
constructing
buildings and
other types of
structures.
Architecture
• Uses durable materials and follows
certain building standards.
ARCHITECTURE
• Materials used in
Architecture are stone,
concrete, brick, wood, steel,
glass and plaster
Edificio de los
Correos
Architecture
• Produces structures suited for
their purpose or function.
Three Kinds of Architecture
According to Functions
1. Interior Design –
creation or design of
the interior of a
house to suit the
personality, needs
and lifestyle of the
people living in it.
Three Kinds of Architecture
According to Functions
2. Landscape
Architecture –
design and
development
of landscape
and garden to
capture the
needs of the
environment
Landscape Architecture
• This is the planning
of outdoor areas for
human use and
enjoyment,
especially gardens,
parks, playgrounds,
golf courses, etc.
• Materials are plants,
trees, shrubs,
flowers, vines and
ground cover.
Three Kinds of Architecture
According to Functions
3. Urban/City Planning
– bridge between the
profession of urban
planning and
architecture and its
primary concern
which is the physical
form of the city and
may manifest itself in
the cultural context of
urban design.
Urban/City Planning
• This is the planning
and arranging the
physical aspects of a
large or small
community.
• Structures and areas
are concerned with all
phases of living and
working, which are
attractively and
efficiently organized
and related,
Escolta
Functional Classifications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Religious
Commercial
Residential
Recreational
Government
Industrial
Cultural/ Art
Exhibitions
• Rehabilitation
Centers
•
•
•
•
Airports
Seaports
Malls
Communication
Centers
• Research Centers
• Observatories
• Institutional/Servi
ce
Origins of Architectural Elements
1. Hearth – fire,
ceramics
2. Roof – carpentry
3. Enclosure –
weaving
4. Mound – stone
masonry
Elements of Architecture
1. Lines
2. Colors
3. Light and
Shadow
4. Value
5. Volume
6. Space
7. Form
Principles in Architectural
Planning
1.
2.
3.
Orientation – the
control of the effects of
sun, wind and rainfall.
Design – the
modification of the
effects of the natural
forces such as porches,
eaves, roofs, etc.
Fenestration – control
and distribution of
windows for light,
ventilation and
heating.
Principles in Architectural
Planning
4. Walls – Insulation and
heating control
5. Color – practical and
expressive qualities for
reflection and
absorption of light
6. Materials and
Techniques –
materials used and
intended use for them
Architect and Architecture
Architects: specialists in designing
structures
Architect and Architecture
• The practice of an architect,
where architecture means to
offer or render professional
services in connection with
the design and construction of
a building, or group of
buildings and the space within
the site surrounding the
buildings, that have as their
principal purpose human
occupancy or use.
Principles of Architectural Construction
1. Post-and –
Lintel – makes
use of posts or
two vertical
supports spanned
by a lintel or
horizontal beam.
A beam is placed horizontally
across upright posts and considered
the oldest of the construction
system.
Principles of Architectural Construction
2. Ancient Greek
“Orders” (styles):
composed of a shaft,
capital, and base.
http://www.bozzle.com/perClassicOrders.html
Principles of Architectural Construction
3. Entablature: the top of an order; includes
the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/architecture/entablature.html
Principles of Architectural Construction
4. The Arch –
consists of separate
pieces of wedges or
shaped blocks
arranged in semicircles. The keystone
is the last set stone at
top center which
locks the pieces
together.
Principles of Architectural Construction
•The arch was a purely Roman invention. An
arch is often made up of small stones called
voussoir and a large central stone called a
keystone.
Principles of Architectural Construction
5. The Vault - is an
architectural term for an
arched form used to
provide a space with a
ceiling or roof.
Principles of Architectural Construction
6. The Dome – a
roof that is
hemispherical in
form and resembles
a half ping pong ball
and built in a
framework formed
by a series of arches
rising from
consecutive points
in the base.
Principles of Architectural Construction
•The arch, vault, and
dome are variations of
the same concept that
allowed for greater
height and more space
inside a building.
Principles of Architectural Construction
A series of columns is called a colonnade.
A series of arches is called an arcade.
Principles of Architectural Construction
7. Flying Buttress:
external arch that
counter-balanced the
outward thrust of the
high, vaulted ceilings.
http://www.m-w.com/mw/art/flyingbu.htm
Principles of Architectural Construction
8. Truss system - was used during the Industrial
Revolution, many new materials were developed:
glass-- Crystal Palace (1851)
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1158.htm
Principles of Architectural Construction
and wrought iron: The
Eiffel Tower
•This system applies to
most of the bridges,
assembly plants, theaters,
shopping malls,
gymnasium that
necessitates wide spaces
but with very few interior
supports.
Principles of Architectural Construction
Truss System
Principles of Architectural Construction
9. Cantilever –used to
support walls and
floors that are
ideally made of
steel and Ferroconcrete; a beam
or slab extended
horizontally
beyond its
supporting part
from strong
support.
Principles of Architectural Construction
10. Skeleton
Construction –
requires the use of a
strong foundation
which will fit to the
great height of the
floor, roof and
partitions which are
usually made of
concrete and steel
Architecture
The Romans were great engineers. They
developed concrete as a building material,
which was used in building aqueducts, baths,
and other public works projects.
Modern Architecture
Antonio Gaudi: Spanish architect– no flat
surface or straight lines (organic)
http://www.lexised.com/architecture/gaudi/casam.html
Modern Architecture
Antonio Gaudi’s most
famous building: “La
Sagrada Familia”
Modern Architecture
The 1st skyscraper was made in St. Louis,
MO by Louis Sullivan who coined the
expression “form follows function”.
Modern Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright: American architect;
carefully considered the environment where
the building was to be constructed.
“Falling Water”
More Wright
Modern Architecture
Steel and concrete
are the favored
materials for
commercial type
construction.
Wood and brick
are the favored
materials for
residential
construction.
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nipa Hut “Bahay
Kubo” – pre-colonial
period (nipa,
bamboo and cogon)
Bahay na Bato -during
the Spanish period
(bricks. Stone and
tiles)
Neo-Classical –
during the American
period (introduces
G.I. sheets)
ModernContemporary
Noted Filipino Architects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Felix Roxas Sr. – 1st Filipino Architect
Juan Hervas – 1887 Manila Architect
Tomas Arguelles – Public Works, Rails
Arcadio Arellano – Hidalgo House
Tomas Mapua - PGH
Juan Nakpil – Art deco
Luna de San Pedro – Legarda Elementary School
Fr. Roque Ruaño O.P. – UST Building
Juan Arellano – Romantic Architect
Leandro V. Locsin – National Artist