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Chapter Seven:
Making Decisions About Drug and
Alcohol Use
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drugs
 Drug = any substance, natural
or artificial, other than food, that
by its chemical or physical
nature alters structure or
function in the living organism
 Psychoactive drug = any
substance capable of altering
feelings, moods, or perceptions
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Process Addictions
 Compulsively engaging in behaviors such
as gambling, shopping, gaming, sexual
activity
 Cause serious financial, emotional,
social, and health problems
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The Process of Addiction
 Addictive behavior has three common
aspects:
•
•
•
Exposure: Introduced to the drug or behavior
that is considered pleasurable
Compulsion: Time, energy, and money are
spent to pursue the behavior. Normal
behavior has already degenerated
Loss of control: Addicted people lose the
ability to control their behavior and results in
addiction to more than one drug or behavior
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Codependence
 Applies to people who are close to an
individual who is addicted to something
 Characteristics of codependents:
• Focused on protecting or coping with the
•
•
addict
Lose their sense of identity
Experience stress, often resulting in
chaotic behaviors, addictions, and physical
illnesses
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Basic Drug Terms and Concepts
 Central nervous system
 Routes of drug administration
 Drug misuse
 Drug abuse
 Drug dependence
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Central Nervous System
 Neuron: A nerve cell
• Axon: The portion of a neuron that conducts
•
electrical impulses to the dendrites of adjacent
neurons
Dendrite: The portion of a neuron that receive
electrical stimuli from adjacent neurons
 Synapse: The location at which an electrical

impulse from one neuron is transmitted to an
adjacent neuron
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers
that transfer electrical impulses across the
synapses between nerve cells
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Action of Psychoactive Drugs on
the Central Nervous System
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Drug Misuse and Abuse
 Drug misuse: Inappropriate use of
legal drugs intended to be medications
• Intentional or unintentional
 Drug abuse: Any use of a drug in a
way that is detrimental to health or wellbeing
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Drug Dependence

Addiction/physical dependence: Compulsive,
uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or
practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe
emotional or physiological reactions
• Withdrawal illness: Uncomfortable response of the body as it
•


attempts to maintain homeostasis in the absence of a drug
Tolerance: An acquired reaction to a drug in which the
continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects
Psychological dependence: Craving a drug for
emotional reasons and to maintain a sense of well-being
Intoxication: Dysfunctional and disruptive changes in
physiological and psychological functioning, mood, and
cognitive processes
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Major Classes of Psychoactive
Drugs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Narcotics
Inhalants
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Stimulants
 Key actions: Stimulate the function of the
central nervous system
•
•
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, brain function
Feelings of energy, exhilaration
 Examples:
• Cocaine
• Amphetamine
• Methamphetamine
• Caffeine
• Ritalin
• Adderall
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Depressants
 Key actions: Slow the function of the central
nervous system
•
•
•
Reduced heart and breathing rates, blood pressure
Lowered inhibitions, impaired judgment
Sedation, drowsiness, loss of consciousness
 Examples:
• Barbiturates
• Rohypnol
• Alcohol
• Tranquilizers
• GHB
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Hallucinogens
 Key actions: Altered states of feeling and
perception (hallucinations, distortions of reality)
•
•
•
Increased temperature, heart rate, blood pressure
Weakness, tremors, nervousness, paranoia
Synesthesia (sensation of combining of the senses)
 Examples:
• LSD
• PCP
• Mescaline
• Ecstasy and designer drugs
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Cannabis
 Active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
 Key actions:
• Euphoria, confusion
• Slowed thinking and reaction time
• Impaired balance and coordination
• Cough, frequent respiratory infections
 Examples:
• Hashish
• Marijuana
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Narcotics (Opiates)
 Key actions:
• Relief of pain, euphoria
• Reduced heart rate and blood pressure
• Sedation, drowsiness, confusion
 Natural and synthetic; derived from the Oriental

poppy plant
Examples:
•
•
•
•
Opium
Morphine
Heroin
Oxycodone
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Inhalants
 Volatile compounds
 Key actions:
•
•
•
Unpredictable, drunklike effects; aggression
Euphoria
Damage to respiratory and cardiovascular systems
•
•
•
•
•
Gasoline
Glues
Paint
Aerosol propellants
Nitrites (“laughing gas”)
 Examples:
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Combination Drug Effects
 Synergistic effect = heightened or



