Download Enumerate the organs of female reproductive system. Discuss the

Enumerate the organs of female reproductive
system.
Discuss the structure and functions of uterus
Describe the uterus and its supports.
Write short notes on Graffian Follicle
The Uterus
Definition
• A hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive sys.
• Shape : pear-shaped, flattened anteroposteriorly
Situation
• In the pelvic cavity
• Between urinary bladder and th rectum
Position
• Anteverted – anteversion – leans forward
• Anteflexed – anteflexion – bent forward
almost at right angles to the vagina with its anterior
surface resting on the urinary bladder
• When upright the uterus is almost horizontal.
• Wall 1 inch thick
The parts of the uterus are:
• The fundus – dome shaped portion
• The body – main part. Narrowest inferiorly at the
internal os.
• The cervix – protrudes through the anterior wall of
the vagina, opening into it at the external os
Structure
• Wall – three layers
• Perimetrium
• Myometrium
• Endometrium
Perimetrium
Peritoneum – anteriorly vesico uterine pouch
- posteriorly rectouterine pouch
- laterally double fold, broad ligament –
contains the fallopian tubes – which
attaches the uterus to the sides of the
pelvis
Myometrium
• Muscle layer. Blood vessels + nerves+
Endometrium
• Columnar epithelium – mucus secreting
glands – the thickness of this layer varies
during the monthly menstrual cycle.
Cervical canal
• The cavity of the cervix – lined by mucous
membrane above and squamous epithelium
below continuous with that of the vagina
Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve
supply
• Arterial supply – uterine arteries branches of
the internal iliac arteries.
• Venous drainage – into the internal iliac
veins through the named veins
• Lymph drainage – to the aortic lymph nodes
and iliac nodes
• Nerve supply – sacral outflow and lumbar
outflow of parasympathetic and sympathetic
fibres respectively.
Supports of the uterus
• Supported by the floor of the pelvic cavity
• The broad ligments
• Round ligaments – from the side of the uterine
fundus to the inguinal canal whence it passes into
the labium majus and merges in it.
• Uterosacral ligaments
• Transverse cervical ligaments (cardinal ligament)
• Pubocervical fascia
Functions of the Uterus
• Menstruation – preparation of the uterus to
receive, nourish and protect the fertilized
ovum
• Provides the environment for the growing
foetus
• Delivery of the foetus at term – themuscles
of the uterus contract strongly and push the
foetus. The cervix responds by dilating and
effacing.
Uterine Tubes
• 10 cm long
• Begin from the sides of the uterus at the junction of the
body and fundus
• Situated in the free border of the broad ligament
• The lateral ends open near the ovaries
• The ends have finger like projections called fimbriae
• Ciliated epithelium lines the inside
• Peristaltic movements by smooth muscle layer
• Conveys the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
• Mucus secreted by the lining epithelium provides ideal
environment for the movements of the ovum and sperm.
Fertilization usually takes place in the uterine tube.
Ovaries
• Female gonads or glands
• In the lateral walls of the pelvis
• Attached to the upper part of the uterus by the
ovarian ligament
• Attached to the broad ligament by mesovarium
Structure
• Two layers
• Medulla
• Cortex
• Medulla – framework of connective tissue or
stroma
• Covered by germinal epithelium
• Contains ovarian follicles
• Ovary contains ovarian follicles in various
stages of maturity
• Each ovarian follicle contains an ovum
• Before puberty the ovaries are inactive but
the stroma already contains immature
(primordial) follicles.
• During childbearing age one ovarian follicle
(Graafian follicle) matures, ruptures and
releases its ovum into the peritoneal cavity.
This is called ovulation
• Ovulation occurs each menstrual cycle
• Maturation of the follicle is stimulated by follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
• While maturing, the folicle lining cells produce the
hormone oestrogen.
• After ovulation the follicle lining cells develop into the
corpus luteum (yellow body), under the influence of the
luteinising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
• Corpus luteum produces progesterone
• Fertlized ovum embeds itself in the wall of the uterus
grows and produces the hormone human chorionic
gonadotrophin.
• Chorionic gonadotrophin stimulates the corpus luteum to
continue secreting progesterone for the first 3 months of
the pregnancy.
• If the ovum is not fertilised the corpus luteum degenerates
and a new cycle begins with menstruation.
Section of the ovary. (After Schrön.) 1. Outer covering. 1’. Attached border. 2. Central
stroma. 3. Peripheral stroma. 4. Bloodvessels. 5. Vesicular follicles in their earliest
stage. 6, 7, 8. More advanced follicles. 9. An almost mature follicle. 9’. Follicle from
which the ovum has escaped. 10. Corpus luteum.