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Levels of Classification Domain Order Kingdom Phylum Class Family Genus Species Classification Classification is the grouping of things based on similar characteristics. Putting living things into groups makes it easier to study them. Classification begins with a broad group that is divided into more specific groups. Taxonomy is the study of how things are organized. Levels of Classification Domain – highest level Contains the greatest number of organisms 3 Domains: Bacteria Archae Eukarya Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes – no defined nucleus Two basic types: Cyanobacteria – (blue green algae) thought to be the first photosynthetic organism on Earth that helped to put O2 in the atmosphere Heterotrophic bacteria- bacteria that get energy from other organisms Domain Archaebacteria Extremophiles Found in deep ocean vents – feed off of sulfur compounds – chemosynthesis Halophiles – live in salty environments Thermophiles – live in hot area Methanogens – produce methane in anoxic conditions Domain Eukarya Divided into 4 kingdoms (division of domain) Animalia (Animal) Plantae (Plant) Fungus Protist How are organisms organized into domains and kingdoms? Cell type Ability to make food Number of cells in body Animals Eukaryote Heterotroph Multicellular Plants Eukaryotes Autotrophs Multicellular Fungi Eukaryotes Most are multicellular Some unicellular Heterotrophs – feed by absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organisms. Examples - mushrooms Protists Any eukaryote that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungi. Some autotrophs / some heterotrophs Most unicellular (amoeba) Some multicellular (seaweed) Classification Chart Domain/ Kingdom Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Animals Plants Fungi Protists Cell Type How it Obtains Food Number of Cells Special Info Classification Chart Domain/ Kingdom Cell Type How it Obtains Food Number of Cells Special Info Bacteria Prokaryote Auto/heterotroph unicellular Archaea Prokaryote Auto/heterotroph unicellular Extreme environments Eukarya Eukaryote Animals Eukaryote Heterotrophs Multicellular Diverse environments Plants Eukaryote Autotrophs Multicellular Flowering & non-flowering Fungi Eukaryote Heterotrophs Most are multicellular Absorb nutrients Protists Eukaryote Auto/heterotrophs Uni/multicellula Odds & ends r group Why do biologists classify organisms? Classification makes it easier to study organisms Taxonomy – the study of how organisms are organized. What are the levels of classification? Domain – broadest and contains the most different types of organisms. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific and contains only one specific organism Classification of Paddlefish Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Acipenseriformes Family: Polyodontidae Genus: Polyodon Species: spathula Classification of Paddlefish Domain: Eukaryota Polyodon spathula is classified in the Domain Eukaryota because it has a true nucleus as well as membrane-bound organelles. Kingdom: Animalia Polyodon spathula are eukaryotic multicellular organisms that are heterotrophs. They are also motile (swim) and lack cell walls. Phylum: Chordata These American Paddlefish have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm), a coelom, a complete digestive tract, and have the five unique characteristics to the Chordates--notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve chord; pharyngeal pouches, endostyle, and postanal tail. Classification of Paddlefish Class: Actinopterygii This particular class contains ray-finned fishes. Order: Acipenseriformes This Order contains primitive bony fish that have a cartilaginous skeleton, a rostrum (or snout), a ventrally located mouth, and a heterocercal tail fin. Family: Polyodontidae The Polyodontidae Family consists of freshwater fish that have many fossil relatives. A distinctive feature in this Family is their elongated rostrums. Classification of Paddlefish Genus: Polyodon Polyodon is Greek for 'many toothed' referring to their hundreds of bony, comb-like protrusions along their gill arch called gill rakers; these gill rakers are specially adapted to help them filter feed for plankton. Species: Polyodon spathula (P. spathula) The word spathula refers to the paddle-like shape of the Paddlefish's rostrum. Comparison of Classifications of Different Organisms Common Name Spoonbill Catfish Human Bobcat Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Actinopterogii Mammalia Mammalia Order Acipenseriformes Primates Carnivora Family Polydontidae Hominidae Felidae Genus Polyodon Homo Lynx Species Polyodon spathula Homo sapiens Lynx rufus Naming Organisms Carolus Linnaeus the naming system used today. Binomial nomenclature – each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name. First word in name is the genus. It’s capitalized. Second word in the name is the species. It is lowercase. When typed, it is italicized and when handwritten it is underlined. Sometimes the genus is written just using the first letter of the genus. Example: Polyodon spathula is the same as P. spathula Why use scientific names? Scientific names are not the same as common names. Common names for an organism may vary from region to region, whereas scientific names, are always the same no matter where you are. Taxonomic Key A tool used to help identify an organism. Paired statements describe characteristics. Identify An Apple