exaggerated effect produced by the concurrent
use of two or more drugs
Additive effect = combined (but not
exaggerated) effect produced by concurrent
use of two or more drugs
Potentiated effect = the use of one drug
intensifies the effect of a second drug
Antagonistic effect = effect produced when
one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a
second drug
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Nature of Alcoholic Beverages
 Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
• Produced through fermentation
• May be concentrated through distillation
 Alcohol content
• Beer: 4%
• Wine: 10-14%
• Port, sherry: 20%
• Distilled liquors: 40-100%
 Proof = Twice the alcohol concentration
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Nature of Alcoholic Beverages
 Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
• Produced through fermentation
• May be concentrated through distillation
 Alcohol content
• Beer: 4%
• Wine: 10-14%
• Port, sherry: 20%
• Distilled liquors: 40-100%
 Proof = Twice the alcohol concentration
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Consumption
 Absorbed primarily in small intestine
 Factors that influence absorption
• Strength of beverage
• Number of drinks consumed
• Speed of consumption
• Presence of food
• Degree of hydration
• Body chemistry
• Race/ethnicity
• Gender
 Metabolized in the liver
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Gender and Alcohol
Absorption
 Women absorb more alcohol more
quickly than men
• Less alcohol dehydrogenase
• Proportionately more body fat
• Proportionately less body water
• Effects of menstrual cycle
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Blood Alcohol Concentration
(BAC)
 BAC = percentage of alcohol in a measured

quantity of blood
BAC rises when alcohol is consumed faster
than it is metabolized by the liver
•
•
•
BAC: 0.05% Changes in behavior
BAC: 0.10% Decrease in motor function
BAC: 0.25% Body starts to shut down
 Alcohol poisoning= potentially fatal elevation of
BAC, often resulting from heavy, rapid
consumption of alcohol
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Alcohol Poisoning
 Danger Signs
• Occurs after heavy drinking in a short period
•
•
•
•
•
of time
Unconsciousness, deep stupor
Shock
Vomiting
Weak, rapid pulse
Irregular breathing, pale or bluish skin
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Patterns of Alcohol Use
 Reasons people drink
• Effective, affordable, legal
•
•
psychoactive drug
Reduced inhibitions
Associated with positive
events and characteristics,
“good times”
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College Drinking: Negative
Consequences
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Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use
among Persons Ages 12 or Older
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How Much Alcohol Do College
Students Really Drink?
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Alcohol Related Problems




Alcohol-related medical problems
• Effects of chronic use
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol-related psychological problems
• Alcoholism (Alcohol Dependence)
• Alcohol abuse
Alcohol-related social problems
• Accidents
• Crime and violence
• Suicide
Alcohol-related family problems
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Effects of Alcohol Use on the
Body
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)
 Alcohol crosses the placenta and can cause

birth defects in unborn children
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• Low birth weight
• Mental retardation
• Facial abnormalities
• Heart problems
 Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
•
Partial expression of FAS
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Alcohol-Related Psychological Problems
 Alcohol dependence (alcoholism)
•
•
•
Primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial,
and environmental influences
Tolerance, withdrawal, pattern of compulsive use
Physical addiction, serious health effects
 Alcohol abuse
•
•
Pattern of drinking that creates personal difficulties or
difficulties for other people—harmful consequences
Consequences/indications
 Missing classes, reduced academic performance
 Blackouts
 Legal problems
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Alcohol-Related Social Problems
 Accidents
• Motor vehicle collisions
• Falls
• Drowning
• Fires and burns
 Crime and Violence
 Suicide
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Alcohol-Related Family and
Relationship Problems
 Alcohol and the family
• Dysfunctional family behaviors
• Associated problems
 Enabling
• Denial
 Codependence
• Dual addiction
 Adult children of alcoholic parents
 Women and alcohol—special concerns
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Responsible Use of Alcohol
 Becoming a responsible drinker
• Avoid parties with heavy drinking and people
•
•
who are drinking heavily
Choose non-alcoholic drinks
Participate with others in positive activities
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Drug Testing
 Increasingly popular prevention tool
 Federal employees and contractors
 Many private companies test to screen
job applicants or monitor employee drug
use
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Treatment and Intervention
 College or University health centers
 Community programs
 Hospital facilities
 Private facilities
 Inpatient vs. outpatient treatment
 Self-help groups
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seven:
Making Decisions About Drug and Alcohol Use
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.