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Dec 28, 1869
Knights of Labor Founded
Uriah Stephens forms the Knights of Labor in Philadelphia. Initially a secret society, the
Knights are able to organize workers around the country under the radar of management.
They will become an important force in the early days of labor organizing.
Jul 6, 1877
Railway Strike of 1877
A strike against the Baltimore & Ohio railroad ignites a series of strikes across the
northeast. The violence and disturbances that follow result in Federal troops being called
out for the first time in a labor dispute. The strike is crushed, but it gives evidence of the
deep conflict between workers and business owners.
May 4, 1886
Haymarket Riot
A labor rally at the Haymarket Square in Chicago, called in support of the eight-hour day,
erupts into chaos when an unknown party tosses a bomb at police, who then fire into the
crowd. The incident stains labor's image and creates turmoil within the movement.
Dec 8, 1886
Gompers Founds AFL
In the wake of the Haymarket incident, labor organizer Samuel Gompers sets up
theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL), a collection of trade unions that will play a major
role in the labor movement throughout the century to come.
Jul 2, 1890
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Intended to block business monopolies, it will
be used effectively by employers against unions.
Jul 6, 1892
Homestead Strike
A lockout at the Homestead Steel Works turns violent as 300 Pinkerton detectiveshired by
the company arrive at the mills by barge. Workers picketing the plant greet the Pinkerton's
with violence and the confrontation soon becomes a full-scale pitched battle, with seven
Pinkertons and eleven union members killed. Court injunctions help to crush the union,
safeguarding the steel industry from organized labor for decades.
Mar 25, 1893
Anti-Labor Injunction
A federal court issues the first injunction against a union under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
The case, brought against the Workingman's Amalgamated Council of New Orleans for
interfering with the movement of commerce, hands managers a potent legal weapon.
May 10, 1894
Pullman Strike
Union workers walk out of the factory of the Pullman Company in Pullman, Illinois, in spite
of the paternalistic treatment the company had afforded to workers. The strike, organized
by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union, will end in total defeat.
Jun 27, 1905
IWW Founded
Western miners and other activists form the Industrial Workers of the World at a convention
in Chicago. The IWW, or Wobblies, is one of the most radical of all organized labor groups.
Though they will achieve only limited success in moving their agenda forward, they will
inspire generations of labor activists with their militant spirit.
Oct 1, 1910
LA Times Bombing
A bomb explodes at the headquarters of the stridently anti-union Los Angeles Times, killing
twenty people. Eventually two men connected with the Iron Workers Union, which has been
implicated in other bombings, will confess to dynamiting the Times.
Nov 22, 1909
ILGWU Strike
The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) calls a strike in New York,
demanding a 20-percent pay raise and a 52-hour workweek. Within two days, more than
20,000 workers from 500 factories walk off the job. This largely successful"Uprising of
20,000" is the largest labor action by women in the nation's history.
Mar 25, 1911
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A fire in lower Manhattan kills 146 women workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory. The
tragedy highlights the harsh conditions under which the young women had to work, evoking
public sympathy for reform.
Jun 12, 1912
First State Minimum Wage Law
Massachusetts adopts the first minimum wage law, setting a floor under the pay of women
and minors. Other states will pass similar laws beginning the same year.
Mar 4, 1913
Federal Department of Labor Established
The United States Department of Labor is established as a cabinet-level agency. Though
established under President Taft, he signs the law after his defeat in the 1912 election. The
Department will mostly emphasize the pro-labor stance of the incoming president, Woodrow
Wilson, who appoints a United Mine Workers official as the first Secretary of Labor.
Apr 20, 1914
Ludlow Massacre
Violence breaks out in a camp housing striking miners in Ludlow, Colorado. National
Guardsmen machinegun strikers and set fire to their tents, killing five miners, two women,
and twelve children. More than 75 people will be killed over the full course of the industrial
dispute.
