Download Mohamad Adada Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.5 Packet E Social

Mohamad Adada
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/P.5
Packet E
Social: Bourgeoise
The Bourgeoisie is the french term for the middle class who own the
means of reproduction, or the materials and tools that workers used to make products. Their
wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. The Netherlands
was an epitome of such a reality. The bourgeoisie is a class within the theory of Marxism which
states that the bourgeoisie and proletariat are opposites, proletariats being the workers under the
bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie class is divided into three subclasses, the high bourgeoisie, who are
company owners and major traders, middle bourgeoisie, who earn less than the high, and little
bourgeoisie, who earn least of all.
Anam Ahmed
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet E
Social: Mestizo
Mestizo is a word that was traditionally used in Spain and Spanish
America to mean a person of combined Amerindian and European descent. It could
also mean someone who is a Castizo, which is a person with one European parent and
one Mestizo parent. This is regardless if the person was born in Latin America or
somewhere else. Mestizo was used as an ethnic or racial category in the cast system
that was in use during the Spanish Empire’s control of their New World Colonies.
Mestizos are considered to be mixed Spaniards by the Spanish government.
During the colonial period, mestizos became the majority group in most of the
Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America. When the colonies began to achieve
independence from Spain, the mestizo group usually became dominant. The concept of
mestizo people became centered around the idea of dual cultural heritage and descent
that was neither wholly Spanish or wholly indigenous. This meaning of mestizo is
currently used today.
Alex Andreozzi
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World History P.5
Packet E
Theme 5: Zamindars
Zamindars were mostly hereditary, ​ held enormous tracts of land and
control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax
on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. They also were​ local
officials in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use
in return for collecting taxes for the central government
William Block
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
Packet D
Social Packet D
During this time communication between empires grew. Trade routes
helped bring together empires and spread culture between them.
Interregional trade began to grow very fast and the spread of Islam helped
people communicate better.
In the chinese society women were seen as immobile people and that
their only purpose was birthing. So people would do what is called foot
binding and break the bones in the feet so that they couldn't walk.
In the Hindu culture people did things called a Sati where the wife
would kill themselves after their husband has died by throwing themself on
a fire.
Yasmine Charles-Harris
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 5
Packet: E
[Social]: (Mulatto)
Mulatto is a term used to refer to persons born of
one white parent and one black parent or to persons
born of a mulatto parent or parents. The term today
is generally confined to historical contexts and
English-speakers
of mixed white and black
ancestry seldom choose to identify themselves as
"mulatto." The term is generally considered archaic, and may be taken as pejorative, especially in
the United States, where the terms "multi-ethnic", "multiracial" or "biracial" are preferred. The
term is frequently found in historical documents where it is merely descriptive. Some residents
of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa freely use the term
mulatto, or its cognates in other languages, usually
without any suggestion of insult. In Latin America,
most mulattoes have descended from multi-ethnic
relationships dating to the slavery period, rather than
from recent ethnic mixing. This is especially true in
Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti,
Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.
Sofia del Rio
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
Indentured Servitude
The idea of indentured servitude was born of a need for cheap labor. The earliest settlers
soon realized that they had lots of land to care for, but no one to care for it. The Virginia
Company developed the system of indentured servitude to attract workers, and indentured
servants became vital to the colonial economy. The timing of the Virginia colony was ideal. The
Thirty Year's War had left Europe's economy depressed, and many skilled and unskilled laborers
were without work. A new life in the New World offered a glimmer of hope (one-half to twothirds of the immigrants who came to the American colonies arrived as indentured servants).
Servants typically worked four to seven years in exchange for passage, room, board, lodging and
freedom dues. While the life of an indentured servant was harsh and restrictive, it wasn't slavery.
There were laws that protected some of their rights. For those that survived the work and
received their freedom package, many historians argue that they were better off than those new
immigrants who came freely to the
country. Some servants did rise to
become part of the colonial elite, but for
the majority of indentured servants that
survived the treacherous journey by sea
and the harsh conditions of life in the
New World, satisfaction was a modest life as a freeman in a burgeoning colonial economy.
