Download Paper E1 - Digital Circuits

Integrated Digital Electronics
David Holburn
[email protected]
Module 3B2 Lectures 1-8
Engineering Tripos Part IIA
January 2006
3B2 Integrated Digital Electronics
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8 lectures in LT2: Tuesday
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Four handouts (roughly one per two lectures).
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some gaps to be filled in
places where you need to add own notes
Two examples sheets:
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at 12, Friday at 9
MOS circuits (lecture 4)
Bipolar circuits (lecture 8)
Various other notes, graphs and leaflets
Material on the WWW
3B2 Material on the Web
3B2 Material on the Web
3B2 Material on the Web
3B2 Material on the Web
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There’s a link to an HTML version of this presentation.
Point your browser at:
http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/3b2
Spice Simulator
Spice Simulator
Related courses
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Related activities in the 3rd year
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Module 3B2 – Integrated Digital Electronics – Logic (Dr Udrea)
Module 3B5 – Semiconductor Devices
Computer-Based Project C7 - VLSI design (Easter term)
Related modules in the 4th year
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Module 4B2 - Power Electronics and Applications
Module 4B6 - Solid State Devices
Module 4B7 - VLSI Design & Technology
Module 4B8 - Electronic System Design
Evolution of the Microprocessor
Module 3B2: Integrated Digital Electronics
Engineering Tripos Part IIA
The First Transistor
New York Times
“A device called a transistor,
which has several applications in
radio where a vacuum tube
ordinarily is employed, was
demonstrated for the first time
yesterday at Bell Telephone
Laboratories, 463 West Street,
where it was invented.”
23rd December 1947
http://www.lucent.com/ideas2/ideas.html
http://www.bell-labs.com
The First Integrated Circuit
1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical
engineer at Texas Instruments, figured
out how to put all the circuit elements
- transistors, resistors, and capacitors,
along with their interconnecting
wiring - into a single piece of
germanium.
His rough prototype was a thin piece
of germanium about one-half inch
long containing five separate
components linked together by tiny
wires.
The Microprocessor
4004: Intel’s first microprocessor
The 4-bit 4004 ran at
108 kHz & contained
2300 transistors.
The speed of this 1971 device is
estimated at 0.06 MIPS.
By comparison, Intel's new P6 runs
at 133 MHz, contains 5.5 million
transistors, and executes 300 MIPS
(million instructions/s).
Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC
1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor
A pivotal sale to IBM’s new
personal computer division
made the 8088 the brains of
IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the
IBM PC.
This was followed in 1982 by
the 80286, on which was based
the IBM PC/AT (Advanced
Technology) computer.
Intel 80386 and 80486
The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained
275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s
first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was
capable of ‘multi-tasking’.
The ‘486 (1989, shown) was
significantly more powerful, and
was the first to offer a built-in
math. co-processor, greatly
speeding up transcendental
functions.
Intel Pentium
The Pentium was first introduced
in 1993; it was designed to allow
computers to handle “real-world”
data, e.g. speech, sound & images.
The Pentium II (1997) contained
7.5 million transistors and is
packaged in a unique format - SEC
or Single Edge Contact.
Scaling - Intel Pentium
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Original design used MOSFETs with L=0.8 m
 Speed limited to fclk= 66 MHz
Scaling the Intel Pentium processor
Minimum dimension
(m)
0.8
0.6
Area of chip
(mm2)
284
163
Maximum clock speed
(MHz)
66
100
(V)
5
3.3
Supply voltage
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Relative sizes
Shrink minimum dimension to 0.6 m
 Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput
 Lower power consumption
 Latest P4 uses L=0.09 m  fclk=3800MHz !!
Intel Pentium IV
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Introduced late 2000
> 42  106 transistors
217 mm2 chip area
Initially 0.18 m process
75 watts @ 2GHz
Now 0.09 m Si process
3.8 GHz max clock freq.
Moore’s Law
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Gordon Moore forecast exponential growth in the IC industry
.. so far his prediction has been stunningly accurate
.. the billion transistor IC is just over the horizon!
http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/hof/hof_main.htm
Moore’s Law
Complexity
10 9
Pentium®Pro
Pentium®
$5000
10 8
10 7
10 6
10
80286
$2000
5
cost
8080
10 4
10
80486
complexity
$500
3
10 2
$200
10 1
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Cost in $M
1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation
2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation
Silicon Technology
Silicon Process 1.5µ
Technology
Intel386™ DX
Processor
Intel486™ DX
Processor
Pentium®
Processor
Pentium® II
Processor
1.0µ
0.8µ
0.6µ
0.4µ
0.25µ
Web resource
http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/3b2
Web resource
http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/3b2
Web resource
http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/3b2