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Nonrenewable Energy
Chapter 15
Total World Energy Consumption - 2013
*Fossil Fuel 78.4%
*Petroleum
Renewable 19%
*Coal
*Natural Gas
Nuclear
2.6%
Worldwide Energy Use by Source
 Nonrenewable energy resources (81%)
• Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal)
• Nuclear energy
 Renewable Energy Sources (19%):
• Direct solar energy
• Wind, hydropower, biomass (indirect solar)
Energy Use in the United States
Oil Sand and the Keystone XL Pipeline
OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil
Supplies
 Oil reserves – identified deposits from which conventional oil
can be extracted
 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
• Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
• 60% of world’s crude oil reserves
• 75% of reserves are government controlled – private
companies are bit players (Exxon/Mobil, etc.)
 Oil production/flow controls rates to consumers:
• Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals
• Higher food prices
• Airfares higher
CRUDE (Conventional) OIL
 Crude oil, (conventional, light oil) – a thick,
gooey liquid that comes from the ground
 Contains:
• Hundreds of different combustible
hydrocarbons
• Small amounts of S, O, N
 Extracted:
• Drilling a well into deposit;
pumping oil out
HEAVY OIL from SAND
 Oil Sand, – a mixture of water, clay, sand
and bitumen
 Bitumen - Combustible hydrocarbon with high
amounts of S
 Extracted:
More oil from sand
than oil in Saudi Arabia
HEAVY OIL from SAND
 Oil Sand, – a mixture of water, clay, sand
and bitumen
 Bitumen - Combustible hydrocarbon with high
amounts of S
 Extracted:
• By removing
overburden of forest
• Surface mining
More oil from sand
than oil in Saudi Arabia
Natural Capital: Important Nonrenewable Energy Resources
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
COAL
Oil storage
Contour
strip mining
Oil drilling
platform
Geothermal
power plant
Oil well Pipeline
Gas well
Mined coal
Pipeline
Area strip
mining Drilling
tower
Pump
Deposits of crude oil
and natural gas are
trapped together under
a dome deep within
earth’s crust on land or
under sea floor.
Coal seam
Water
penetrates
down through
the rock
Fig. 15-2, p. 372
CRUDE (Conventional) OIL
 Crude oil, or conventional oil, or light oil – a
thick, gooey liquid that comes from the
ground
 Contains?
• Hundreds of different combustible
hydrocarbons
• Small amounts of S, O, N
 Formed?
• From decaying fossil remains
• 100-500 MYA
CRUDE (Conventional) OIL
 Found?
• Deep in the earth’s crust
• Under the ocean floor
 Extracted?
• Drilling a well into deposit; pumping oil out
 Products?
• Petrochemicals
• Gasoline
CRUDE (Conventional) OIL
 Found?
• Deep in the earth’s crust
• Under the ocean floor
 Extracted?
• Drilling a well into deposit; pumping oil out
 Products?
• Petrochemicals
• Gasoline
CRUDE (Conventional) OIL
 Countries with majority reserves?
• Saudi Arabia
• Venezuela
 Production in U.S.?
• 10%
 Used by U.S.?
• 21%
HEAVY OIL from SAND
 Oil Sand, – a mixture of water, clay, sand
and bitumen
 Bitumen contains?
• Combustible hydrocarbons
• High amounts of S
HEAVY OIL from SAND
 Found?
• Beneath boreal forests of Canada
 Extracted?
• By removing overburden of forest
• Surface mining
 Products?
• Synthetic crude oil
HEAVY OIL from SAND
 Countries with majority reserves?
• Canada
More oil than in
Saudi Arabia
• Venezuela
 Environmental issues with extracting?
•
•
•
•
Deforestation
Drain wetlands; divert streams
Toxic sludge
Tailings stored in ponds
HEAVY OIL from SHALE ROCK
 Oil Shale – oily shale rock that contains
kerogens
 Kerogens contain?
• Combustible
hydrocarbons
HEAVY OIL from SHALE ROCK
 Found?
• Shale rock formations
 Extracted?
• Surface mining
 Products?
• Gasoline, heating oil
• Natural gas
• Other petrochemicals
HEAVY OIL from SHALE ROCK
 Countries with majority reserves?
• U.S.
 Environmental issues with extracting?
• Land disruption
• Large water usage
• Air emissions
HEAVY OIL from SHALE ROCK
HEAVY OIL from SHALE ROCK
 Oil Shale – oily shale rock that contains
kerogens
 Kerogens (combustible hydrocarbons)
Science: Refining
Crude Oil
Natural gas
Fractional Distillation
Solvents
Fig. 15-4a, p. 375
Science:
Refining
Natural
Gas