Oct 15, 1914
Clayton Act
President Wilson, a friend of labor unions, signs the Clayton Act, which exempts unions
from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. In coming years, the new law will prove toothless, as
courts void many of its union protections.
Sep 3, 1916
Adamson Act
The Adamson Act establishes an 8-hour workday for employees of interstate railroads, with
overtime for working longer hours.
1919
Postwar Strike Wave
A wave of strikes breaks out after World War I. More than 40,000 coal workers and 120,000
textile workers walk off the job. In Boston, police strike, causing chaos in the city. The labor
unrest is answered by a "Red scare," in which agitators are rounded up and the public turns
suspicious of labor radicals.
Dec 13, 1924
Gompers Dies
Samuel Gompers, the most influential of the early labor leaders, dies at age 74.
Aug 25, 1927
Sacco and Vanzetti
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are executed by the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts for their alleged participation in a murderous payroll heist in 1920. The two
men are anarchists and labor activists, and their case generates tremendous passion on all
sides during the 1920s.
Mar 3, 1931
Davis-Bacon Act
The Davis-Bacon Act requires that federal contractors pay their workers the wages and
benefits prevailing in the local market when working on a public works project. The law
keeps employers from importing cheaper workers from outside the region.
Mar 23, 1932
Norris-La Guardia Act
The Norris-La Guardia Act proclaims that yellow-dog contracts, which require a worker to
promise not to join a union, are unenforceable, settling a long-standing dispute between
management and labor. The law also limits courts' power to issue injunctions against
strikes.
Mar 5, 1933
Perkins Named Secretary of Labor
Frances Perkins becomes Franklin Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, the first woman in U.S.
history to hold a cabinet post. She favors a comprehensive, pro-labor agenda including
minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance, old-age pensions and abolition of child
labor. Her influence on labor policy in the New Deal will be huge.
Jul 27, 1935
Wagner Act
President Roosevelt signs into law the National Labor Relations Act, known as the Wagner
Act. The law safeguards union organizing efforts and authorizes the National Labor
Relations Board to assure fairness in union elections and during collective bargaining with
employers. The new law tilts the playing field significantly in labor's favor, prompting a huge
unionization drive throughout the late 1930s.
1937
CIO Splits from AFL
The Congress of Industrial Organizations splits from the American Federation of Labor over
disputes about methods of organizing large industries. The two groups will remain rivals
until merging back together as the AFL-CIO in 1955.
Jun 25, 1938
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act sets a 40-hour workweek with time-and-a-half for additional
hours. It also establishes a national minimum wage and puts severe restrictions on child
labor.
Jun 25, 1943
Smith-Connally Act
Congress passes the Smith-Connally Act to allow the government to take over critical
industries hit by strikes. Enacted over President Roosevelt's veto, it is the first anti-union
legislation to be enacted since the early 1930s. It also prevents unions from contributing to
political campaigns.
1946
Post-World War II Strike Wave
Workers strike to win wage increases in the face of postwar inflation. The wave of strikes is
the worst since 1919 and includes general strikes in Hartford, Houston,Oakland, and other
cities.
May 17, 1947
Truman Breaks Railroad Strike
President Truman ends a strike against the nation's railroads by threatening to take them
over and draft workers into the army. His hard line is a harbinger that the nation's sympathy
for unions is running out.
Jun 23, 1947
Taft-Hartley Act
Congress overrides President Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley bill, a landmark piece of
legislation that rolls back many of the advantages labor gained in the 1935 Wagner Act.
Many Democrats join with Republican lawmakers to curb the power of unions.
1949
CIO Expels Red Unions
The CIO votes to expel eleven unions, with almost 1 million members, because of their
association with communism.
Feb 8, 1955
AFL-CIO Merger
Representatives of the AFL and CIO sign an agreement to merge, beginning a long period
of unity within organized labor. George Meany will lead the organization for two decades,
taking labor in a generally conservative direction. "We do not seek to recast American
society," Meany says. "We seek an ever rising standard of living."2 Big Labor gradually
becomes a complacent interest group rather than a social movement.