Jose Duran
Mr. Tavernia
Social: Indentured Servants
There were many forms of coerced labor in the colonization period, and one
of them was indentured servitude. Indentured servants ​were men and
women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a certain
number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they
arrived, food, clothing, and shelter. The people that agreed to contract with
such individuals made the servant never able to pay the debt which they
owned, so the indentured servant was essentially there for unknown periods
of time. As more people started enrolling in this kind of work, very few were
able to be successful and complete the contract and start their own life. This
was completely different from chattel slavery because the people that you
stay with would take care of you and consider you a human being and not
property. The essentials were provided by the host, and the indentured
servant usually had a bed or a room in the house of the master. A large
percentage of the indenture servants actually learned a trade from these long
contracts with blacksmiths and carpenters because of how long they made
them stay. This line of work was extremely prominent during British rule.
Sofia Godoy
Mr. Tavernia
Period 5
Packet E: Global Civilizations
Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Hidalgos
Hidalgos were members of the Spanish and Portuguese nobility and received many
benefits, such as being exempt from taxes and being given the title of Don. Historically, the
Hidalgos have been below the most powerful lords but above the gentry. The status of Hidalgo
could be inherited through birth or granted directly by the crown. Although few members of the
Spanish nobility journeyed to the New World, Hidalgos viewed the New World as an
opportunity to improve their status. Thus, they migrated and became a part of colonial society.
Unfortunately, they owned little real property, often possessed little wealth, and were considered
the lowest class of nobles. Soon, the clergy and wealthiest merchants came to dominate the
colonial social hierarchy. Gradually, the title of Hidalgo lost its importance, particularly in
Spanish society. This was because kings often rewarded the title to those who completed
personal favors. When the House of Bourbon came to power, there were over half a million
people enjoying the tax exemptions that came with being a Hidalgo, which placed a tremendous
burden on the royal state.
Indentured Servitude
An indentured servant is an employee within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a
contract to work for a particular employer for a fixed period of time. The employer is often
permitted to assign the labor of a servant to a third party. Servants usually enter into an indenture
for a specific payment or other benefit or to meet a legal obligation, such as debt bondage. Upon
completion of the contract, indentured servants were granted freedom or occasionally plots of
land. In many countries, systems of indentured labor have been outlawed. Until the late 18th
century, indentured servitude was very common in British North America. It was often a way for
poor Europeans to emigrate to the American colonies: they signed an indenture in return for a
passage. After their indenture expired, the immigrants were free to work for themselves or
another employer. In some cases, the indenture was made with a ship's master, who on-sold the
indenture to an employer in the colonies. Most indentured servants worked as farm laborers or
domestic servants, although some were apprenticed to craftsmen. The terms of an indenture were
not always enforced by American courts, although runaways were usually sought out and
returned to their employer.
Sydni Josowitz
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P5
4 February 2017
Social: Castas
The Casta system was a structure of social classes during 1450CE to
1750CE. This hierarchical class structure was instituted by Spain in the new
world. This system socially ranked members of it based on their race and
ethnical background. It consisted of mestizos, mulattos, creoles, and
peninsulares. Mestizos were of mixed European and Amerindian descent and
Mulattos were European and African American. Creoles were people of pure
European descent but born in the Americas, and Peninsulares were their pure
European parents (born in Spain). Creoles and Peninsulares were on the top
until eventually the Peninsulares died out and Creoles became the top of the
social hierarchy.
Mark Kava
Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet E
Social: Chattel Slavery
System in which principles of p
​ roperty law​ are applied to people,
allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals. Slavery
continued to spread in this period. Slaves were brought from Africa on
ships to the New World ranging from North America, to the Caribbean, to
South America, and Middle America. Slaves were needed for agriculture,
more specifically, plantation agriculture. Chattel slavery, also called
traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the c​ hattel
(personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as if they were
commodities.
Sloane Knapp
AP World History
02/06/2016
Packet E
Social: Castas
The Casta system was a type of social structure in the time period between 1450 and
1750. This class structure was used by Spain in the New World. Members of this
system were ranked based on racial background. The classes on this hierarchy were
mestizos, mulattoes, peninsulares, creoles, natives, and africans. Mulattoes were a mix
between African and European. Mestizos were a mix between Amerindian and
European. Creoles were pure European but born in America. Peninsulares were pure
europeans.
Thomas Lovegren
Mr.Tavernia
AP World Geography
Packet E
AP theme: Trade & Commerce
Creoles were In colonial Spanish America and it was term used to describe someone of European descent
born in the New World Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non native
people.Basically, whites born in America to European parents.
Elizabeth Matei
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP/Period 5
Packet: E
Development and Transformation of Social Structure: Ethnocentric
When one is Ethnocentric, he/she believes that his culture or group of people is superior
to all. One would evaluate others based on the standards of his own group. Most people are not
aware that they are ethnocentric, because often times they do not recognize it as a problem.
