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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED
EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
ANDIZHAN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER Z.M.BOBUR
ON MANUSCRIPT RIGHTS
UDK ______________
DEPARTMENT EDUCATION OF MAGISTRACY
CHAIR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
“Approved”
by the head of the department
N. I. Askarov
_____________________
“_____” “_____” 2016
“Allowed to the defend”
by the head of the chair
B. T. Jalilov
___________________
“_____” “_____” 2016
MAGISTER DISSERTATION
«PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF ENGLISH SUFFICES AND
CHOICE OF THEIR UZBEK CORRESPONDENCES»
Done by:
G. R. Abduvaliyeva
A graduate student of the specialty of 5A111401-Foreign language and
literature (English language)
Scientific superviser:
doc. I. S. Soliyev
Andizhan-2016
CONTENTS
Introduction.............................................................................................................3
I. Theories and means of word creation in world languages……………..…...11
1.1. Affixation as a word and a form creating means..............................................11
1.2. The status of suffixation as a word creating means..........................................26
II. Problems of systematization of suffixes in Modern English.........................33
2.1. Principles of systematization of word creating suffixes in English.................33
2.2. Structural, functional, semantic, stylistic and etymological characteristics of
word creating suffixes.............................................................................................43
III. Stylistic features of translation of English suffixes and pedagogical
technologies of forming word creation skills.......................................................60
3.1. Stylistic features of suffixes as morphemic translation units...........................60
3.2. Pedagogical technologues of forming word creation skills with the help of
English suffixes.......................................................................................................64
Conclusion..............................................................................................................69
Bibliography...........................................................................................................73
Appendixes……………………………………..…………...................................80
2
INTRODUCTION
Today, the importance of our people’s perfect knowledge of foreign
languages can scarcely be exaggerated as our country aspires to win a decent place
in the word community, because our people see their great future as an in mutual
accord and cooperation with their foreign partners. However, it is necessary to
remember always that the study of foreign languages should not be carried out at
the expense of oblivion to the mother tongue. It is hard to understand and justify a
specialist, especially one holding a high post, who is unable to choose fine and
appropriate words to express his idea, concisely and precisely, in his mother
tongue.
On December 10, 2012 President Islom Karimov officially declared the
decree “On the measures of further improvement of the system of teaching foreign
languages”. According to this decree from September 2, 2013 English is being
taught at all schools in form 1. Speaking of the achievements in touching foreign
languages Mr. President pointed out shortcomings that we are facing in order to
overcome the existing problems he recommended to work out modern
untraditional methods of teaching using computer and information technologies.
In the work “Yuksak ma’naniyat – yengilmas kuch” Mr. Karimov said: “The
future and the progress of our country is at the hand of our young generation”. [2,
27] The main objective is to treat young generation to have a free talk with
foreigners, alongside with this to create conditions to get acquainted and use
achievements of the world civilization in their activities.
It’s unanimously acknowledged among linguists like any living organism,
that language as one of the major attributes of social life is always in action.
Itdevelops and gets perfect. This process is closely connected with the history,
stages of development of the society and people the language used by. Alongside
any human language has its present, past and future. So, while studying the
language phenomenon it’s desirable to take into consideration historical
3
development of it as it gives most valuable and full historical and practical
information to the scholars who are involved in this field of science.
The afore said mostly belongs to lexical layer of the language. Enrichment
of the vocabulary as one of the most essential factors of language development
represents it’s dynamic character. Changes in lexical layer is notable than other
layers (phonological, grammatical). All the changes take place in conformity with
language laws.
There appear new objects, phenomenae, notions belonging to social life,
science, technology, medicine, physics etc. with the development of afore
mentioned spheres of life. Exactly speaking, they first come into being among
small groups of people, and then they become known through mass media, on the
pages of special literature. But they get an official status of a new entry in
dictionaries, after being engraved in them. They are represented by new words,
which express new meanings or shades of meanings. They may be in different
structures, various meanings and functions.
The problem of rise and usage of new words is not a new one.It was and is
still in the focus of attention of such prominent linguists as V.V.Vinogradov,
Akhmanova, R.G.Zyatkovskaya, P. M. Kaushanskaya, V.S. Kubrayakova,O.D.
