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Caliph (head of Muslim world)
Fatimids (Shi‘ites)
Seljuks (Sunnis), since 1055
1071 Seljuks defeat Byzantines at
Manzikert
Map Link: Europe and Muslim World c. 1097:
<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/
medieval/maps/map080.jpg>
Just war, according to St Augustine of Hippo
(d. 430):
Proclaimed by a legitimate authority
For legitimate reasons
With right intention, only option
Warfare as an act of love
9th c. Spiritual benefits offered to holy warriors
mid 11th c. Pope Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) and
others expanding benefits, some popes
leading campaigns
March 1095 Envoys from Alexius I
Comnenus (r. 1080-1118) at Council
of Piacenza
27th November 1095 Pope Urban II
(p. 1088-99) preaches First Crusade
at Clermont
1096 People’s/ Peasants’ Crusade, led by
Peter the Hermit and Walter the
Penniless
Early 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach
Constantinople
June 1097 Crusaders take Nicea
March 1098 Baldwin of Boulogne becomes
Count of Edessa
June 1098 Crusaders take Antioch, eventually
given to Bohemond of Taranto
Jan 1099 Crusaders begin advance on
Jerusalem
June 1099 Crusaders besiege Jerusalem
15th July 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem
August 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian
army
County of Edessa
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Map Link: The Crusader States:
<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/
medieval/maps/map012.jpg>
Godfrey de Bouillon, advocatus sancti
sepulchri, 1099-1100
Baldwin I (of Boulogne), King of Jerusalem,
1100-18
(Baldwin of Le Bourg got Edessa)
The Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad)
composed in public in 1105 by ‘Ali ibn
Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)
1110 Demonstrations in mosques of Baghdad
calling rulers to fight Crusaders
1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats Roger of
Antioch at Battle of Balat/Ager Sanguinis
1127 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes power in
Mosul
1128 Zangi takes control of Aleppo
1144 Zangi takes Edessa while
Joscelin II is away
1146 Zangi murdered by slave
Map Link: Zangi’s Territories:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/
Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg/2000pxPossession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.png>
Impact of the First Crusade:
On W. Europeans/Crusaders: Expansion of
Christendom to include Outremer.
Greater (if distorted) awareness of
Islam/Muslims
On Muslims: W. Europeans no longer as
distant barbarians. Regarded as invading,
usually for plunder/to spread Christianity
Impact of the First Crusade:
On Byzantines: Exacerbated tensions
between Byzantines and
W. Europeans. Mutual suspicion
and distrust
On Papacy: Loss of control. Attempts
to re-assert this in future years
1146-49 Reign of Sayf al-Din (at Mosul)
1146-74 Reign of Nur al-Din
Bernard of Clairvaux
Second Crusade
Louis VII of France (r. 1137-80)
Conrad III of Germany (r. 1138-52)
June 1148 Crusaders decide to attack Damascus
1153 Baldwin III (r. 1143-63) captures
Ascalon
1154 Nur al-Din takes control of Damascus
1160s Struggle for Fatimid Egypt
Jan 1169 Shirkuh becomes vizier of Egypt
Mar 1169 Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin,
r. 1169-93) becomes vizier of Egypt
1171 Death of last Fatimid caliph. Saladin
abolishes Fatimid caliphate
1174 Death of Nur al-Din
1174-86 Saladin takes control of Syria
Map Link: Saladin’s Conquests:
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/
Saladin's_Conquest_(1174-1189).jpg>
4th July 1187 Saladin destroys Crusaders’ field
army at the Horns of Hattin
Guy de Lusignan (r. 1186-90)
Reynald de Chatillon
1187-90 Saladin takes most of coast including
Jerusalem (2nd Oct 1187)
Map Link: The Battle of Hattin, 1187:
<https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g4rik35jD6E/Ud8BmyogWDI/
AAAAAAAAGrU/qnpY68_4iE8/s1600/battleHattin.jpg>
Map Link: The Levant in 1190:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/0/01/Crusader_States_1190.svg/441
px-Crusader_States_1190.svg.png>
Third Crusade
Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-90)
Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223)
Richard I Lionheart (r. 1189-99)
June 1190 Frederick I drowns in R. Saleph
in Armenia
Summer 1191 Richard and Philip arrive at
Acre, which is besieged by Guy de
Lusignan
July 1191 Acre surrenders to the Crusaders.
