Download AP Chapter 20 Guided questionsbentley5_tb_ch20

Chapter 20
Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Teotihuacan was
a. the greatest Toltec king.
b. the largest early Mesoamerican city.
c. the Aztec god of the dead.
d. the Inca goddess of fertility.
e. a Central American bird whose brightly-colored plumage was traded by the Aztecs.
Answer: b
Page: 415
2. Bernal Díaz del Castillo was
a. the conquistador who defeated the Incas.
b. the founder of the Jesuits.
c. a Spanish missionary who made his way to India.
d. the conquistador who defeated the Maya.
e. the Spanish soldier who left detailed records of the Aztecs.
Answer: e
Page: 415
3. The most important city of the Toltecs was
a. Tula.
b. Teotihuacan.
c. Cuzco.
d. Tenochtitlan.
e. Cahokia.
Answer: a
Page: 417
4. The influence of the Maya on the Toltecs can be seen in the similarities between Tula and the
Maya city of
a. Tenochtitlan.
b. Teotihuacan.
c. Cuzco.
d. Cahokia.
e. Chichén Itzá.
Answer: e
Page: 417
5. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because
a. they were conquered by a powerful Aztec army.
b. of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion.
c. of the resurgence of Maya power.
d. of the spread of smallpox.
e. of an invasion by the Incas.
Answer: b
Page: 417
6. Mexica
a. was the region that originally gave rise to the first Aztecs.
b. was the name of the lake where the Aztecs established their capital.
c. were the people who were later called Aztecs.
d. was the principal god of the early Aztecs.
e. was the leading pre-Inca society in South America.
Answer: c
Page: 417
7. The word Aztlán means
a. “the place of the seven legendary caves.”
b. “the great feathered serpent.”
c. “the hungry ghosts.”
d. “the sun god.”
e. “the warrior god.”
Answer: a
Page: 417
8. The capital of the Aztec empire was
a. Tula.
b. Teotihuacan.
c. Cuzco.
d. Tenochtitlan.
e. Chichén Itźa.
Answer: d
Page: 417
9. The “chinampa system” refers to the
a. process by which the Aztecs determined victims for ritualistic sacrifice.
b. Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom.
c. core of the Inca imperial administrative structure.
d. Inca system for memorizing facts without the use of a written language.
e. mixed agricultural and hunting system practiced by the Iroquois.
Answer: b
Page: 418
10. By the middle of the fifteenth century, the Mexica had formed a triple alliance with
a. the Maya and Incas.
b. the Toltecs and Maya.
c. the Incas and Iroquois.
d. Tenochtitlan and Cuzco.
e. Texcoco and Tlacopan.
Answer: e
Page: 418
11. The Aztec expansion began under
a. Motecuzoma I.
b. Motecuzoma II.
c. Itzcóatl.
d. Quetzalcóatl.
e. Topa.
Answer: c
Page: 418
12. In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the
a. priests.
b. women.
c. farmers.
d. military elite.
e. bureaucrats.
Answer: d
Page: 418
13. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by
a. trials of combat.
b. matrilineal descent.
c. a council made up of the most successful warriors.
d. land ownership.
e. patriarchal descent.
Answer: c
Page: 419
14. Women in Aztec society
a. played a much more important role than in Inca society.
b. played almost no public role.
c. determined the identity of the emperor.
d. played a dominant role.
e. were significant because of the nature of matrilineal society.
Answer: b
Page: 419
15. The primary role of women in Mexica society
a. was to serve as attendants in temples dedicated to the warrior cult.
b. was to serve as priestesses in the mysterious Chavín cult.
c. was to serve as unofficial political and social leaders while the men served as warriors.
d. was to bear children.
e. increased when the men were away at war, much as with ancient Sparta.
Answer: d
Page: 419
16. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth
a. suffered the greatest shame for her inability to serve the state.
b. was denied the right to pass on to the afterworld.
c. won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle.
d. was seen as a sign of the gods’ displeasure with the tribe.
e. was considered to be a sacrifice to the rain god.
Answer: c
Page: 419
17. Mexica priests
a. played a very limited role in society.
b. had great power as advisors to the rulers.
c. made up the bulk of sacrificed victims.
d. spent the majority of their time working to improve the lives of slaves.
e. attended special state-funded schools.
Answer: b
Page: 419-420
18. Most Mexica slaves
a. were captives of war.
b. were purchased from the Inca.
c. were not foreigners, but Mexica.
d. lost their free status because of their refusal to participate in the sacrificial ceremony.
e. were women.
Answer: c
Page: 420
19. When the Mexica migrated to central Mexico they
a. adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the peoples of Mesoamerica.
b. imposed their own traditions on the societies of Mesoamerica.
c. were not influenced by the traditions of the societies of Mesoamerica.
d. dramatically improved the limited cultural achievements of their Mesoamerican
predecessors.
e. largely copied the existing brilliant Inca traditions.