Is a Useful and CleanCrude Oil
Burning Fossil Fuel
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26AN1LfbUPc
Keystone
XL and
Oil Sand
Pipeline
the Keystone XL Pipeline
KeystoneGas
XL Pipeline
Natural
Is a Useful and CleanBurning Fossil Fuel
 http://news.yahoo.com/katie-couric-explains-theclash-over-the-keystone-xl-pipeline-171519752.html
Oil Sand and the Keystone XL Pipeline
 Proposed pipeline to link oil sands of Alberta,
Canada to refineries in Texas
 Permit denied to build the pipeline in 2012
Oil Sand and the Keystone XL Pipeline
 Arguments for:
• Reliable supply of oil close to U.S.
• Better than transporting by truck or rail
 Arguments against:
• Environmental costs of oil sand mining
• Pipeline would cross Ogallala Aquifer
NATURAL GAS
 Natural Gas – a mixture of gases, mainly
methane
 Contains:
• Combustible gases:
• Methane (CH4)
• Ethane (C2H6)
• Propane (C3H8)
• Butane (C4H10)
• H2S
NATURAL GAS
 Found?
• Above crude oil reserves
• Within shale rock
 Extracted?
• By drilling into deposit
• Hydraulic fracturing
(fracking) of shale
NATURAL GAS
 Hydraulic Fracturing Technique
NATURAL GAS
 The Fracking Song
NATURAL GAS
 Products?
• Purified methane (in pipelines)
• LPG (liquefied petroleum gas-ethane,propane,butane)
• LNG (liquefied natural gas-methane) Shipped
Stored
in tanks
LPG
overseas
Natural Gas Is a Useful and CleanBurning Fossil Fuel
 Propane and butane are liquified, removed as LPG
(liquified petroleum gas) and distributed in tanks to
be used in rural areas that do not have access to
pipeline
 Remainder (mostly methane) is dried, purified, and
pumped into pipelines as conventional natural gas
 Conventional NG (methane) can be liquified as LNG
(liquified natural gas) in refrigerated tanker ships for
transport overseas
• Re-gasified at destination and distributed in pipelines
NATURAL GAS
 Country with majority reserves?
• Russia
 Used by U.S.?
• 21%
COAL
 Coal, or solid fossil fuel; most abundant
fossil fuel
 Contains?
• Mostly carbon
• Small amounts of S, N
• Toxic Hg
COAL
 Formed?
• From remains of plants
• 300-400 MYA
 Found?
• In the earth’s crust
 Extracted?
• Surface mining
• Subsurface mining
COAL
 Major uses?
• Generate electricity
• Burned to smelt iron
• Produce SNG
(synthetic natural
gas) – gasified coal
• Synthetic gasoline or
methanol – liquefied
coal
COAL
 Countries with majority reserves?
• U.S.
• Russia, India, China
 Used by U.S.?
• 10%
 Used by China?
• 50%
COAL
 Subsurface Mining
Nuclear Fission
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Nuclear Fission Reaction
Sample Half-life Problem
 Approximately what fraction of a sample of radon
(half-life 4 days) will remain after 4 weeks?
4 weeks = 28 days = 7 half-lifes
(½)7 = 1/27 = 1/128
1/128 of the original sample remains
Decommissioning
of reactor
Fuel assemblies
3
Enrichment
Fuel fabrication
of UF6
2
Conversion
of U3O8
to UF6
1
5
Reactor
(conversion of enriched UF6
to UO to UO2 and fabrication
of fuel assemblies)
Uranium-235 as UF6
Plutonium-239 as
PuO2
Temporary storage of
spent fuel assemblies
underwater or in dry
casks
4
Spent fuel
reprocessing
Low-level radiation
with long half-life
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Open fuel cycle today
Recycling of nuclear fuel
Geologic
disposal of
moderate- and
high-level
radioactive
wastes
Fig. 15-19, p. 389
What Is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?
1. Mine the uranium
2. Process the uranium as fuel
3. Use it in the reactor
4. Safely store the radioactive waste
5. Decommission the reactor
Light-Water-Moderated and
–Cooled Nuclear Power Plant
with Water Reactor
Small amounts of
radioactive gases
Uranium
fuel input
(reactor core)
Control rods
Containment
shell
Heat
Waste heat
exchanger
Turbine Generator
Steam
Hot
coolant
Pump
Pump
Shielding
Pressure vessel
Coolant
Moderator
Coolant
passage
Periodic removal and storage
of radioactive wastes and
spent fuel assemblies
Pump
Water Condenser
Periodic removal and
storage of radioactive
liquid wastes
Pump
Hot
water
output
Cool
water
input
1. Water boils
2. Steam turns
turbine
3. Electricity
generated
Useful electrical
energy
25%–30%
Waste heat
Water source
(river, lake,
ocean)
Fig. 15-17, p. 387
How Does a Nuclear Fission Reactor Work?

