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Physiology
1. Which causes the reabsorption of sodium from the distal convoluted tubule
a. Aldosterone
b. ADH
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Rennin
2. Which structure secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone
a. Anterior pituitary
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid
d. Parathyroid
3. Which is normally released when blood calcium is abnormally low
a. Aldosterone
b. Calcitonin
c. Parathormone
d. 1,25-dihydroxycolecalciferol
4. Which will increase bone calcium levels
a. Calcitonin
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Cortisol
d. Aldosterone
5. Cortisol is involved with
a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Fat synthesis
c. Protein synthesis in muscle
d. Glycogenesis
6. Which increases lymphatic flow in the lower extremities
a. Decreased muscle contraction
b. Increased hydrostatic pressure
c. Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
7. Which have preganglionic sympathetic fibers
a. White rami communicantes
b. Gray rami communicantes
c. Adrenal medulla
d. Sympathetic chain ganglia
8. Pupillary constriction occurs as a result of
a. Sympathetic stimulation
b. Parasympathetic stimulation
c. Motor neuron stimulation
d. Autorhythmicity
9. Light hitting photoreceptors of the retina, specifically the rods, causes
a. An action potential
b. An increase in sodium diffusion causing slow depolarization
c. A decrease in sodium conduction causing hyperpolarization
d. Has no effect
10. Spirometry does not adequately measure
a. Residual volume
b. Tidal volume
c. Inspiratory reserve
d. Expiratory reserve
11. What does an electrocardiogram detect
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Murmur
c. Carbon monoxide poisoning
d. Aortic insufficiency
12. What vessel compartment has the most blood volume
a. Capillaries
b. Arteries
c. Arterioles
d. Veins
13. Proteins enter lymphatic ducts directly through
a. Cells
b. Capillaries
c. Interstitial fluid
d. Arteries
14. What causes increased lymph flow
a. Increased capillary permeability
b. Decreased capillary permeability
c. Increased capillary protein
d. Increased plasma colloidal pressure
15. Function of GTO’s
a. Length of 1a
b. Length of 1b
c. Tension of 1a
d. Tension of 1b
16. A lesion of which neural structure results in spasticity
a. Anterior horn
b. Posterior horn
c. Pyramidal
d. Thalamus
17. Definition of total lung capacity
a. Inspiratory capacity + functional residual capacity
b. Vital capacity + FRC
c. Vital capacity
d. Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve
18. Regular inspiration is controlled by
a. Pneumotaxic
b. Apneustic
c. Dorsal neuron
d. Ventral neuron
19. Best indicator that the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is actually working
a. Progesterone
b. Estrogen
c. FSH
d. LH
20. Which occurs during diastole,
a. Mitral and tricuspid open
b. Aortic opening and mitral closed
c. Pulmonic open and mitral closed
d. Aortic and pulmonic open
“Toilet paper my ass”
21. Which is open during the plateau seen in the cardiac action potential
a. Slow calcium channels
b. Sodium channels
c. Potassium channels
d. Chloride channels
22. Which produces pulmonary surfactant
a. Type II alveolar cells
b. Type I alveolar cells
c. Dust cells
d. Goblet cells
23. Responsible for the reabsorption of water
a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. Cortisol
d. Angiotensin II
24. The renal papillae act upon
a. Pyramids
b. Minor calyx
c. Major calyx
d. Renal sinus
25. If your patient had their gallbladder removed, which would be affected
a. Fat metabolism
b. Protein metabolism
c. Carbohydrate metabolism
d. No change in metabolism
26. Secreted from the duodenum and upper jejunal mucosa and results in contraction
of the gallbladder
a. CCK
b. Secretin
c. Amylase
d. Lipase
27. Which is the fastest conducting receptor
a. Pacinian corpuscles
b. Free nerve endings
c. Meissner corpuscles
d. Krause end bulbs
28. Slowest conducting receptor
a. Pacinian corpuscles
b. Free nerve endings
c. Meissner corpuscles
d. Hair receptors
Free nerve endings are unmyelinated
29. Area where osmoreceptors are located
a. Hypothalamus
b. Thalamus
c. Anterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary
30. Occurs between closure of AV valve and reopening of the AV valve
a. Atrial diastole
b. Atrial systole
c. Ventricular diastole
d. Ventricular systole
31. An increase in hydrogen ions in blood due to hypoventilation
a. Respiratory acidosis
b. Respiratory alkalosis
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis
32. Function of inhibin
a. Inhibits FSH secretion
b. Inhibits estrogen production
c. Inhibits progesterone production
d. Increases FSH secretion
33. Which releases rennin
a. Juxtaglomerular cells
b. Liver
c. Adrenal cortex
d. Adrenal medulla
34. In cardiac muscle, what is responsible for the steep downward slope
(repolarization) of the action potential
a. Opening of potassium voltage gated channels
b. Closure of sodium voltage gated channels
