Download Discovery of Microorganisms

• Discovery of Microorganisms:
- Antony van Leewenhoek
(1632 – 1723) who invented
the first microscope (50 –
300x), was the first to
accurately observe and
describe microorganisms.
1928: Alexander
Fleming discovered
the first antibiotic.
He observed that
Penicillium fungus
antibiotic
made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed
S.
S aureus.
aureus
1940s: Penicillin was
t t d clinically
li i ll and
d
tested
mass produced.
• Smoking
•
Drying/Dessication/Dehydration
Drying/Dessication
/Dehydration
- Sun / Wind / Ovens
- Meat and Fruit
 Salting
Day Salting and Pickling
- Day-Salting
- Rock Salt / Sea Salt / Spiced Salt
- Cheese
Ch
/H
Hams / Eggs
E
Ham s substantial
Ham's
substantial, ham is fat
Ham is firm and sound.
Ham's what God was ggettingg at
When He made pigs so round
----- Roy Blount Jr.
 Mummification
is the preservation of a body,
either animal or human
human. The Egyptian
mummies were deliberately made by drying
the
e body
body. By
ye
eliminating
a g moisture,
o s u e, you have
a e
eliminated the source of decay. They dried the
body by using a salt mixture called natron.
Natron is a natural substance that is found in
abundance along the Nile river. Natron is
made up
p of four salts: sodium carbonate,,
sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and
sodium sulfate. The sodium carbonate works
as a drying agent
agent, drawing the water out of the
body. At the same time the bicarbonate, when
subjected
j
to moisture,, increases the p
pH that
creates a hostile environment for bacteria. The
Egyptian climate lent itself well to the
mummification process,
process being both very hot
and dry.
Honey
- Preserving Fruit
- High Sugar
Content
 HISTORY:
 Besides
being used as food, it was used as
medicine -- more than half remedies prescribed
b E
by
Egyptian
i doctors
d
contained
i dh
honey. A
Ancient
i
Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans spread honey on
wounds to hasten their healing -- So,
So did German
Field Medical personnel during World War I. Even
as Late as 1970 in England,
England a surgeon announced
he was using honey on open wounds after
surgery -- and had fewer bacterial infections
than similar wounds treated with antibiotics.
Honeyy p
proved to be an effective disinfectant;; It
hastened healing; and bacteria did not develop
resistance to it, as often happens with
antibiotics.
Yogurt and Cheese Making to Preserve Milk
- Easier to Transport
- Lengthen Time Possible to Use
Cooling
- Collection of Snow and Ice
- Caves / Cellars
- Water Wells
Industrial microbiologist is to develop procedures for
obtainingg new microbial metabolites.
 General
Industrial Applications
Fact:
 Primary metabolites
 Secondary metabolites
Streptomyces:
mostt off used
d ffor
pharmacy

Wastewater
Treatment
Bioremediation
17
18
 Commercial
Sterilization
Stea U
Under
de Pressure
essu e / Retort
eto t
1.. Steam
2. Minimum Temperature to
Reduces Clostridium botulinum
 Commercial
1.
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stand
Sterilization
E
Endospores
d
off Th
Thermophiles
hil can SSurvive
i
Storage > 45 ºC / Thermophiles
Gas Production / Swelling
No Gas / Flat Sour Spoilage
Mesophilic Bacteria / Improper Heating
Acidic Foods / 100 ºC / Survivors Can’t
p
the Low pH
 Gamma
Radiation
1. Used to Sterilize Food
2. Kill Insects & Parasitic Worms
p
g of Fruits and
3. Prevent Sprouting
Vegetables
Cheese is the curd
separated from the
liquid portion of milk,
called whey.
 Biotechnology
- The production of commercial
products through the use of living
g
organisms.
 Amino
Acids in Food and Medicine
 Enzymes Used in Foods and Medicines
 Vitamins Used as Food Supplements
 Vaccines / Antibiotics / Steroids
 Ore Recovery / Uranium and Copper
 Yeasts / Wine and Bread
 Agricultural Microbes
“Bartertown is powered
b an energy source that
by
th t
is, in its own way, a
compelling
lli argumentt
against nuclear war: In
chambers beneath
Bartertown, countless
pigs live and eat and
defecate, and from their
waste products,
products Turner's
soldiers generate
methane gas.
gas ”