However, the real key here is for people to realize that people are judging and making
assumptions about the cultures of others without having any knowledge of their culture in the
first place. Ethnocentrism, in its simplest terms, is simply a misunderstanding of other’s culture.
People must learn how to look at culture from the context and perspective of the person
following that culture, rather than as an outsider looking in. Even though everyone is
ethnocentric in one way or another, there are extreme forms of ethnocentrism (which people are
most familiar with). These forms of ethnocentrism lead to many conflicts, including wars. These
forms of ethnocentrism are racism, colonialism, and ethnic cleansing. The end to ethnocentrism
is a matter of realizing the problem and catching it, then trying to understand life from other
cultures, rather than degrading those cultures. Ultimately, ethnocentrism is a way for people to
feel a sense of power and superiority in themselves and in what they believe in.
Alba Minxha
Mr. Travernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet 5
Theme 5 Development & Transformation of Social Structures: Indentured Servants
Indentured servants were men and women who signed a contract stating that they agree to
work for a certain number of years to pay off their debt to an individual that they knew as
“master”. Some were colonists in the sense they would receive free passage to North America, in
exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. Their passage to North America
was their debt to pay off. The master would provide them with the basic human necessities;
clothes, food, and water. Indentured servitude is often portrayed as a temporary state. However,
there are very little cases of individuals escaping indentured servitude. The master would find a
way in which the indentured slave was always in his debt.
Emily Namm
Michael Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
[Social]: Indentured Servants
Indentured servants were men or women who
signed a contract promising a certain number of years of
labor in return for transportation to the New World and
food, clothing, and shelter.
The idea of indentured servitude became popular as
the wealthy, higher class people, especially of England,
were given land in the New World but needed people to
work it. Early on, indentured servitude was a better
investment than slaves because mortality rates of coerced
laborers were high, so paying less to have someone work
for a short time, usually four to seven years, was preferable to paying more to have
someone work for life.
Though indentured servants were treated better and had more rights than
chattel slaves, they typically were treated worse than the paid, household servants.
Any infraction of the rules would result in a much harsher punishment than for
other servants, and usually an extension of their time as laborers. However, the
colonies did have laws in place protecting some of their rights.
Once indentured servants completed their contract,
not only were they free in the New World, but they often
received some land and a food supply to start off with.
However, as the need for labor increased, the cost of
indentured servants grew and the colonial elite realized
the indentured servants’ demand for land was becoming
high, and so many landowners switched from indentured
servants to chattel slavery.
Sean Robins
Mr. Tavernia
AP World
Packet E
Social: Bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie is the French term for the urban class of well-off town dwellers
whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied
professions. These people would become richer than the nobles, increasing the gap
between rich and poor. The Netherlands was an epitome of such a reality. The
Bourgeoisie are the modern day city workers. They are the businessmen and
women who work in big industrial cities such as New York City, Chicago, and
other cities in the Industrial Belt.
Alejandro Sosa
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.5
Packet: E
Social Zamindars
A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an aristocrat. The term
means "land owner" in Persian. Typically hereditary, zamindars held
enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they
reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military
purposes. Their families carried surnames of lordship, such as Chowdhury,
Khan, Sardar, Malik, Thakur, Wadero, Reddy, Thevar and Naidu. In the
19th and 20th centuries, many wealthy and influential zamindars were
bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja (Great King), Raja
(King) and Nawab (Prince). During the Mughal Empire, zamindars
belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar
granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs.
Under British colonial rule in India, the permanent settlement consolidated
what became known as the ​ ​zamindari system. The British rewarded
supportive zamindars by recognizing them as
princes. Many of the region's princely states were
pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a
greater protocol. However, the British also reduced
the land holdings of many pre-colonial aristocrats,
demoting their status to a zamindar from
previously higher ranks of nobility.
Saaketh Vedantam
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
Social: Indentured Servitude
Indentured servitude was a labor system used both in North America and the Caribbean.
