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Chapter 16: World War Looms (1931-1941)
I. Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace
A. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
a. Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement: Treaty of Versailles caused anger. Germans are upset because it blamed them for
the war. Soviets were upset because they lost territory. Democracy failed throughout Europe and Authoritarian regimes gained
power.
b. Joseph Stalin Transformers the Soviet Union-Totalitarianism:
c. The Rise of Fascism in Italy-Benito Mussolini:
d. The Nazis Take Over Germany-Adolf Hitler:
e. Militarists Gain Control In Japan: Leaders feel the Japanese need more living space. Gained control of Manchuria in 1931. It
contained natural resources Japan wanted. League of Nations investigated and condemned Japan…Japan leaves the League. In
1937 Japan attacks China and gains control over railroads and coastal areas.
f. Aggression in Europe and Africa: Germany quits the League of Nations in 1933 and starts to build up their military in 1935. In
1936, Germany sends troops into the Rhineland. Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935 and takes control by 1936. Ethiopian leader Haile
Selassie pleaded with the League for help. “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” League of Nations did nothing to stop Hitler
and threatened aggression against Italy…but did nothing. League has no power. No U.S., no standing army, and no power to
enforce its rulings.
g. Civil War Breaks Out in Spain-Francisco Franco:
B. The United States Responds Cautiously: Most Americans felt that the U.S. should not get involved in European conflicts. U.S. and
62 other countries singed the Kellogg-Briand Pact which declared that war would not be used as a national policy. It did not mention
how countries who broke their pledge would be punished.
a. Americans Cling to Isolationism: FDR keeps Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America by withdrawing troops stationed there.
He also recognizes the Soviet Union in 1993. Neutrality Acts:
b. Neutrality Breaks Down:
II. Section 2: War in Europe
A. Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall
a. Union With Austria: Austria is created as a result of World War I. The majority of Austrians were Germans who wanted to be
unified with Germany. German troops march into Austria on March 12, 1938 and nothing is done about it. On March 13, Hitler
announced an Anschluss or union with Austria. Nothing is done about it.
b. Bargaining For The Sudetenland-Munich Agreement:
1. Neville Chamberlain:
2. Appeasement: Giving up something to pacify an aggressor. Winston Churchill says, “Britain and France had to choose
between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”
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B. The German Offensive Begins: March 15, 1939, German troops take over the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler, “Czechoslovakia has
ceased to exist.”
a. The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality-Nonaggression Pact:
b. Blitzkrieg in Poland-Lightening War:
c. The Phony War: After the fall of Poland, French and British troops along the Maginot Line, sat and waited. The USSR occupies
eastern Poland, annexes the Baltic States and then attacks Finland. On April 9, 1940, Germany finally attacks Denmark and
Norway so he could build bases to attack Britain. By the end of May, Germany had also defeated the Netherlands, Belgium, and
Luxembourg.
C. France and Britain Fight On: May 1940- Germany bypasses the Maginot Line, instead passing through the Ardennes.
a. The Fall of France:
b. The Battle of Britain:
III. Section 3: The Holocaust
A. The Persecution Begins: April 7, 1933, Hitler orders all non Aryans be removed from government jobs.
a. Jews Targeted-Nuremberg Laws: Germans wanted a scapegoat for their troubles and Jews were it.
b. Kristallnacht:
c. A Flood of Jewish Refugees: Jews fleeing Germany had trouble finding countries that would accept them. Germany Foreign
Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop-“We all want to get rid of our Jews. The difficulty is that no country wishes to receive them.”
d. The Plight of the St. Louis: German ocean liner with Jews aboard trying to come to America. Arrived at Miami in 1939 but no
one was allowed to enter. 740 of 943 passengers on board had U.S. immigration papers, but Coast Guard followed the ship and
the ship eventually returned to Europe. Most of the passengers later died in the Holocaust.
B. Hitler’s “Final Solution”
a. The Condemned:
b. Forced Relocation-Ghettos:
c. Concentration Camps: Forced labor camps. Originally set up to imprison political opponents and protestors. Later they are also
used to house undesirables. Prisoners were crammed into barracks, worked hard, and not fed very well. Work from dawn to
dusk, seven days a week. If you are too weak to work, you are killed. Medical experiments.
C. The Final Stage: Mass slaughter, starvation, and murder by poison gas.
a. Mass Exterminations:
b. The Survivors:
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IV. Section 4: America Moves Toward War
A. The United States Musters Its Forces
a. Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality:
b. The Axis Threat: By summer 1940, France had fallen and FDR wanted to help make sure Britain would survive. Wanted to
ensure “all aid short of war.” U.S. sends rifles, machine guns, and trades old destroyers for leases on British military bases in the
Caribbean and Newfoundland. On September 27, 1940, Italy, Germany, and Japan agree to an alliance and become the Axis
Powers. They want to keep the U.S. out of the war. If the U.S. declares war on one, they would have to fight all.
b. Building U.S. Defenses: FDR asks for and got increased defense spending. Selective Training and Service Act is passed…the
first peacetime military draft. 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 are registered and 1 million were to be drafted. They
would be drafted for 1 year and were only allowed to serve in the Western Hemisphere.
c. Roosevelt Runs For A Third Term:
B. “The Great Arsenal of Democracy”: FDR-“No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it.” If Britain falls, the Axis Powers
would be left unchallenged to conquer the world. To prevent this from happening, the U.S. has to help defeat the Axis Powers.
a. The Lend-Lease Plan:
b. Supporting Stalin:
c. German Wolf Packs: To prevent the delivery of Lend Lease shipments, Germany used U-Boats to attack the ships. Patrols are
called wolf packs. Groups of up to 40 submarines would patrol. In June 1941, the U.S. Navy gets permission from FDR to attack
U-Boats in self defense. Radar and Airborne patrols are used to find submarines. Convoy system is used for protection.
C. FDR Plans For War
a. The Atlantic Charter:
b. Shoot on Sight:
D. Japan Attacks the United States
a. Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific-Hideki Tojo: Japan wanted to control East Asia. With the British fighting the Nazi’s, the U.S. is
the only country in Japan’s way. FDR places embargo on Japan of oil and other naval supplies.
b. Peace Talks Are Questioned: Hideki Tojo meets with Emperor Hirohito and promises the Japanese government would attempt to
preserve peace with the U.S. Tojo tells the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack on the United States in November 1941. The
U.S. military had broken the Japanese code and knew an attack was coming…it just didn’t know where. FDR sends out a “war
warning” to Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. FDR wants Japan to make the first move. Peace talks lasted for a month and on
December 6, FDR received a decoded message that told Japan’s representative to reject all American peace proposals.
c. The Attack on Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941:
d. Reaction To Pearl Harbor: FDR-“I never wanted to have to fight this war on two fronts. We haven’t the Navy to fight in both the
Atlantic and the Pacific…so we will have to build up the Navy and Air Force and that will mean that we will have to take a good
many defeats before we can have a victory.” FDR addresses Congress the next day and calls the attack “A date which will live in
infamy,” and Congress approves his declaration of war. House votes 388-1 and Senate was unanimous for war. Jeannette Rankin
is only no vote…voted against both world wars.
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