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Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 12e
Chapter 10
From Seven Hills to Three Continents:
The Art of Ancient Rome
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The Roman World
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THE ORIGINS OF ROME
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In Neolithic times, groups of people who spoke a common language-Latinsettled in permanent villages here-and particularly on one of the seven hills
that would become Rome.
By 500BCE-this was a major trade hub even though they are not fully defined
as the Roman Empire yet.
Early Rome forms a Senate-we have the patricians and the plebeians.
Ultimately –in 509BCE –the patricians overthrow the last kings and the
Republic begins….
By 275BCE –they have incorporated enough territory to call the entire Italian
peninsula “Rome” By 100BCE –they have taken Macedonia and Greece and
most of the western Mediterranean including coastal Africa.
They were extraordinary administrators and engineers-we owe much of our
contemporary engineering principles to their beginnings and are influenced as
well by their system of law.
Roads and aqueducts are only part of the extraordinary systematic
establishment of a truly functioning widespread civilization.
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Figure 10-1 Model of the city of Rome during the early fourth century CE. Rome, Museo della Civiltà Romana. 1) Temple of Fortuna
Virilis, 2) Circus Maximus. 3) Palatine Hill, 4) Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus,
5) Pantheon, 6) Column of Trajan, 7) Forum of Trajan, 8) Market of Trajan, 9) Forum of Julius Ceasar, 10) Forum of Augustus, 11) Forum
Romanum, 12) Basilica Nova, 13) Arch of Titus, 14) Temple of Venus and Roma, 15) Arch of Constantine, 16) Colossus of Nero, 17) 4
Colosseum.
Concrete
Lime mortar
Volcanic sand
Water
Small stones
This cement went
Into wooden frames
And was often covered
With Marble
Revetment (facing): another
word here is
veneer
Figure 10-4 Reconstruction drawing of the
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy,
late second century BCE
.
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Sanctuaryof Fortuna Primigenia,Palestrina
Italy, late second century BCE.
Here the Romans
Are building to
Form the mountain
To their will-adding
To it and renovating
It to become a Roman
Monument itself
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Etruscan and Greek architectural influences here in barrel
Vaults and Doric order columns….
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Typical of Roman
Temples:
•Prostyle
•Pseudo-Peripteral
Because of engaged
columns
Figure 10-2 Temple of
“Fortuna Virilis” (Temple
of Portunus), Rome, Italy,
ca. 75 BCE.
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Figure 10-3
Temple of
Vesta (?),
Tivoli, Italy,
early first
century
BCE.
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Figure 10-10 Aerial view of the forum (1), with Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium,
2) and Basilica (3), Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE and later.
The temple in the
Forum here was
Distinctly Roman:
•Only meant to be
Viewed from the
Front: here they are
Controlling the viewer’s
viewpoint
•A shrine to multiple
gods
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First amphitheater here…the word means: double theater
And this one could hold the entire population of 20,000….
They created a concrete mountain to hold the people…using
Barrel vaults to lead the people into the arena (Latin for sand
That absorbed the blood from the bloodsport…there was a
Cloth awning that unrolled in inclement or hot weather…
Figure 10-11 Aerial view of the amphitheater, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70 BCE.
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Figure 10-11 Alternate View
© 2005 Saskia Cultural Documentation, Ltd.
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