Download Таблица по истории теоретической грамматики

Таблица по истории теоретической грамматики
First period (before 20th century)
Type
Early
(prenormative)
grammar
Authors/linguists
Books
William Lily
“Latin
Grammar”
William
Bullokar
“Bref Grammar
of
English”
(1583)
Ben
Jonson
“English
Grammars”
(1640)
Ch. Butler
“Performative Acts
and
Gender
Constitution”
(1863,
переиздана
в 1896)
Contribution
1. In the mid of the 16th century,
Latin grammar was written in
English using terminology similar to
Latin; he was the founder of the
earliest English grammar.
2. His grammar contained 6 cases
and 6 genders.
4. 3 concords: nominatives and
verbs, adjective and relative
pronoun,
adjective
and
its
antecedent
1. His grammar consisted of 5 cases
and 6 genders.
2. Free use of theory of “signs”.
3. Divided
parts
of
speech
dichotomically into declinable and
indeclinable parts of speech.
1. English grammar contained 2
cases (17th century).
2. Contained words with number
and words without number.
3. Introduced “article” as the ninth
part of speech.
4.Applied analysis of descriptive
English syntax (a noun with a noun,
a noun with an adjective, with an
article, with a verb and so on).
5. Gave special attention to word
order.
1. Contained words with number
and case, and words without number
and case.
2. Declinable parts - words with
number and case: nouns, pronouns,
verbs & participles.
3. Indeclinable parts – adverbs,
prepositions,
conjunctions
and
interjections.
J. Wallis
Prescriptive
Grammar
(second
half
of
the
18th
century)
“Grammatica
Linguae
Anglicanae”
(1653)
John
Brightland
A Grammar of the
English Tongue With
the Arts of Logic,
Rhetoric, Poetry, &C.
Illustrated With
Useful Notes Giving
the Grounds and
Reasons of a Complete
System of an English
Education. (1759)
J. Wilkins
“An
Essay
Towards
a Real Character
and
a
Philosophical
Language” (1668)
Ch. Cooper
“Grammatical
Linguae
Anglicanae”
(1685)
“Short
Introduction To
English
Grammar”
(1762)
Robert
Lowth
1. Was written in Latin,
2. Category of case was nonexistent
3. ‘s form was treated as a
possessive adjective.
1. He supported J.Wallis’s rules of
grammar (early 18th century)
2. Reduced the number of parts of
speech to 4: indeclinables–names
(nouns), qualities (adjectives),
affirmation (verbs) & participles ;
omitted the traditional terminology.
3.Concepts of sentence and syntax
order.
4. Divided sentences into 2 groups:
simple (1 noun and 1 verb) and
compound (2 or more simple
sentences).
5.Defined sentence as “expression of
sentiment or thought”.
1. Identification of grammatical
notions of:
- “nominative case” and
- verb with logical subject and
predicate.
1.
Acknowledged three principal
parts of the sentence - subject,
predicate and accusative.
1. Main target - reduction of
English language to rules,
setting up standards of correct
usage, codifying and systemizing
grammar.
2. Stated the principles of
grammar - elaborated the principle
parts of the sentence (subject,
predicate, object) and mentioned
adjuncts on syntactic level.
3. Adopted a two case system for
Lindley
Murray
“English Grammar
Adapted
To
Different Classes
of Learners” (1795,
1813)
Charles P.
Mason
“English
Grammar”
(1858)
“Higher English
Grammar”
(1863)
Alexander
Bain
Joseph
Priestley
“The
Rudiments
of
English Grammar”
(1761)
nouns and a three case system for
pronouns and the term “possessive
case”
4.“Phrases” were used as a
grammatical term.
5. Excluded 5 rules and 2
expressions as ungrammatical
1. Adopted a three case system
for nouns.
2. Described kinds of phrases and
relation between words in phrases.
1. Defined sentences as a logical
combination of words that express a
complete thought.
2. The number of principal parts of
the sentence was reduced to two:
subject and predicate.
3. Defined the secondary parts of
the sentence.
4. Described subordination and
coordination of sentence elements.
5.Introduced
syntactic relations
such as predicative, attributive,
objective and/or adverbial relations.
6. Adjuncts were subdivided into
attributive and adverbial adjuncts.
7.
Objects were
classified
according to meaning into: - direct,
indirect and prepositional.
8.Subjects and objects
were
classified
trichotomically
into:
simple,
compound
(with
coordination), complex (with a
subordinate clause).
9.
New concepts such as
completion, expansion, enlargement,
extension and modification were
introduced reflecting the perception
of syntactic processes.
Formulated “A Doctrine of General
Usage.”
Classical
Scientific
Grammar
(end of the
19th
century)
Prescriptive
grammar
(modern)
Classical
Scientific
grammar
(modern)
“New
English
Grammar,
Logical
And Historical”
(1891),
“Words, Logic
and Meaning”
(article)
(1905)
1. It was a descriptive and explanatory grammar.
2. Developed the grammar of a
higher type; introduced 3 main
features of parts of speech: meaning,
form and function
3. Returned all 5 rules and 2
expressions that had been rejected
before.