c. Opening of calcium channels
d. Closing of potassium voltage gated channels
35. Nerve conduction is fastest when there is
a. Longer nerve
b. More myelin
c. Larger diameter
d. Smaller diameter
36. What makes cardiac different from skeletal muscle
a. Increased troponin
b. Intercalated discs
c. Striations
d. Increased myoglobin
37. Mature or dead red blood cells are filtered out by what organ
a. Spleen
b. Kidney
c. Liver
d. Gallbladder
38. Which cell is responsible for the production of hydrochloric acid
a. Parietal cells
b. Chief cells
c. Argentaffin cells
d. Brunners glands
Chief cells – pepsinogen “Chief likes Pepsi”
39. Which is a feature of your slow twitch muscle fibers versus fast twitch muscle
fibers
a. Slow twitch have more mitochondria
b. Slow twitch have more glycolytic enzymes
c. Slow twitch are for sprinting
d. Slow twitch have less myoglobin
40. Which is responsible for static equilibrium
a. Utricle
b. Saccule
c. Semicircular canals
d. Cristae ampularis
Angular acceleration – cristae ampularis in the semicircular canals
Linear acceleration – macula and saccule
41. The ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for which
a. Reabsorption of water
b. Reabsorption of sodium
c. Reabsorption of hydrochloric acid
d. Secretion of hydrochloric acid
42. Which is most broken down in the mouth
a. Cheese
b. Breads
c. Meats
d. Raw vegetables
43. Which is not released due to digestion
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. ADH
d. CCK
44. Function of secretin
a. To decrease gastric motility
b. Causes contraction of the gallbladder
c. Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach
d. To increase gastric motility
45. Which is the most sensitive sensation of the tongue
a. Sweet
b. Bitter
c. Salty
d. Sour
Most poisons are bitter
46. What type of gated channels are found in the plateau of the cardiac potential
a. Voltage gated calcium channels
b. Voltage gated sodium channels
c. Voltage gated potassium channels
d. Chloride channels
47. Which is the most potent vasoconstrictor
a. Angiotensin II
b. Calcitonin
c. Aldosterone
d. ADH
48. The anterior chamber of the eye is ________ to __________.
a. Cornea; iris
b. Iris; sclera
c. Iris; lens
d. Lens; retina
Cornea is made of surface ectoderm
49. Which is not part of the auditory system
a. Spiral ganglion
b. Superior colliculus
c. Lateral lemniscus
d. Inferior colliculus
Superior colliculus is vision “Vision is superior: I’d rather be deaf than blind”
50. What receptor is tonic
a. Hair cell
b. Pacinian
c. Meissners
d. Muscle spindles
51. Slow twitch muscle fibers are ______ color and used for ______________.
a. White; postural
b. White; powerful
c. Red; postural
d. Red; powerful
All postural muscles are slow twitch
52. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3: which enzyme is involved
a. Carbonic anhydrase
b. Acetyl Co-A carboxylase
c. Phosphofructokinase
d. Hexokinase
53. The combination of hemoglobin and CO2 forms which of the following
a. Carboxyhemoglobin
b. Oxyhemoglobin
c. Myoglobin
d. Carbonic acid
54. Which secretes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens
a. Suprarenal gland
b. Thyroid gland
c. Parathyroid gland
d. Pancreas
55. Where is the macula densa located
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. Glomerulus
56. If GFR is higher than the excretion, which is the cause
a. Reabsorption
b. Secretion
c. Denaturation
d. Filtration
GFR – glomerular filtration rate
57. Which area does ACTH affect
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal medulla
c. Thyroid gland
d. Follicular cells
58. Where does the auditory pathway begin
a. Tectorial membrane
b. Cochlear nerve
c. Cochlear hair cells
d. Spiral ganglion
59. Through what is sound transmitted
a. Oval window
b. Round window
c. Utricles
d. Organ of Corti
60. The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the
a. Hypothalamus
b. Thalamus
c. Cerebrum
d. Brain stem
61. Which does the botulism toxin effect
a. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
b. Inhibits release of ACH
c. Inhibits synthesis of ACH
d. Blocks ACH receptor
Botulism produces flaccid paralysis
62. Which cells do the pituitary gland control
a. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
b. Follicular cells of the thyroid
c. Parathyroid cells
d. Parietal cells of the stomach
63. Which is not regulated by negative feedback
a. TSH
b. ACTH
c. Oxytocin
d. FSH
64. Which is stimulated by the pre-ganglionic sympathetics
a. Adrenal medulla
b. Adrenal cortex
c. Pancreas
d. Thyroid
65. Which is an example of negative feedback
a. Increased estrogen right before ovulation
b. Increased estrogen and progesterone after ovulation
c. Decreased estrogen right before ovulation
d. Decreased estrogen and progesterone after ovulation
66. The inferior olivary nucleus is located in
a. Medulla oblongata
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
d. Thalamus
67. The pontine flexure is located between the metencephalon and _______
a. Mesencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Telencephalon
