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Vivek Sridhar – Samira Samant
AP Euro, Period 4
Italy and Spain
In Italy, a common form of government was an (1)____________, a small
group that ruled a city and its surrounding countryside. It was created by a
combination of the northern Italian feudal nobility and the commercial elite. This
form of government sometimes became militaristic in order to consolidate or
reaffirm its power over the peasants, and was called (2)______________, a type of
government in which one man ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son.
The common people were known as (3)___________ – disenfranchised and
heavily taxed, they resented their exclusion from the government. The Italian citystates themselves, however, anticipated future political relations among competing
European powers. Whenever one city-state appeared to become more powerful
than its neighbors, weaker powers combined to combat this future threat. They
successfully established a (4)___________________________ between
themselves. A continuous struggle for power existed both within an individual
city-state and between that city-state and others. In Florence, a powerful banking
family, the (5)___________, controlled politics from behind the scenes from 1434
to 1494. This family was also featured in The Prince, a guidebook for princes and
rulers by (6)______________________.
As Europe transitioned into the period known as the Renaissance, Italy was
the first to feel its effects. The 14th century poet and humanist
(7)_____________________ thought that he was living at the start of a new age, a
period of light following a long night of Gothic gloom. As the study of the Latin
classics was revived in the Renaissance, a philosophy known as
(8)_______________ emerged, which was divided into two types, Italian and
Christian. A new attitude that emerged during the Renaissance was
(9)________________: it stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the
complete development of one’s capabilities and talents. Another predominant
strain of thought that emerged was (10)______________, which pivoted around a
basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal spirit.
The Renaissance spread rapidly throughout Europe, entering into the phase
known as the (11)________________, or height of the Renaissance. Several
prominent artists arose during this time. (12)____________________ painted The
Last Supper, which stressed the tension between Christ and the disciples to create a
subtle psychological interpretation. Another artist, (13)_____________, became
the most sought-after artist in Europe during his short lifetime, gaining the
commission for frescos in the papal apartments and producing hundreds of
portraits and devotional images. A third extremely famous artist,
(14)____________________, painted The Last Judgment behind the altar of the
Sistine Chapel, and sculpted both David and La Pieta. A major Italian city-state,
(15)_____________ produced many of the Renaissance’s finest artists and
thinkers, including Giovanni Pico and Donatello.
(16)________ and (17)_________ were the king and queen of Spain during
the Renaissance. Their wars that were fought to control the Iberian peninsula, the
(18)________, eventually ended by the middle of the fifteenth century. To curb the
rebellious and warring aristocracy, the revived the (19)_______, or
“brotherhoods,” which were local groups given authority to act as local police.
Because of anti-Jewish sentiment in Spain, about 40% of the Jewish population of
Spain was killed or forced to convert. Those who converted were called
(20)_________ and were hated by the vast majority of the Spanish population.
Because of this, the king of Spain set up the (21)________, which “searched out
and punished converts from Judaism who had transgressed against Christianity by
secretly adhering to Jewish beliefs and performing rites of the Jews.”
Much later, the Spanish explorer (22)________ discovered the West Indies.
Later, (23)__________, another Spanish explorer, discovered Mexico and
conquered the Aztecs. Yet another explorer, (24)_________, discovered South
America and conquered the Incas. Because of colonial territory conflicts between
Portugal and Spain, the (25)_________ created the (11)__________ that split
territory in the Americas between the two countries. The flow of ideas, goods, and
people between Europe and the Americas was known as the (26)___________.
Spanish rule in the Americas was, at times, harsh and cruel to the natives.
The (27)_________ was a system of rule in the colonies where natives were
subjugated to hard work on plantations, where they were ruled over by Creoles and
Peninsulares. When the natives were beginning to run out, the Spanish relied on
the (28)_________ to bring in new labor from West Africa.
Later, Philip II of Spain wanted to impose religious unity on Western Europe
by force, so he went a fleet of ships to attack England. This fleet, known as the
(29)_________, was completely defeated, an event that ended Philip’s attempt to
impose religious unity on Western Europe by force, and started the decline of
Spain as a world power.
After the (30)_______ of Spain, where the Spanish economy was in its
prime due to the inflow of (31)_______ from the New World, a (32)________ led
to severe inflation in Spain. Eventually, the Spanish kings and aristocracy got into
a mood of (33)_________, and they did not think anything good would come out
of Spain. (34)_______ was a book that criticized this mentality of the Spanish
monarchs. Eventually, Spain faded as a world power.
Answers
1. oligarchy
2. signori
3. popolo
4. balance of power
5. Medicis
6. Machiavelli
7. Francesco Petrarch
8. humanism
9. individualism
10.secularism
11.High Renaissance
12.Leonardo da Vinci
13.Raphael
14.Michelangelo
15.Florence
16. Ferdinand
17. Isabella
18. Reconquista
19. Hermandades
20. Conversos
21. Spanish Inquisition
22. Christopher Columbus
23. Hernando Cortes
24. Francisco Pizarro
25. Treaty of Tordesillas
26. Line of Demarcation
27. Columbian Exchange
28. Encomienda System
29. Atlantic Slave Trade
30. Spanish Armada
31. Golden Century
32. Silver
33. Price Revolution
34. Fatalism
35. Don Quixote