Dec 6, 1957
Teamster Corruption
The Teamsters, along with Bakery Workers and Laundry Workers, are expelled from
the AFL-CIO for corruption. That same year, Jimmy Hoffa is elected president of the
Teamsters. He becomes a lightning rod for additional charges of mob influence and
criminality.
Sep 14, 1959
Landrum-Griffith Act
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act, also known as the Landrum-Griffith Act. The law addresses the union corruption
uncovered by Senator John L. McClellan. It holds labor leaders to stricter standards in
handling union funds and requires them to file annual reports.
Jan 17, 1962
Kennedy Legalizes Public Employee Unions
An order by President Kennedy allows federal employees to organize, join unions, and
bargain collectively with the government. It does not give them the right to strike. The move
begins an era of public employee unionization.
Jun 10, 1963
Equal Pay Act
The Equal Pay Act prohibits discrimination in wages on the basis of sex. The result:
women's earnings will climb from 62% of men's in 1970 to 80% in 2004.
Nov 29, 1968
New York Teachers Strike
A New York City teachers strike ends after depriving more than a million public school
students of an education during 36 school days. Pitting union power against the public
interest, the strike adds to the distrust of organized labor and exacerbates racial tensions.
Jul 1, 1968
UAW Splits from AFL
The United Auto Workers under leader Walter Reuther leave the AFL, in part because of
personal disputes between Reuther and AFL president George Meany. Reuther will die in a
plane crash in 1970, but the UAW will not rejoin the AFL until 1981.
Mar 18, 1970
Postal Strike
More than 200,000 Post Office workers walk off the job in the first national strike of public
employees. Though the action is illegal and President Nixon calls on the Army and National
Guard to keep the mail moving, the two-week strike proves largely successful and ultimately
leads to a modernization of the postal service.
Sep 2, 1974
Pension Standards
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) sets minimum standards for most
private-sector pension and health plans. It provides key safeguards for employees.
Jun 12, 1981
Major League Baseball Strike
Major League Baseball players strike. Team owners want to restore their own prerogatives
by requiring a team to pay compensation to another when hiring a free agent. Players fight
the move in a strike that wipes out almost 40% of the season before being settled
by compromise in August, just in time to save the World Seriesfrom cancellation.
Aug 5, 1981
Air Traffic Controllers Strike
President Ronald Reagan fires the striking members of the Professional Air Traffic
Controllers Organization (PATCO), calling the work stoppage illegal. Reagan's action and
the demise of the union sets a new tone for labor-management relations across the country.
Employers begin to take tough stands against unions and do not hesitate to replace strikers
with replacements. The decline in union membership accelerates.
Aug 17, 1985
Hormel Foods Strike
Members of a local of the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union in Austin,
Minnesota, go on strike against the Hormel Foods Corporation, ignoring the advice of their
national union. Highlighting the confusion within the labor movement, the workers continue
their action even after the company vows to reopen the plant with replacement workers.
Some union members cross the picket lines and the strike drags on for ten months with no
gains for union members. The futile action is emblematic of a labor movement in disarray.
Aug 19, 1997
UPS Strike
After a 16-day walkout, United Parcel Service agrees to a contract with the Teamsters,
marking labor's first successful nationwide strike in two decades. One of the main issues
leading to the strike is the company's practice of using part-time workers to avoid paying
benefits.
Oct 3, 2001
UAW Loses Nissan Plant Election
The United Automobile Workers loses an election to represent the workers in a Nissanplant
in Smyrna, Tennessee. It is one of a series of defeats in attempts to organize the plants of
foreign car makers in the U.S. UAW membership will continue to slide.
Sep 27, 2005
Change To Win
The Service Employees International Union (SEIU), the Teamsters, and other activist
unions leave the AFL-CIO to form a new labor coalition called Change to Win. The move
represents a new emphasis on organizing workers to bring them into a labor movement
starved for members.