Download AP Stat 5.3 PP

CHAPTER 5
Probability: What Are
the Chances?
5.3
Conditional Probability
and Independence
The Practice of Statistics, 5th Edition
Starnes, Tabor, Yates, Moore
Bedford Freeman Worth Publishers
What is Conditional Probability?
The probability we assign to an event can change if we
know that some other event has occurred. This idea is the
key to many applications of probability.
The probability that one event happens given that
another event is already known to have happened is
called a conditional probability.
Suppose we know that event A has happened. Then the
probability that event B happens given that event A has
happened is denoted by P(B | A).
Read | as “given that”
or “under the
condition that”
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Calculating Conditional Probabilities
Calculating Conditional Probabilities
To find the conditional probability P(A | B), use the
formula
P(A Ç B)
P(A | B) =
P(B)
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Calculating Conditional Probabilities
Define events E: the grade comes from an EPS course,
and L: the grade is lower than a B.
Total
6300
1600
2100
Total 3392 2952
3656
10000
Find P(L)
P(L) = 3656 / 10000 = 0.3656
Find P(E | L)
P(E | L) = 800 / 3656 = 0.2188
Find P(L | E)
P(L| E) = 800 / 1600 = 0.5000
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Tree Diagrams
The general multiplication rule is especially useful when a chance
process involves a sequence of outcomes. In such cases, we can use a
tree diagram to display the sample space.
Consider flipping a coin
twice.
What is the probability of
getting two heads?
Sample Space:
HH HT TH TT
So, P(two heads) = P(HH) = 1/4
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The General Multiplication Rule
General Multiplication Rule
The probability that events A and B both occur can be found
using the general multiplication rule
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) • P(B | A)
where P(B | A) is the conditional probability that event B occurs
given that event A has already occurred.
In words, this rule says that for both of two events to occur, first one
must occur, and then given that the first event has occurred, the
second must occur.
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Example: Tree Diagrams
Tennis great Roger Federer made 63% of his first serves in
the 2011 season. When Federer made his first serve, he won
78% of the points. When Federer missed his first serve and
had to serve again, he won only 57% of the points.
1. Draw a tree diagram to represent this situation.
2. What’s the probability that Federer makes the first serve
and wins the point?
3. When he is serving, what’s the probability that he wins the
point?
4. What is the probability he missed the first serve given he
won the point?
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Conditional Probability and Independence
When knowledge that one event has happened does not change
the likelihood that another event will happen, we say that the two
events are independent. If two events are mutually exclusive,
they cannot be independent.
Two events A and B are independent if the occurrence of one
event does not change the probability that the other event will
happen. In other words, events A and B are independent if
P(A | B) = P(A) and P(B | A) = P(B).
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Checking for Independence
Is there a relationship between gender and handedness? The
two-way table displays data on the gender and dominant
hand of each student.
Gender
Dominant Hand
Male Female Total
Right
39
51
90
Left
7
3
10
Total
46
54
100
• Are the events “male” and “left-handed” independent?
First determine P(left-handed|male), then determine
P(left-handed). Are the probabilities the same or different?
(Or you could have done P(male) and P(male|left-handed)
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Check your understanding
For each chance process below, determine whether the
events are independent.
1. Shuffle a standard deck of cards, and turn over the top
card. Put it back in the deck, shuffle again, and turn
over the top card. Define events A: first card is a heart,
and B: second card is a heart.
2. Shuffle a standard deck of cards, and turn over the top
two cards, one at a time. Define events A: first card is a
heart, and B: second card is a heart.
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Check your understanding
Determine whether the events are independent. The 28
students in Mr. Tabor’s AP Stat class completed a brief
survey about right- or left-handed. The two-way table
summarizes the data. Choose a student from the class at
random. The events of interest are “female” and “righthanded”.
Gender
Dominant Hand
Male Female Total
Left
1
3
4
Right
6
18
24
Total
7
21
28
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Conditional Probability and Independence
When events A and B are independent, we can simplify the
general multiplication rule since P(B| A) = P(B).
Multiplication rule for independent events
If A and B are independent events, then the probability that A
and B both occur is P(A ∩ B) = P(A) • P(B)
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Check your understanding
1. During World War II, the British found that the
probability that a bomber is lost through enemy action
on a mission over occupied Europe was 0.05. Assuming
that missions are independent, find the probability that a
bomber returned safely from 20 missions.
2. Government data show that 8% of adults are full-time
college students and that 30% of adults are age 55 or
older. Because (0.08)(0.30) = 0.024, can we conclude
that about 2.4% of adults are college students 55 or
older? Why or why not?
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