Meshkov, I. V. Arnold, S. R. Rakhimov, U. K. Yusupov, Adams, V. G. Gak, A.
D. Zverev, O. M. Muminov, A. Hojiev.
Having studied the existing literature on the theme it turned out that the
problem of suffixation has not been solved fully yet.
The following burning issues are still remaining untouched by
linguistics:
-
the perfect classification of suffixes does not exist nowadays;
-
the full list of word creating suffixes is not presented by anybody;
-
asymmetic nuture of suffixes has not been fully studied yet;
-
translation issues of suffixes has nont been investigated yet;
-
foremost pedagogical technologies of teaching suffies are not worked
out.
4
This fact makes up the basis of the theme.
The actuality of the theme is seen in the following:
1.
Determination the status of suffixation among other word creating
means;
2.
Working out acceptable clas sification by all based on structural,
semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional peculiarities;
3.
Making up the list of noun creating, adjective creating, adverb and
numeral creating suffixes,
basic models and their possible variants in the
languages under comparison;
4.
Throwing light to the nature of a group of suffixes in English and
Uzbek.
5.
Studying
the best and possible ways of inter language
correspondences of suffixational lexemes painting out common and specific
features;
6.
Finding out the most effective technologies of teaching the
theme“Word creation” with the help of suffixes to the learners of English.
The object of the dissertation is the system of the noun, adjective, verb,
adverb and numeral forming suffixes of the English and Uzbek languages.
As the subject matter of the dissertation serve such essential peculiarities
of suffixes as morphemic structure, lexical meanings, functional features,
expressive potentials, corresponding forms and lingua-didactic tasks of suffixes.
The main objective of the dissertation is to systematize, as well as to
create many-sided classification of suffixes and to solve linguo-didactic and
translation problems of suffixes as a means of word creation.
The following concrete tasks will be solved during the investigations:
a)
selection and study of theoretical sources connected with suffixation;
b)
contrastive study of all existing ways of word building and
determine the place and role of suffixation in this process;
5
to
c)
Working out major criteria and principles of classification of suffixes
from morphological, semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional points of
view.
d)
Systematization of suffixes, synonymic, homonymic and antonymic
relations of suffixes amongst one another
e)
Translation issues of suffixes from English into Uzbek and vice-versa;
the foremost technology of teaching;creation of words with the help of suffixes to
the learners of English as a foreign language.
The novelty of the investigation is seen in the following;
a)
the functional status of suffixation, as well as certain types of suffixes
is determined;
b)
a new,
multi-sided classification of suffixes based on structural,
semantic, etymological, stylistic and functional features of suffixes are suggested;
c)
basic models of suffixational lexemes are presented;
d)
asymmetric peculiarities of certain types of suffixes are disclosed and
productivity and non-productivity of suffixes are shown;
e)
chief means of correspondence of English and Uzbek suffixes are
determined.
f)
an effective technology, including a system of exercises, of teaching
word creation ways to the learners of English is worked out.
The issues waiting for their solution are the following:
- structural semantic, functional-stylistic, etymological characteristics of
word creating suffixes;
- multisided classification of suffixes;
- interlanguage correspondences of suffixes;
- teaching problems of derivational lexemes;
- compiling the list and dictionary of suffixational words;
- determining basic patterns of suffixational lexemes, etc.
The hypothesis of the dissertation is that suffixation is one of the most
productive means in the process of enriching and widening of the word stocks of
6
both English and Uzbek language, having isomorphic and allomorphic
peculiarities.
Comments on the used literature.
As to the materials of the dissertation work served works of well-known
Uzbek and English writers, Websters third new international dictionary (1993,
Konemann),
Complete
English-Russian,Russian-English
Dictionary
(2013,
Moscow,Oxford),Advanced learners dictionary of Current English (1982, Oxford),
English-Uzbek Uzbek-English dictionary (2013, Tashkent), O’zbek tilining izohli
lug’ati (Explanatiory dictionary of the Uzbek language) (2006, Tashkent) and
others.
R. G. Zyatkovskaya’s book “Suffixational system of modern English” offers
criteria of determining the morphemic status of the suffix based on distributional,
functional, syntagmatic characteristics of suffixes.