4. Contributed to morphology.
5. The grammarians’ tasks were:
development of grammatical
concepts, grammatical categories,
inflections, form words and
grammatical relations between
words.
Second period (in the 20th century)
Sentences contain four distinct
J. C Nesfield ”Modern English 1.
parts: subject, adjuncts to the subject
Grammar”
(attributive adjuncts), predicates and
(1898)
adjuncts to the predicate (adverbial
adjuncts).
2.
Objects have equal importance
with the finite verb.
3.
The number of cases of the
noun increased to 5.
4.
Two new terms: double and
multiple sentences substituted the
term “compound sentence”.
5.
“Double” denoted coordination
of two sentences , and “multiple” of
more than two sentences.
L. G Kimball “Structure of The 1. Discussed problems of the
structure of English traditionally.
English
2. Showed the influence of logical
Sentence” (1900)
grammars.
Henry Sweet
C. T Onion
“Advanced
English Syntax”
(1904)
1.
Dealt with striking anticipation
of sentence patterns of descriptive
linguistics.
H. R Stokoe
“Understanding
of Syntax” (1937)
H. Poutsma
“A Grammar of
Late
Modern
English” (1937)
E. Kruisinga
“Syllabus
of
English Syntax”
(1937)
Otto Jespersen “Essentials
English
Grammar”
(1933)
“Philosophy
Grammar”
(1924)
“Analytic(al)
Syntax” (1937)
of
of
1.
Adopted a new nomenclature
describing double and multiple
sentences.
1.
Introduced the term “composite
sentence” as a common term for
compound and complex sentences.
2.
Treated substantive clause,
adverbial clause, infinitive clause,
gerund clause and participle clause as
units of the same kind.
1.
Originated the theory of close
and loose syntactic groups, the
difference between them being based
on the distinction between subordination and coordination.
2.
Studied the concept of complex
sentences.
3.
Divided complex sentences
dichotomically: into
simple and compound sentences.
4.
Compound sentences were not
considered a syntactic unit at all.
1.
Worked at syntax.
2.
Listed five parts of speech:
substantives,
adjectives,
verbs,
pronouns and particles (adverbs,
prepositions,
conjunctions
and
interjections).
3.
Proposed three principles for
classification of parts of speech:
meaning, form and function.
4.
Introduced
“ranks
of
determination” of parts of the
sentence (developed the concept of
ranks).
5.
According to him, in attributive
and subject-predicate groups, the
primary part is the leading element
while in a verbal group, it is a
subordinate element.
R.W.Zandvoort
Structural Charles C.
and
Fries
Transform
ational
Grammar
“Handbook
English
Grammar”
(1945)
of
“The Structure of
English” (1952)
H. Whitehall
“Structural
Essentials
of
English’ (1956)
N. Chomsky
“Syntactic
Structure” (1957)
6.
Considered analytical syntax:
grammatical
constructions
were
transcribed in formulas (parts of
sentence and parts of speech were
presented by capital and small letters,
where S-subject, V-verb, V-auxiliary
verb, O-object, I-infinitive etc. and
ranks were designated by numerals 1,
2, 3.
Supported the introduction of the term
“adjunct”
1.
Introduced the classification of
words into four “form-classes”,
designated by numbers and 15 groups
of “function words”, designated by
letters.
2.
Form-classes consisted of
nouns & pronouns, verbs, adjectives
and adverbs while function words
include: prepositions, conjunctions,
particular kind of pronouns, adverbs
and verbs.
3.
Retained traditional outlines of
analysis of simple sentences.
1.
Noted the bridge between the
old and new, between the traditional
and linguistic approaches that should
be erected very cautiously and
carefully.
2.
The predicate included the
verb and its complements.
3.
Attributive
and
adverbial
modifiers had no distinct position in
the sentence.
1.
Sentence has surface and deep
structure.
“Aspects of The
Theory
of
Syntax” (1965)
E. Bach
“Introductionato
aTransformational
Grammars”
(1964)
2.
Surface structure is complicated
and is based on one or more
underlined abstract simple structures,
however the difference between the
surface and deep structures is minimal
3.
Provided the process of
formation and interpretation of
sentences.
4.
Described kernel sentences basic elements of English; derivation
rules of words, which are not
numerous, with the help of which all
grammar forms are built. Involved
obligatory transformations to the
phrase structure strings.
5.
Non-kernel sentences involve
optional transformations such as
active to passive.
6.
Transformational operations
consist of rearrangement, addition,
deletion and combination of linguistic
elements.
7.
Outlined the theory of bases of
language
containing
elementary
phrase structures (kernel sentences
loose all significances).
1.
Phrase structural rules form a
counterpart in the theory of generative
grammar (two techniques of linguistic
analysis: the old one and rather new
one).
2.
Transformational grammar is
formed of three basic parts: syntactic
component, semantic component and
phonological component.