Download Muscular System

Chapter 11
Basic Anatomy and Physiology
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Anatomy and Physiology
Study of:

Anatomy of the body


Physiology of the body


Structure: how it’s made
Function: how it works
Need to understand normal structure and function
before you can understand disease process
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Body Planes


Imaginary flat surfaces that divide body into
specific sections
Frontal plane (coronal)


Sagittal plane (lateral)


Vertical cut: dividing body into front and back parts
Vertical cut: dividing body into right and left sides
Transverse plane (cross-sectional)

Horizontal cut: dividing body into upper and lower
portions
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Anatomical Positions

Anatomical position


Prone


Erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms and
toes pointing forward
Lying on belly, face down
Supine

Lying on back, face up
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Directional Terms

Help to clarify location and position of organs
in body

Anterior


Front of body
Posterior

Back of body
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Body Cavities



Hollow spaces in body that contain internal
organs (viscera)
Lined with membranes
(thin sheets of epithelium)
Two main cavities



Ventral (front)
Dorsal (back)
Main cavities then divided into smaller
cavities
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Thoracic Cavity

Located in ventral cavity

Protects heart and lungs
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Thoracic Cavity (cont.)

Divisions of thoracic cavity


Pleural cavity
• Contains double lining
• Visceral pleura covers organs
• Parietal pleura lines the cavity
Mediastinum
• Contains heart
• Parietal pericardial membrane lines cavity
• Visceral pericardial membrane covers heart
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Abdominopelvic Cavity


Separated from thoracic cavity by the
diaphragm
Abdominal cavity

Contains organs that maintain homeostasis
 Lined with parietal peritoneal membrane (doublefolded membrane)
 Visceral peritoneal membrane covers organs
(mesentery)

Pelvic cavity

Contains reproductive organs
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity

Identify specific locations for clinical purposes


Use vertical and horizontal imaginary lines
Four clinical divisions




RUQ (right upper quadrant)
LUQ (left upper quadrant)
RLQ (right lower quadrant)
LLQ (left lower quadrant)
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Four Quadrants
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Nine Regions of
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Dorsal Cavity Divisions

Cranial cavity contains:




Brain
Meninges (membranes) covering brain
Skull bones
Spinal cavity contains:


Meninges (membranes) covering spinal cord
Spinal cavity is formed by the vertebral bones
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Divisions of the Spinal Column

Cervical



Chest
Sacral

Neck
Thoracic



Hip region
Coccygeal

Hip region
Lumbar

Lower back
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Divisions of the Spinal Column
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Organizational
Levels of the Body






Atoms: smallest particles of all living things
Cells: fundamental unit of all things
Tissues: made from groups of cells
Organs: made from various tissues
Systems: composed of organs
Organization: the individual, the “whole”
person
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Cell Structure

Cell membrane (wall)


Cytoplasm


Main fluid substance of cell
Nucleus


Encloses content of cell
Control center; houses genetic material (DNA, RNA)
Organelles

“Little organs” that perform specialized functions: growth &
reproduction, nourishment and waste disposal
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
17
Transport Systems of the Cell

Passive




Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Active


Phagocytosis
Pinocyctosis
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Diffusion (Passive Transport)

Creates own energy for movement

Random movement of particles

Higher concentration to area of lower
concentration

Movement is constant until equalized

Example: opened bottle of perfume
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Osmosis (Passive Transport)

Pulling of water molecules through a
semipermeable membrane

Creates own energy for movement

Higher concentration to area of lower
concentration until equal
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Osmosis (Passive Transport)
(cont.)