The author compiles the list of suffxes though the list is not full. While
studying functional features R. G. Zyatkovskaya pays attention to the functions of
suffixes that indicate lexico-grammatical classes of words, including semantic
functions. She tries to give detailed analysis of suffixes: segmentation of the stem,
phonology of morphemic border.
The suffix “-hood” as a noun forming derivative suffix is described in the
following way:
1. Allamorph:
- hoodⁿ
[hud] – hood, examples: adulthood, childhood, falsehood;
[hed] – head, example: godhead
2. Phonemic invariant: [hd]
3. Types of joining: free, example: mother//hood, hard//i//hood
4. Phonology of the theme: not stressed suffix
5. Distribution. Final position: comes after – li- , -en-, -ster-, -or-in
liked//li//hood, maid//en//hood
6. Grammatical function: indication of the noun, etc
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In traditional linguistics classification of suffixes is carried out of it:
etymology and division into class of words.
G. Marchand includes the list of morphemes such allamorphs as [әns] -ance,
- ence and [әnsi] -ancy, -ency, [si] -cy. O. Jesperson in his turn considers two
morphemed -trix and -erer as suffixes.
Lohile making the list of suffixes he omits such morphemes as -ade, -ase,
-enne, -ifer, -oma, -oid, -us etc. So, he points out 77 suffixes and 5 semisuffixes.
More detailed classification can be observed in I. V. Arnold’s book “The
English Word”. He divides morphemes into roots and affixes. The latter is
subdivided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes. According to their functions and
meaning suffixes are divided into derivational and functional suffixes. He gives the
list of word forming suffixes but it’s not full. Stylistic peculiarities, basic models,
translation issues of suffixes stay out of his focus of attention.
l. S. Barkhudarov and D. A. Shteling consider affixation (prefixation and
suffixation) as an element which is added to the stem, expressing a grammatical
meaning ((e)s, -ed, er/-est, etc)
As we are there is not a unanimous approach of linguistics to the
classification of suffixes.
Methods used in the work. In accordance with the tasks contrastive,
selective, translation, componential, modeling and statistic methods have been
used in the study of the theme.
Theoretical value of the results of the dissertation is seen in the
following:
a)
new theoretical views concerning suffixation( or postfixes) can be
used in lecturing the part “ Word building” of lexicology, comparative typology of
English and Uzbek, the part of translation units of the theory of translation
b)
the results of the investigation can also be used while writing
graduation papers, dissertations for getting doctors and masters degrees, course
papers as well as.
8
Practical value of the results of the dissertation can be explained by the
following:
a)
materials and results can be used while compiling English-Uzbek and
Uzbek-English dictionaries;
b)
the list of suffixes of the compared languages is available at the
seminar classes;
c)
the scope and means of interlanguage correspondences of suffixes will
be helpful to the specialists, who are engaged in the practice of translation;
d)
the technology of word creation skills helps the language learners to
get rid of possible mistakes and to master the language within a short period of
time;
e)
The concrete approaches done in the work help the learners when and
how to use suffixes in concrete situations and styles, etc.
Structural
characteristics of the dissertation is the following:
introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendixes.
Chapter one is entitled “Theories and means of word creation in world
languages”. This chapter consists of two subparts, the first of which deals with the
determination of the place and status of affixation as a means of word formation
and grammatical forms.The second subpart of the chapter is devoted to the
contrastive study of suffixation with the other ways of word creation.
Chapter two is entitled “Problems of systematization of suffixes in Modern
English” and consists of two subparts. The first subpart deals with the issues of
suffixes systematization criteria and classification, assimmetric features of suffixes
(synonymy, homonymy and antonomy). The second subpart is devoted to study
of functioanal-semantic and stylistic features of the English suffixes.
The third chapteris entitled “Stylistic features of translation of English
suffixes and pedagogical technologies of forming word creation skills”.The chapter
consists of two subparts, the first of which deals with stylistic features of suffixes
as a translation unit.The second subpart is devoted to the creation of pedagogical
technology of forming creation of lexemes with the help of suffixes.
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Conclusion is the part of the dissertation in which the results of
investigation as well as the confirmation of the hypothesis of the work is shown to
our satisfaction, that suffixation is one of the most productive means of word
creation in English and Uzbek.
Bibliography presents a good and important selection of the authors dealing
with the subject of the investigation and some internet sites connected with the
same subject. It also presents the list of dictionaries used in the work and literary
sources by English and Uzbek writers.
