Download Introduction to pathology

INTRODUCTION
TO
PATHOLOGY
Examinations Throughout The Year
.midyear, written 30 marks (MCQs &
essays)
.final, 70 marks
-written, 40 marks (MCQs & essays)
-practical, 20 marks (data show, glass
slides, gross specimens)
-general assessment during practical
sessions, 2 marks
-oral, 8 marks
Aim In Studying Pathology
.identify different lesions (diseases)
.label etiologic factor (s) for each lesion
.understand pathogenesis of each lesion
.correlate morphological changes with
clinical features for each lesion
.plan treatment for each lesion
.assess prognosis of various lesions
.help layout preventive measures for
each lesion
Definition
.pathology can be defined as,
-study of structural, biochemical, &
functional changes in cells, tissues,
& organs that underlie disease
-study of causes & effects of disease
.pathology is the discipline that bridges
basic sciences & clinical practice
Disease
.is variation from norm in structure &/or
function of any organ
example, pneumonia, structural
changes in the lung>disturbance of
function
Aspects Of Disease
.etiology
.pathogenesis
.biochemical & structural alterations
.functional consequences
.diagnosis
.treatment
.prognosis
.prevention
Etiology
.is the cause of disease
-genetic cause
-environmental cause
Pathogenesis
.sequence of events in response of cells
or tissues to etiologic agent, from
initial stimulus to ultimate expression
of disease
.examples
-viral infection-proliferation of viruses
inside cells>structural & functional
changes in cells
-bacterial infection-release of toxins
which destroy cells
Biochemical And Structural
Alterations
.assays of various chemicals in blood
& body fluids
.structural alterations
-molecular analysis
.DNA changes
-morphologic changes
.macroscopic, (gross)
.microscopic, (light & electron)
Functional Derangements
.end results which lead to clinical
manifestations, (symptoms & signs)
Diagnosis And Treatment
.identification of morphologic changes
(gross & microscopic examination of
cells & tissues)
.utilization of chemical, molecular,
microbiologic, & immunologic
techniques
Prognosis
.is outcome of disease
Prevention
.golden rule is “prevention is the best
medicine”
Branches Of Pathology
Histopathology & Cytopathology
Hematology
Chemical pathology
Microbiology
Immunology
Forensic pathology
Clinical genetics
Histopathology
.is the study of tissue morphology
-grossly by inspection for any
change in size, shape, color, or
presence of
any abnormality
-microscopically by using light
microscope, (structural changes), &
electron microscope, (ultra-structural
changes)
Divisions of Histopathology
.general pathology
-focuses on fundamental cellular &
tissue responses to various stimuli
.systemic pathology
-deals with particular responses of
specialized organs
Cytopathology
.is the study of cell morphology, by
using smears (cells put on slides)
.examples of smears
-uterine cervical
-bronchial brush & wash
-sputum
-fluid aspirate
-cavity fluid
Biopsy
.is a piece of tissue taken from living
body
.types
-surgical (incisional or excisional)
-through endoscope or laparoscope
Autopsy
.is a piece of tissue taken from dead
body during postmortem examination
How To Deal With A Biopsy
.the biopsy should be fixed in proper
fixative like 10% formalin to prevent
autolysis, (to prevent digestion of
tissue by its own enzymes)
.put in proper labeled container
.sent to the laboratory with attached
request form filled with information
-patient’s name, age, & sex
-relative history & operative data about
the disease (lesion)