Types of solutions in relation to red blood cell



Hypertonic  water leaves cell  cell crenates
(shrinks)
Hypotonic  water enters cell  cell hemolyzes
(bursts)
Isotonic  water enter cell  nothing happens
(same)
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Filtration (Passive Transport)

Particles are pushed through membrane by
mechanical pressure

Creates own energy for movement

Only particles that fit openings in membrane
pass through

Example: blood plasma can seep out of
capillary wall and into tissue
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Active Transport



Area of low concentration to area of high
concentration
Requires cellular energy (ATP)
Types of active transport:
Phagocytosis “cell eating”
• Moving cell engulfs and eats a solid particle (bacteria)
 Pinocytosis “cell drinking”
• Stationary cell engulfs and digests droplets of a fluid

Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Mitosis (Cell Division)
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
24
Meiosis (Cell Division)

Division of sex cells (gametes)

Sperm zygote (new cell) formed by joining of:



23 chromosomes from sperm (XY)
23 chromosomes from ovum (XX)
New cell has:

46 single chromosomes or 23 pairs of
chromosomes
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
25
Genetic Information

Makes us who we are

Types of genes



Dominant
Recessive
Genetic disorders occur because of:


Chromosomal abnormality
Defective genes
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
26
Causes of Gene Mutation

Viruses

Chemical toxins

Drugs

The environment

Radiation
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
27
Inherited Disorders versus
Congenital Disorders

Inherited (familial)



Congenital



Passed down from family members
Examples: hemophilia, Tay-Sachs disease
Born with condition; not acquired from family
Examples: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome
Genetic counseling

Provides information on hereditary diseases and
chances of getting them
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
28
Body Tissue Types

Epithelial tissue


Muscle tissue


Produces movement by contracting and relaxing
Connective tissue


Cover surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands
Support and forms framework of body
Nervous tissue

Conducts nerve impulses
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics





Covers body surfaces (skin) and lines body
cavities
No blood supply of its own
Repairs quickly, being replaced when wornout
Closely packed cells with little intercellular
substance
Specialized cells that secrete from glands
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
30
Epithelial Tissue Glands

Exocrine



Have ducts that open onto body surface
Examples: sweat, tears, and saliva
Endocrine



Ductless
Discharge hormones into tissue fluid to be
absorbed by capillaries
Example: insulin
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
31
Muscle Tissue Characteristics





Allow movement by contracting (shortening)
Cells are elongated, narrow, threadlike
Referred to as muscle fibers
Fibers arranged in bundles and surrounded
by connective tissue
Description of fibers includes:

Striated, nonstriated, voluntary, involuntary
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
32
Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscles


Smooth muscles


Attached to bones by connective tissue
Form wall of hollow organs, control diameter of
blood vessels
Cardiac

Make up heart wall, responsible for pumping blood
through the heart
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
33
Connective Tissue
Characteristics

Most abundant tissue type in body

Provides support and protection to body

Types of connective tissue include:




Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Fibrous Connective Tissue

Areolar (loose) tissue


Adipose tissue


Fat cells to help conserve heat; provide padding
Reticular tissue


Stretchable; found between tissues and organs
Forms a network for helping in body defenses
Dense tissue

Anchors muscle to bone (tendons) or bone to bone
(ligaments)
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
35
Cartilage

Similar to bone tissue but more flexible

Types of cartilage


Hyaline cartilage
• Supports rings of bronchi, covers ends of bone
Fibrocartilage
• Shock absorber between vertebrae; strongest, most
durable

Elastic cartilage
• Most flexible, found in tip of nose, external ear
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
36
Nerve Tissue Characteristics

Most highly organized tissue in body

Consists of:


Neurons (nerve cells)
• Carry impulses throughout body
Glia cells
• Provide nutrition and support to the neurons
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
37
Characteristics of Organs

Composed of two or more tissue types

Perform specific functions

Can occur in pairs (ovaries, eyes)

Can continue functioning even if damaged
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
38
Body Systems

Organized grouping of structures that perform
a similar function


Body systems


Made up of organs and tissues
Muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive,
endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, nervous,
circulatory, lymphatic, and skeletal
Organism: last structural level

“Whole” person
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
39
Conclusion



An understanding of anatomy and physiology
will help you communicate with other medical
professionals
With your new knowledge, you can
encourage patients to follow their treatment
plans
You will be better able to assist the physician
with your knowledge of the structure and
function of the human body
Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
40