Appendixes present the alphabet list of suffixes and the English-Uzbek
dictionary of suffixational words.
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I. THEORIES AND MEANS OF WORD CREATION IN WORLD
LANGUAGES
1.1. Affixation as a word and a form creating means
It is universally acknowledged that languages (except dead ones), like living
organisms change, develop and become perfect. These changes take place and can
be seen in the phonetic, grammatical and lexical systems. Changes and
development in the phonetic and grammatical forms take place slowly. But it is
vice versa in lexics. Enrichment of the vocabulary of the language is one of the
important factors of the development of any national language. New words appear
in the language in connection with extra-linguistic and linguistic factors. By extra
linguistic factors we mean appearance of new words in accordance with necessity
to call new subject, phenomena belonging social life, technology science, economy
etc. By intra linguistic factors of word creation we understand all the linguistic
means of word creation within one language or other languages.
As the word reflects all the changes taking place in the life of speaking
collective, we dare call it “the mirror of life”. They call it as the central unit of the
language, because of its multifunctional character. Phonetic changes, grammatical
forms get realized within the word, the latter plays a chief role in the formation of
the sentence as a communicative unit.
For the absence of the unanimously adopted term for the case under study,
they
use
the
terms
“word-formation”,
“word
building”
in
English
“slovoobrazovanie” in Russian, wort bildung in German, “so‘zyasash” in Uzbek.
In our opinion the terms word formation and word building are far from
expressing the real feature of the phenomenon under study. They seem to express
formal (morphological) structure of the word. That’s why we suggest the term
word creation (so‘zyaratish) instead of them.
So, the term word creation has got two major meanings:
1) the term expresses the constant process of creation of new words in the
language;
11
2) it denotes the part of linguistic science, which studies processes and laws
of creation of lexical units.
We suggest calling this part of lexicology as word creation. The chief task of
word creation part is to study formal, semantic, genetic and other laws,
peculiarities of creation of new lexical units, appearing in the process of language
development.
Every language has got its word creating models. They may be productive
models or means of word creation. English has various means of word creation. To
them belong word creation, word compounding, conversation, abbreviation,
adjectivization,
substantivization,
reversion,
lexical-semantic
way,
sound
interchange, phonological way(change of the accent of the word, sound imitation,
and back-formation. [30,77-163]
Some of the above mentioned means take an active part in word formation
process, some of them are considered to be passive means of word creation.
Before turning to the definition of word creating means we’d like to throw
light to the morphological structure of English words.
The word is an antonymous unit of language that has a particular meaning
and a particular sound complex and capable of a particular grammatical use mainly
to be a sentence.
There is a difference between a word and a morpheme.
A morpheme has also a meaning and a sound form. But unlike a word, it’s
not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words.
This means that they can’t be used independently. Besides they are indivisible
units, they can’t be divided into smaller meaningful units. In other words
morphemes are minimum meaningful language units.
The term morpheme is of Greek origin, morph “form”+eme, the smallest
distinctive unit.
According to I.V.Arnold a form (morpheme) may be of two types: free and
bound [30, 77]
12
L.Bloomfield shares the same opinion and says that a word may occur alone
with its exact meaning. That’s why he is right saying that a word is a minimum,
free form.
Bound forms are forms that have lost their independence and always bound
to something inside the word structure.
For example, ball, help, six, south are all free forms, but
-ship,- er, -ist, -
ism, -teen, -ful in friendship, photographer, socialist, pluralism, sixteen, southward,
helpful are bound (or dependent) forms. They never occur outside the structure of
the word. However one should take into consideration cases of homonymy
between free and bound morphemes.
While speaking about the morphological structure of the word, one should
differ roots and affixes. The latter can be divided into prefixes, infixes and suffixes
according to the position. In their turn affixes may be derivational and functional
affixes.
I.V. Arnold calls functional prefixes and suffixes endings or outer
formatives.
In connection with word structure, we’d like to express our points of view
concerning the term “stem” (o‘zak in Uzbek). So the part of word without a
derivational and functional affix is the stem.
The stem unlike affixes expresses lexical and the part of speech meaning:
Happy=glad, an adjective
To die= be killed in action, a verb
Dance= an original social event where people go to dance, a noun
The above mentioned words are the examples for simple stems. Or the stem
of paradigmbusy-busies-the busiest is busy. Busier and the busiest are
grammatical forms of the word busy.