Answer: a
Page: 421
20. Tezcatlipoca was
a. a god that the Aztecs introduced to Mesoamerica.
b. the patron deity of warriors.
c. the main god of the Aztecs.
d. the Aztec god that supported the arts and agriculture.
e. the Aztec god of suicide.
Answer: b
Page: 421
21. Tezcatlipoca was also known as
a. “the Feathered Serpent.”
b. “the Fire From Above.”
c. “the Devourer of Children.”
d. “the Hungry God.”
e. “the Smoking Mirror.”
Answer: e
Page: 421
22. Most Aztec human sacrifices were in honor of
a. Quetzalcóatl.
b. Tezcatlipoca.
c. Itzcóatl.
d. Huitzilopochtli.
e. Viracocha.
Answer: d
Page: 421
23. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice as a(n)
a. means of mass entertainment.
b. form of state terrorism to terrify their enemies into submission.
c. essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival.
d. primitive act that their ancestors had ignorantly preformed.
e. necessary evil to maintain their alliance with the wealthy Inca.
Answer: c
Page: 421
24. North American societies
a. developed on a relatively small scale.
b. were much larger than the Mesoamerican or South American societies.
c. were mainly influenced by the Aztecs.
d. were mainly influenced by the Incas.
e. were mainly influenced by the Maya.
Answer: a
Page: 422
25. The Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest
a. were the most nomadic of the North American Indian societies.
b. formed a political partnership with the Iroquois nations.
c. lived a settled, agricultural existence.
d. eventually fell under Aztec control.
e. were wiped out after a bloody confrontation with the Maya.
Answer: c
Page: 422
26. The five Iroquois nations were the
a. Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Cahokia.
b. Oneida, Pueblo, Navajo, Seneca, and Onondaga.
c. Mohawk, Oneida, Cahokia, Seneca, and Onondaga.
d. Onondaga, Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, and Pueblo.
e. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.
Answer: e
Page: 422
27. Cahokia was the
a. legendary founder of the Inca people.
b. dominant South American society before the rise of the Incas.
c. North American mound that was the third largest structure in the pre-Columbian Americas.
d. Aztec god also known as “the Smoking Mirror.”
e. Maya woman who translated for the Spanish.
Answer: c
Page: 423
28. The North American Indian societies
a. possessed no form of writing.
b. invented a style of writing that was much more complex and useful than that of the Aztecs.
c. copied their writing system from the Aztecs.
d. used a series of hieroglyphics that were very similar to the Maya script.
e. developed three distinct forms of writing, none of which can be read today.
Answer: a
Page: 423
29. The kingdom of Chucuito was located in
a. southwest North America.
b. northeast North America.
c. Mesoamerica.
d. Oceania.
e. South America.
Answer: e
Page: 424
30. The capital city of Chimu was
a. Chanchan.
b. Tula.
c. Teotihuacan.
d. Cahokia.
e. Cuzco.
Answer: a
Page: 424
31. The most important ruler in the expansion of the Inca empire was
a. Atahualpa.
b. Itzcóatl.
c. Pachacuti.
d. Quetzalcóatl.
e. Viracocha.
Answer: c
Page: 425
32. The Incas imposed order
a. through the use of extreme terror.
b. through the spread of a common written language.
c. by forcing the worship of their main god, Huitzilopochtli.
d. by taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes.
e. through a surprisingly modern professional police force.
Answer: d
Page: 425
33. The Inca quipu was
a. a mnemonic aid consisting of small cords with knots.
b. the underground irrigation system that allowed for an agricultural surplus.
c. the head priest in charge of determining victims for human sacrifice.
d. the underworld.
e. demons who inhabited the night and who tempted the spiritually unprepared.
Answer: a
Page: 425
34. The capital of the Inca empire was
a. Teotihuacan.
b. Tula.
c. Cuzco.
d. Chimu.
e. Chanchan.
Answer: c
Page: 425-426
35. Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the presence of the mummies of their
predecessors?
a. Inca
b. Aztec
c. Chimu
d. Pueblo
e. Maya
Answer: a
Page: 426
36. The Inca sun god was
a. Viracocha.
b. Huitzilopochtli.
c. Cuzco.
d. Quetzalcóatl.
e. Inti.
Answer: e
Page: 427
37. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines
a. spread throughout Australia as the aborigines conquered.
b. died out completely before the arrival of the Europeans.
c. eventually spread to the islands of Oceania.
d. did not diffuse much beyond their own regions.
e. were surprisingly similar to that of the ancient Aryans.
Answer: d
Page: 429
38. The massive stone palace at Nan Madol was located in the
a. Caroline Islands.
b. American southwest.
c. Inca empire.
d. Aztec empire.
e. Cahokia complex in North America.
Answer: a
Page: 430
39. The Hawaiian class of high chiefs were known as the
a. kapu.
b. ali`i nui.
c. marae.
d. heiau.
e. chimu.