How Does a Nuclear Reactor Work?
How Does a Nuclear Fission Reactor Work?

Fuel assemblies placed in core of reactor

Control rods in core absorb neutrons to regulate the rate of
fission

Coolant (H2O) circulates through core to remove heat
(prevent meltdown)

Containment shell – thick, steel-reinforced concrete walls surround the core for protection

Water-filled pools or dry casks for storage of radioactive
spent fuel rod assemblies
After 3 or 4 Years in a Reactor, Spent Fuel
Rods Are Removed and Stored in Water
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Reaction?
• Controlled nuclear fission reaction
 Elements?
• Uranium
 Found?
• Earth’s crust
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Extracted?
• Surface mining
• Subsurface mining
 Processed?
• Uranium enriched to increase concentration
of fissionable 235U
• Packed into pellets in fuel rods and grouped
as fuel assemblies
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Majority of reserves?
• Kazakhstan
• Canada
• Australia
 World’s electricity produced?
• 16%
 Expected by 2025?
• 12%
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Major problems?
• Radioactive waste storage (long-term)
• Radiation leaks
• Safety concerns – catastrophes, terrorism
Case Study: Worst Commercial Nuclear
Power Plant Accident in the U.S.
 Three Mile Island (TMI) – PA (1979)
•
•
•
•
•
Nuclear reactor lost coolant
Partial uncovering/melting of core
Unknown amounts of radiation escaped
No human casualties
Led to improved safety regulations in the U.S.
Case Study: Worst Nuclear Power Plant
Accident in the World
 Chernobyl – Ukraine (1986)





Explosions caused reactor roof to blow off
Partial meltdown/fire for 10 days
Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries
350,000 people left their homes
Impacted human health, water supply, and agriculture
FUKUSHIMA: Worse than Chernobyl?
 Fukushima: Daiichi Nuclear Plant – Japan (2011)
 One reactor melted down after massive earthquake
and tsunami.
 Fuel rods lost surrounding coolant for 4 ½ hours.
 Radiation leaked into surrounding ocean water.
 Increased risk of cancer (thyroid, breast, leukemia).
FUKUSHIMA: Worse than Chernobyl?
 Video Clip-Fukushima Explained
CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical
Energy Produced for Energy Sources
Science Focus: Net Energy Is the Only
Energy That Really Counts
 It takes energy to get energy
 Second Law of Thermodynamics – high-quality energy
gets used, wasted, degraded to lower-quality energy.
 Net energy
• Useful energy available from an energy resource
minus the energy needed to find, extract, process,
etc.
• Expressed as net energy ratio:
• energy produced/energy used
Net Energy Ratios for Various Energy
Systems over Their Estimated Lifetimes
Will Nuclear Fusion Save Us?
 Nuclear fusion is nuclear change in which two
isotopes of light elements (H) are forced together at
extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a
heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process
 Still in the laboratory phase after 50 years of research
and $34 billion dollars
 2006: U.S., China, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and
European Union
• Will build a large-scale experimental nuclear fusion
reactor by 2040