As busy consists of a root morpheme and an affix it is not simple but
derived. As we see a stem consisting of one or more affixes is a derived stem. Thus
in the word dedicatory, dedicative, dedicate the adjective forming affixes -ory, ive, - ate the remaining part dedicate cannot form a separate form, because it is
13
bound. But it’s vice versa in such derivative words as deafen (verb), citizen
board(noun), carpet less (adjective), clockwise (adverb), nineteen (numeral), where
the derived stems (deaf, citizen, carpet, clock, nine) are free
Our analysis showed that bound stems are characteristic of loan words. They
are the words of French, Latin, Greek origin: radical, cosmical, economical,
hysteria, benzyl, importance, coward, courage, legible, tolerable.
If we take away the affixes the remaining stem look like, rad, cosm, econom,
hyster, benz, import, cow, cour, leg, toler and have no independent meanings.
A root as the common element of words within a word-family can be
regarded as the constituent element. The point can be illustrated by the following
word-family, given by I.V.Arnold: heart (common root), hearten, dishearten,
heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heart-broken, kind-hearted,
whole-heartedly etc. [30, 78]
They may be classified into one(single) root and multiroot (compound)
words.
Among them heart, being the common root, is unsegmentable. Other
members of the word-family are segmentable, consisting of two or more distinct
morphemes.
They may be of three subtypes:
1)
those formed by affixational derivatives. The basic models of them
will be English stem+suffix; prefix+English stem, prefix+English stem+suffix:
prefix+English stems: English stems+suffix: traitor, prewar, manship, piggy,
slowly
2)
the second group of words are such compound words which are made
up of two or more simple or derived stems: bookkeeper, ball-terrior, bunk-feeder,
sweetheart, heart-broken.
They are usually built according to the following basic models.
Stem-stem+suffixes, stem+stem+suffixes, stem+stem
I.V. Arnold differentiates one, more subtypes. He calls as derivational
compounds or phrasal derivation(kind heart)+ed [30, 78-79]. But we think that the
14
second and the third types represent the same subtype. That’s why we accept the
first two subtypes.
As we said before affixation comprises prefixes infixes and suffixes. The
difference among them is not only their position but their function and meanings
also.
I.V.Arnold defines suffix in the following way “A suffix is a derivational
morpheme, following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of
speech or a different word class”[30, 80]
Approving this definition we’d like to give more detailed definition of the
suffix:
A suffix is a derivational bound morpheme, standing after the stem alone or
next to other suffixes), creating words belonging to the same or to different word
class polysemantic, stylistically coloured or neutral, native or borrowed, productive
and non-productive.
Suffixes render general lexico-grammatical meaning. Here below most
common suffixes express the following meanings:
Suffix
-able,
Meaning
-
Wor
dclass
adject
can be done
ible
Examples
Comfortable
ive
-al, -ible
-er, -or
-ion,-tion
-less
having
characteristics of
one who act
process
without
adject
Personal
noun
noun
adject
actor, hunter
occasion, attraction
Fearless
adject
Joyous
ive
ive
-ous,eous,-ious
-ian
possessing
the qualities of
ive
activities of
a man
noun
historian, Canadian,
Russian
A prefix is a derivational morpheme which stands at the beginning of the
root and gives a certain type of meaning.
Most common prefixes in English are:
15
Prefix
Meaning
Key word
Anti-
against
Antifreeze
De-
opposite
Defrost
Dis-
not, opposite of
Disagree
En-, em-
cause to
encode, embrace
Fore-
before
Forecast
In-, im-,il-,ir
not
Impossible,
injustice
Inter-
between
Interact
Mid-
middle
Midway
Mis-
wrongly
Misfire
Non-
not
Nonsense
Over-
over
Overlook
Pre-
before
Prefix
Re-
again
Return
Semi-
half
Semicircle
Sub-
under
Submarine
Super-
above
Superstar
Trans-
across
Transport
Un-
not
Unfriendly
Under-
under
undersea
The most frequent prefixes account for 97 percent of prefixed words in
printed school English [Hemigway, 62]
P. V. Tsaryeva devided prefixes into two groups:
1) prefixes with negative meaning:
2) prefixes expressing relation to a place, time, degree.