d. Diencephalons
68. Platelets come from
a. Megakaryocytes
b. Thromboxane
c. Neutrophils
d. Monocytes
69. Why do you see a longer absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle
a. To prevent tetany
b. To increase the strength of contraction
c. To allow tetany to occur
d. To allow for autorhythmicity of the heart
70. Why is there autorhythmicity in the SA node
a. Some fibers come back to innervate themselves
b. Ease of sodium leakage
c. Atrial depolarization
d. Ventricular depolarization
71. What type of receptor is a Pacinian corpuscle
a. Mechanoreceptor
b. Nocioceptor
c. Chemoreceptor
d. Thermoreceptor
72. When you have the accommodative reflex and you get papillary constriction,
which is responsible
a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic
c. Somatic afferents
d. Somatic efferents
73. Degranulation of a mast cell can lead to
a. Anaphylaxis
b. Autoimmune
c. Antigen-antibody complex
d. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
74. Which is the glycoprotein layer around the developing oocyte
a. Corona radiata
b. Zona pellucida
c. Zona adherens
d. Basement membrane
75. Which describes Starlings Law
a. Force of contraction is a function of the stretch of the muscle which is
determined by the end diastolic volume
b. Bones develop along lines of stress
c. Force of contraction is a function of speed of contraction
d. Solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas
76. The zona glomerulosa, fasciculate, and reticularis is found in the
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal medulla
c. Pituitary gland
d. Kidneys
77. Which of the following organelles of skeletal muscle transmits the action
potential from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell
a. Myofibril
b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. T-tubule
d. Cross bridges
78. The purpose of the AV node is to
a. Spread the impulse
b. Cause a delay in the conduction
c. Increase the speed of conduction
d. Decrease the pacemaker rate
79. Calcitonin is released by the _______ to ________ blood calcium levels
a. Parafollicular cells; decrease
b. Parafollicular cells; increase
c. Follicular; decrease
d. Follicular; increase
80. In the kidney, the papillae go into the
a. Minor calyx
b. Major calyx
c. Renal pelvis
d. Renal sinus
81. The sarcomere is from _____ band to _______ band
a. A; A
b. H; H
c. I; I
d. Z; Z
82. Residual volume + vital capacity
a. Total lung capacity
b. Inspiratory capacity
c. Expiratory capacity
d. Tidal volume
83. Which is absorbed more rapidly in the stomach
a. Monosaccharide
b. Proteins
c. Fats
d. Alcohol
84. What surrounds the muscle fibers
a. Endomysium
b. Perimysium
c. Epimysium
d. Pericardium
85. Where does ADH have its greatest effect
a. Descending loop of Henle
b. Collecting duct
c. Distal tubule
d. Ascending loop of Henle
86. Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum
a. LH
b. FSH
c. HCG
d. Progesterone
87. Which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
a. GABA
b. Epinephrine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Glutamate
88. What effects does norepinephrine have on heart muscle
a. Decreases sodium permeability
b. Increases potassium permeability
c. Increases sodium permeability
d. Decreases calcium permeability
89. The acini cells of the pancreas secrete
a. Insulin
b. Glucagons
c. Proteolytic enzymes
d. Somatostatin
90. During an action potential, when do the potassium channels open
a. When the sodium channels are completely closed
b. When sodium channels are open
c. When sodium channels begin to close
d. When membrane is at –100 mv
91. Which is innervated by the pre-ganglionic sympathetics
a. Anterior pituitary
b. Posterior pituitary
c. Adrenal cortex
d. Adrenal medulla
92. What causes a skier to achieve a greater level of balance and coordination
a. Cerebellum
b. Spinal reflexes as a result of proprioception through feet and knees
c. Temporal and parietal association
d. Frontal lobe
93. Decreased function of the thyroid gland can be accompanied by
a. Excessive sweating
b. Exophthalmoses
c. Weight gain
d. Anxiety
94. An increase in which of the following will allow blood to unload oxygen into the
peripheral corpuscles
a. PH of the blood
b. Total peripheral resistance
c. Temperature of blood
d. Amount of NADH in erythrocytes
95. Which is characteristic of Pacinian corpuscles
a. Detects vibration
b. Detects tissue deformity
c. Detects temperature changes
d. Initiates the stretch reflex
96. The distal convoluted tubule is acted upon by
a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. Rennin
d. Secretin
97. Which results in the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas
a. Gastrin
b. CCK
c. Secretin
d. Enterogastrone
98. Which receptor is the deepest
a. Free nerve endings
b. Meissners corpuscles
c. Krauses end bulbs
d. Merkels discs
99. Atrial naturitic factor (ANF) is stimulated by
a. Stretch receptors of the atria
b. Stretch receptors of the ventricle
c. High sodium concentration in blood
d. Low sodium concentration in blood