Philip soon returns home
1191-92 Richard I and Saladin fight each
other to a standstill
Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard
leaves Levant, ends up imprisoned in
Austria
4th March 1193 Death of Saladin
Map Link: The Levant in 1197:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/9/96/Levant_1197-fr.svg/440px-Levant
_1197-fr.svg.png>
1190 Death of Princess Sybilla and Guy de
Lusignan’s claim to the throne of
Jerusalem. Guy becomes King of
Cyprus
April 1192 Death of Conrad de Montferrat,
second husband of Princess Isabella.
Isabella marries Henry of Champagne
(r. 1192-97)
Interactions between Crusaders and Muslims:
Alliances/co-existence
Friendly relations
Trade in goods and ideas
Religious conflicts with:
Muslims
Jews
Eastern Christians
Issues regarding tolerance between Muslims,
Crusaders (Catholics), Eastern
Christians, Jews
Social classes in the Crusader states:
Nobility
Burgesses
Subject peoples
Clergy, headed by Patriarchs of Antioch
and Jerusalem (Acre)
Early 13th c. Carmelites officially
recognised by papacy
c. 1118 Foundation of the Order of the
Temple (Templars)
1129 Templars receive Templar Rule
By 1290 Templars hold property all over
Europe
10th c. Foundation of Order of the Hospital
of St John of Jerusalem
mid-12th c. Militarisation of the order,
becomes Order of the Knights of
St John (Hospitallers)
Early 1100s Foundation of German hospice in
Jerusalem, destroyed 1187
c. 1190 Foundation of German hospital at Acre
1199 Pope approves Order of St Mary of the
Teutons (Teutonic Knights)
Fulcher of Chartres (1059-1127)
French, chaplain to Baldwin of Boulogne,
went on First Crusade with him
Wrote Historia Iherosolymitana/Gesta
Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium,
using mix of own experience and other
eyewitnesses
Died of plague
Robert the Monk/of Rheims (fl. early 12th c.)
French churchman, attended Council of
Clermont
Wrote Historia Hierosolymitana by 1118
Work is clearly written with literary artifice
Gesta Francorum et Aliorum
Hierosolimitanorum
Anonymous author, writing in 1100 or 1101
Eyewitness in southern Italian Norman
contingent
Bald(e)ric of Dol (1046-1130)
French churchman, became abbot of Bourgueil
in 1089
Attended Council of Clermont
Wrote Historiae Hierosolymitanae in 1108,
based heavily on Gesta Francorum
Guibert of Nogent (1055-c. 1125)
Noble origins, started church career as
adolescent.
Elected abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy in 1104
Wrote Historia quae Dicitur Gesta Dei per
Francos btw. 1104 and 1108, revised 1111
or 1112
Not eyewitness
Pope Urban II (p. 1088-99)
Letter to the crusaders, 1095
Anna Comnena (1083-1153)
Daughter of Alexius Comnenus
Received high-quality education, married
a historian (in 1097)
At 55 retired to a convent after failed
political intrigues
Wrote biography of father, the Alexiad
Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188)
Usama ibn Murshid ibn ‘Ali ibn Munqidh
From Shayzar in N. Syria
Lived in Shayzar until c. 1131, then served
Zangi for a few years before returning
home. Exiled from Shayzar again in 1138
Murshid (d. 1137)
Sultan
Map Link: The Levant c. 1140:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/7/7d/SASH_D189_Map_of_the_crusader_states_
of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg/400px-SASH_D189_
Map_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg>
Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188)
Joined court in Damascus, but became
embroiled in politics and had to leave
in 1144.
Went to Egypt. Became embroiled in politics
and had to leave in 1154.
Joined court of Nur al-Din in Damascus
Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188)
Retired to Hisn Kayfa in c. 1164. In 1174
allowed son to persuade him to join
court of Saladin. Usama and Saladin
fell out two years later
Best known to historians for Kitab al-I‘tibar
(Book of Learning by Example)