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HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 20
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Enlightenment and Revolution
in England and America
Section 1: Civil War and Revolution
Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England
Section 3: English Colonial Expansion
Section 4: The Enlightenment
Section 5: The American Revolution
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Objectives:
 Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and
Parliament.
 Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the
English Civil War.
 Identify who would have supported the two sides in the
English Revolution.
 Investigate what led to the downfall of republican
government in England.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
James V of Scotland 1587-1625
James I of England 1603-1625
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Charles I 1625-1648
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Charles I and Parliament
 Charles I believed in divine right of kings
 was married to a French Catholic princess
 Parliament opposed his tax measures
 Made a forced loan on merchants of London
 1628 Parliament passed the Petiton of Right
 Said that the King could not tax without the consent of
Parliament
 Charles ruled for 11 years without Parliament
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Charles I and Parliament
 11 Years Tyranny
 No Parliament for 11 years
 1639 Rebellion in Scotland
 Rebelled against Charles because he wanted the Scots
to follow the Anglican Church
 Charles needed money to fight the war, had to recall
Parliament
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Parliament Recalled
 The Short Parliament
 Recalled in 1639 and began to question Charles’ rule
over the last 11 years
 Charles dismissed them
 Had to immediately recall them
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
The Long Parliament 1640-53
 Parliament took away Charles’ right to dissolve Parliament
 New Parliament passed laws
1. Parliament had to meet every 3 years
2. King could not pass taxes without Parliament’s
consent
3. Tried his advisors for treason
 Made absolute rule impossible
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
The Long Parliament 1640-53
 Over the next two years
 Scottish rebellion broke out again
 Rebellion also broke out in Ireland
 Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army
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 Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House
of Commons to arrest opponents
 Neither side would compromise
 Result was the English Civil War
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
English Civil War 1642-49
 Cavaliers – called royalists, supported the king
 Roundheads – supported Parliament
 Oliver Cromwell
 Took charge of Roundheads and became English leader
 organized New Model Army and defeated Charles
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 Rump Parliament – abolished monarchy and
House of Lords, proclaimed England a
commonwealth, tried Charles I for treason
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
English Civil War 1642-49
 Charles executed in 1649
 Cromwell still faced rebellions in Scotland and
Ireland
 Created a very powerful army to deal with them
 Rebellions prevented him from forming a
representative government
 Powerful army discouraged other groups from acting
against Cromwell
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Oliver Cromwell
1648-1659
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(Lord Protector)
HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Cromwell’s Commonwealth 1649-1660
 Raised money from taxes and land sales
 Army was disciplined and powerful
 Enemies had no organized army
 Encouraged trade and manufacturing
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
End of the Revolution
 Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then
dissolved it
 Cromwell died in 1658
 His successor was weak
 1660 The monarch restored
 Charles II ruled 1660-85
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
End of the Revolution
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Objectives:
 Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of
Charles II and James II.
 Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the
monarchy after the Restoration.
 Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited
constitutional monarchy.
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HOLT
Charles II World
1660-1685 History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Charles II 1660-85
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Charles Methods
 Used secrecy to gain his
ends
 Avoided fights with
Parliament
 Sought to increase toleration
for Catholics
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
 Political parties develop
 Tories supported Anglican Church
Were willing to accept James II as King
 Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler
Wanted to deny the throne to James
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
James II 1685-1689 (Duke of York)
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
 The Glorious Revolution 1688
 bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy
 Parliament invited William and Mary to take the
throne
 Parliament feared that James II would create a line of
Catholic rulers
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
William (III) and Mary (II)
1689-1702
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HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Political Philosophers
 Chaos of the period led to new philosophers
 Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan
 Believed people acted out of self-interest
 Only the strong ruled
 Exchange political luiberty in return for security
 John Locke
 Believed that the purpose of government was to protect
individual rights and property
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Changes in English Government
 Habeas Corpus Act Declaration of Rights
 protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment,
unfairly high bail, or cruel or unusual punishment
 Parliament gained power
 Toleration Act and Act of Settlement
 religious freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews;
Act of Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Parliamentary Rule
 Growing power of Parliament
 monarch must consult with Parliament
 cabinet and prime minister held by the majority party
 Prime Minister heads the government
 Act of Union
 united England and Scotland into Great Britain
 Constitutional monarchy
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Anne 1702-1714
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
Objectives:
 Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they
accomplished.
 Explore the results of the British mercantilist
policy.
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The Beginnings of the British Empire
 Latecomers to America because of troubles at
home
 Explorers and sea dogs
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 English sea captains who attacked the Portuguese and
Spanish monopolies of sea trade and raided the
invaders
 plundered foreign ships
 helped defeat Spanish Armada
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The Beginnings of the British Empire
 Explorers
 John Cabot gave a foothold in North America
 Henry Hudson explored North American rivers
 The British in India – British East India Company
 Set up trading posts in India
 Won over native rulers with support and loyalty
 Monopoly on tea
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The British in America
 British settlements
 Wanted to find a Northwest Passage to Asia
 Roanoke Island first colony (1585) failed
 Jamestown (1607)
 Relied on slaves
 Plymouth (1620)
 Religious dissenters
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The British in America
 Founded colonies in Caribbean and Bermuda
 Sugar colonies that relied on slavery
 Mercantilism and the British colonies
 discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced
colonists to sell certain products only to Britain
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Objectives:
 Identify the principal characteristics of
Enlightenment thinking.
 Analyze the similarities and differences in the
ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Thinkers of the Enlightenment
 Believed that natural law governed human
behavior
 Laws of nature that govern the universe and all
creatures
 truth could be determined by logic, secularism, and
individualism
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Political Criticism
 Montesquieu
 government divided into branches to create checks on
political power
 Voltaire
 criticized intolerance and attempts to suppress personal
freedoms
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Political Criticism
 Rousseau
 distrusted reason, opposed strong government,
supported popular sovereignty
 Philosophes (Denis Diderot)
 Wrote Encyclopedia
 Criticized slavery, torture, tax system and war
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Objectives:
 Explain how Americans responded to British
policies after the French and Indian War.
 Describe what type of government Americans set
up after the American Revolution.
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WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Empire and Conflict
 British-French rivalry
 Seven Years’ War
 British won control of much of North America
 Increased imperial control
 Sugar Act, Stamp Act
 “taxation without representation”
 Mercantilist policies stifled American trade
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Empire and Conflict
 British closed American ports (Boston, 1774)
 Laws were known as the Intolerable Acts
 American Revolution Begins (1775)
 Intensified conflict
 colonists hardened their resistance to British policies
 Signed the Declaration of Independence
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
American Independence
 The Declaration of Independence
 government is created to protect individual rights
 cannot exist without the consent of the governed
 who can alter or abolish it
 The war for independence (1775-83)
 weak American government
 brutal Hessian mercenaries
 strong American military leadership
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
American Independence
 War and peace
 French alliance with United States
 Spain and Netherlands
 brought American victory
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HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Governing a New Nation
 The Articles of Confederation (Adopted 1781)
 weak central government
 placed power in individual states
 The Constitution(1789)
 federal government with three branches: executive,
legislative, and judicial
 Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Governing a New Nation
 Effects of American independence
 democracy that inspired loyalty
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Vocabulary List (Define in your notes!)
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




Act of Settlement
Act of Union
Articles of Confederation
Glorious Revolution
Habeus Corpus Act
Instrument of Government
of 1653
 National Covenant
 Rump Parliament
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
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Navigation Act of 1651
Stamp Act
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Thomas Jefferson
Sea Dogs
Montesquieu
Whigs
Tories
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