In this system, an employer would pay for the passage of a servant to the New World. In return,
the servant would provide four to seven years of labor, after which he or she was free from the
debt. At the end of the time period, the servant usually ended up with a small parcel of land,
some tools, and clothes. Eventually, servants refused to go to the Caribbean because of the harsh
conditions on sugar plantations that they didn’t want to endure. The English were the only people
who experimented with indentured labor on a large scale, but other countries used it. Indentured
servants were usually racially and religiously indistinguishable from the settlers and accounted
for the majority of immigrants. While there were high mortality rates, planters paid less for
servants from Africa, but as deaths decreased, more and more people were brought over. Slavery
was the better option for most colonizers in the end, though, because they worked for life,
instead of the short period of time on the indentured servitude contract. Most indentured servants
worked in tobacco fields in Virginia, and these servants were the primary source of labor for
Virginians. Although the servants weren’t as low as slaves, they still received harsh treatments
on the plantations where they worked, and many died before the labor period was up. However,
many indentured servants still had to come to the Americas and work with colonizers to meet
their increasing demands for luxury goods such as sugar and tobacco. In some cases, as the cost
of servants’ trips increased, multiple investors collectively paid for groups of servants to work on
fields. Eventually, indentured servants made up half of Virginia’s population.
Overall, indentured servitude was a somewhat successful system until slavery became a
major source of labor and profit for Europe.
Daniela Velez
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ 5
Packet: E
Social: Council of the Indies
In the 1500s, the overprotective mom, Spain, started keeping a watch on
Spanish colonies in the New World with the Council of the Indies. This council was
responsible for the governing of the Spanish Empire territory in America, including
Florida and New Spain. It would then report the condition and status of the colonies
back to the king. Consisting of between six and ten councillors appointed by the king,
the council formed and issued laws, approved acts and expenditures, and acted as a
court in civil suits for the respective colonies.
Even though the members of this council remained in
Spain, they were in charge of governing all of Spain’s
colonies in America. The Council of the Indies lost
most of its importance in the 18th century.
Isabella Whiting
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet E
Theme 5- Social
The last of the five main themes is the development and transformation of social
structures. Gender roles/relations, family, racial, ethnic constructions, and
social/economic classes are included in this theme. In this packet the bourgeoisie are
an example of a topic under the social theme. It is the French term to describe the
urban class of wealthy town people who got their wealth from manufacturing, finance,
commerce, and other allied professions. They became richer than the nobles and
further increased the gap between the rich and the poor, increasing the tension
between the two classes. When the bourgeoisie retired from their businesses they
would buy property and estates so they could become members of the gentry, which
was the English term for landholding families that were just below the aristocracy in
society.
Kevin Yeung
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet E
Theme 5 – Social: Quilombos
The slave trade between the Americas and Africa, which was infamously known as the
Middle Passage, resulted in the creation of a socioeconomic world system. Out of twelve million
African men and women enslaved and taken to the Americas, about forty percent would end up in
Brazil working on coffee bean and sugar plantations. While Amerindians were also extensively used
for labor, their vulnerability to Old World diseases made them less desirable by Europeans.
Therefore, Africans would make up the economic backbone of Brazil for four hundred years, starting
with its colonization in the sixteenth century. As a result, these slaves would greatly change the
culture of Brazil as a country.
Enslaved and oppressed, African slaves tried to rebel against the Portuguese risking the
danger of punishment and even death. The terrible conditions and the amount of hard work that slave
owners demanded were the main motives for rebellion. They attempted to pursue freedom through
any method they can find at any cost. These methods included using brute force to seize power and
armed insurrections. In the end, most slaves simply received freedom through the least disruptive
method of running away from their masters and forming slave communities, known in Brazil as
quilombos. These settlements were founded
and inhabited by maroons and were
established on the hinterlands of Brazilian
society. In some cases, the inhabitants of
quilombos would even help provide shelter
and care to other minorities in later years,
such as Jews and Arabs.
In a quilombo, settlers revitalized the
culture of central West Africa where the
majority of slaves had come from, hoping to revert back to their traditions they grew up with.
Quilombos were independent, self-sustaining communities and their inhabitants lived day-to-day
fearing for their lives. To avoid being recaptured by the Portuguese, quilombos cooperated together
to defend themselves against colonial authorities. However, these settlements were almost always
eventually destroyed, and most wouldn’t even last two years. Nevertheless, some quilombos were
extremely successful, including the city of Palmares, the most famous of all quilombos. As a
federation of maroon communities, Palmares had a population of over 30,000 black citizens. It would
survive for almost an entire century and would develop into a militaristic community that held
council meetings and even had churches. However, the city would fall due to a Portuguese artillery
assault in 1694, as the warriors of Palmares were no match against a gunpowder empire. Still,
quilombos such as Palmares are remembered today for their attempts at resisting European colonists.