Answer: b
Page: 432
40. A marae was
a. a Pacific island temple.
b. a member of the priestly class in Hawai`i.
c. a Polynesian sun god.
d. the type of open boat that allowed for continual trade between the Pacific islands.
e. a family of water sprites that were a central feature in Pacific island mythology.
Answer: a
Page: 432
TRUE/FALSE
41. The indigenous peoples of the Americas had only sporadic dealings with their
contemporaries across the oceans.
Answer: True
Page: 416
42. Unlike imperial states in the eastern hemisphere, the Aztec empire had no elaborate
bureaucracy or administration.
Answer: True
Page: 418
43. The Mexica looked only upon certain portions of the male population as potential warriors.
Answer: False
Page: 419
44. From the time of the Olmecs, Mesoamerican peoples had regarded the ritual sacrifice of
human beings as essential to the world’s survival.
Answer: True
Page: 421
45. About 1438, the Inca ruler Pachacuti launched a series of military campaigns that expanded
the Incas’ authority.
Answer: True
Page: 425
46. An extensive road system enabled the central government at Cuzco to communicate with all
parts of the Inca empire.
Answer: True
Page: 426
47. Cuzco served as the administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the Inca empire.
Answer: True
Page: 425-426
48. With seasonal migrations, encounters with other people, and trade, the aboriginal people of
Australia diffused their cultural traditions throughout the Pacific islands.
Answer: False
Page: 429
49. Fishponds allowed Hawaiians to harvest large quantities of mature fish with relative ease,
and thus contributed to the islanders’ supply of food.
Answer: True
Page: 430
50. High chiefs guided the affairs of complex societies throughout Polynesia, as they allocated
land, mobilized the work force, and organized men into military service.
Answer: True
Page: 432
ESSAY
51. According to Bernardino de Sahagún, newborn Aztec boys were told, “Heed, hearken: thy
home is not here . . . Thou hast been sent into warfare.” What can this simple statement tell
you about Aztec society? What role did warriors play in Aztec society? Compare the Aztecs
to other societies you’ve covered so far.
52. Aztec newborn girls were told, “Thou wilt be in the heart of the home, thou wilt go
nowhere.” Explain the significance of those instructions. What was the role of women in this
military society? Compare the status of women in the Aztec empire to the role of women in
other military societies studied so far.
53. What could the emphasis on human sacrifice tell you about the Aztec state and religion? In
what ways was it a continuation of traditional Mesoamerican practices? In what ways was it
not? Is the Aztec emphasis on human sacrifice similar to any other societies studied so far?
54. What factors might have explained the differences between the Indian societies of North
America and those of Mesoamerica and South America?
55. Compare the social, political, and religious worlds of the Americas and Oceania. In what
ways were they similar? In what ways were they different?
56. Examine the Toltec society. In what ways was it a continuation of earlier Mesoamerican
societies? What was its influence on later societies?
57. Examine the formation of the Aztec empire. What were the foundations of Aztec success?
Who were the important leaders?
58. Examine the North American Indian societies. How were these societies different and how
were they similar?
59. Examine the rise of the Inca empire. What were the leading factors in this movement? Who
were the important leaders?
60. Compare the social and religious structures of the Aztec and Inca empires. How might this
structure help to explain their success?
61. Examine Map 20.1, The Toltec and Aztec empires, 950-1520 C.E. What was the relationship
between these societies? How did they influence each other? Why were the Aztecs able to
put together such a large empire?
62. Look at the reproduction of the Mexica list on page 419. How important was the role of
writing to the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican societies? How does the role of writing for
these tribes relate to that of the tribes of North and South America? What role did tribute
from its conquered peoples play in the Aztec success?
63. Examine the picture of the Great Serpent Mound on page 423. Why did some North
American tribes build mound structures when others didn’t? Why didn’t the societies of
North America build states as large or powerful as those of their counterparts in
Mesoamerica and South America?
64. Examine the picture of the mummified Inca ruler on page 426. How was the Inca ruler
viewed by his subjects? Have we seen anything similar in other societies?
65. Look at the picture of Nan Madol on page 430. What does the building of this structure tell
you about the evolution of religious and political concepts in Oceania?
66. How did the Mexica people establish their authority over the peoples of central Mexico?
How did the Mexica treat conquered peoples?
67. What are some of the distinctive features of Mexica agriculture? Why was it so productive?
68. What are some of the typical trade goods within the Aztec empire? Which items particularly
impressed the Spanish?
69. What are the distinctive features of the Mexica social structure?
70. What are the distinctive aspects of Mexica religion? What is the purpose of human sacrifice?
71. Which of the societies of North America had developed settled agriculture by the fifteenth
century? What kind of agriculture was typical?
72. What are some of the distinctive features of the agriculture and animal husbandry to emerge
in the Andes Mountains?
73. What are some of the distinctive features of Inca society and religion?
74. What are some of the notable achievements of Inca society?
75. What are the distinctive features of the agricultural societies to emerge in the Pacific islands
before western contact?