Download The effects of electrical microstimulation on cortical signal propagation

A brain-machine interface
instructed by direct intracortical
microstimulation
Joseph E. O’Doherty, Mikhail A. Lebedev, Timothy
L. Hanson, Nathan A. Fitzsimmons
and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
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Key points (abstract)
• Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) establish direct
communication between the brain and artificial
actuators.
• Future BMIs must also provide a means for delivering
sensory signals from the actuators back to the brain.
• In this study, a direct BMI have been achieved by
simultaneously multichannel recording from M1 and
stimulating S1.
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Materials and Methods
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Animal preparation
• Subjects: 2 adult male rhesus macaque monkeys
(6.7kg and 6.5kg).
• Cortical Implants:
– 6 microelectrode arrays (32 microwires in each) in M1, S1
and Premotor cortex (PMd) in Monkey1;
– 4 arrays in M1, PMd, Pariental cortex (PP), supplementary
motor area (SMA) in Monkey2.
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Behavioral Tasks
• Three behavioral tasks were employed:
1. Center-out, 2. Continuous target pursuit and 3. Target choice task
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Neural signal processing
• Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): 50ms bins. The neuronal
firing rate for each of the neurons in the ensemble was placed
into a vector for each time-bin.
• Prediction Algorithm: Cursor position was reconstructed
using multiple Wiener filter linear decoding algorithms
applied to the population of recorded Neurons.
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Result (Average prediction accuracy)
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HC: Hand Control
BCWH: Brain Control With Hand movements
BCWOH: Brain Control Without Hand movements
R: Average correlation coefficient between actual and predicted value
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Findings
• The correspondence between the actual and predicted hand position
decreased in sessions BCWH (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
• The R for X-position decreased 28.1% and 17.2% in Monkey 2. The R for Yposition decreased 16.7% and 15.6% in Monkeys 1 and 2, respectively.
• This decrease indicates that the neuronal ensemble adapted to
controlling the cursor movements and became less representative of the
animal’s hand movements (repeating previous findings of Lebedev et al.,
2005; Tkach et al., 2007)
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BMI with Somatosensory input
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Conclusion
• In the BMI with somatosensory input, one monkey controlled cursor
movements directly by using motor cortical activity while receiving
somatosensory instructive signals (ICMS) in S1.
• The second monkey also controlled the cursor using motor cortical activity
but, since PP ICMS was ineffective, received somatosensory signals via
vibrotactile stimulation of the hand.
• Therefore, it is conceivable that PP cannot be used for this type of
sensory instruction or that use of PP may require much longer training or
require different parameters.
• Stimulation of primary sensory areas of the cortex (and possibly
thalamus) appears to be most effective for sensory substitution in BMI.
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Thank you
for your kind attention.
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