To the first group of prfixes belong un-,in-,il, im-,ir, dis-, mis-,,non-,de-,
anti- and counter-(unfamiliar, unseen, incapable, immorial, dislike, disapprove, to
16
misunderstand, to misprint,non-religious, non-stop, nongovernmental, degasify,
devalue, deforest, anticolonial, anti-tank, counterblow,counter-revolution etc.
Prefixes, belonging to the second group, are devided into 5 subgroups by
P.V. Tsaryeva and she calls them:
1)
prefixes expressing existence out of something, excess, superiority,
redundancy of something. To this subgroup belong words with such prefixes as
out-, extra-, ultra- and trans-: outdoor, outsider, extrahuman, extraformal,
ultracomplex, ultra-English, transmarine.
2)
Prefixes expressing situation over(upon) something, excessivness of
something
For
example:
overproduce,
oversadly,
overdeepen,
superpower,
supernatural,superprofit
3) prefixes expressing situation
Under something, lower something subordination to someone:
underbuy, undertime, underground, subfloor, subway, substractive, subtype etc.
4)prefixes expressing presence of something between some things, relation
with
something:
(kutubxonalararoaloqa,almashinuvi)
inter-for
interurban
example:
interlibrary
(ikkishaxaro‘rtasidaturuvchi),
interdependent
(o‘zarobir-birigabog‘liq,tobe) interactive (interfaol), intercontinental rockets
(qitalararoraketa);
5) prefixes expressing fore going, posteriority in time; pre-, post-,
prearrange, preborn, preseason, post-war, post-graduate, post-roman.[60, 87-116]
From the point of view of etymology, affixes can be subdivided into two
main groups: the native affixes and the borrowed affixes. The term affix refers
both to suffixes and prefixes. By native affixes we mean original suffixes and
prefixes that existed in English in the old English period and formed from old
English words. We know that affixes are bound forms but some of them developed
from free forms once upon a time. To such kind affixes belong “dom”, “-hood”, “lock”, “-ful”, “-less’’, “-like”, “-ship”. Suffixes “-dom” and “-hood” developed
17
from the word state. They were the second elements of compound words. Later on
they lost their status of being a stem and become suffixes. The same can be said
about prefixes. “-dom”, “-hood”, “-d”, “-ed”, “-en”, “-fold”, “ful”, “-ing”, “-ish”,
“-un-”, “over-”, “ under-”, “in-”, “ de-”, “ ex-”, “re-”, are Romantic, “sym-”,
“hyper-” are Greek prefixes.
But there are some disputable cases concerning some prefixes as ad-,
“ac-”, “re-”, “de”, “corn”. A group of linguists consider that words with them are
all simple words. But we think that “ad-”, “ac-” should be treated as prefixes
accompany, adlink, borrowed from Romanic languages.
Like suffixes prefixes may be mono-and polyfunctional.
For example, the verb- forming, prefixes ”be” –and”en-” can express
functional meaning with a certain variety of lexical meanings at once.
“Be”-forms transitive verbs with adjective, verb and noun stems and changes
intransitive verbs into transitive verbs: beliitle (v) “to make little”, benumb (v) “to
make numb”, befriend (v) “to treat”.
As we said before language is the mirror of the society. It reflects all the
changes taking place in social, cultural, scientific, political, economic life. These
changes take their names as new concepts, objects and ideas. As we know these
new words are not created from nowhere. The process of coining new words,
besides affixation covers some more major and minor processes.
We can point out three major processes, namely, affixation, conversion,
abbreviation and compounding.
We have discovered eight minor types, namely, blending, clipping,
acronymy, back formation, words from proper names, reduplication, neo-classical
formation and miscellaneous.
Conversion is one of the means of word creation. Inthis case one part
of speech is created from another:
Verb-noun, adjective-noun, adjective -verb, adjective-adverb, etc.
Teach-teacher, wide-widen, red-redden, economy-economize
18
As we see conversion is particularly common in English, because
basic form of nouns and verbs is similar in many cases. This is because
grammatical genders, declensions and conjugations do not exist in English.
The status of conversion is a bit unclear. It is part and parcel of wordcreation. But there are some doubts about whether it must be considered a branch
of derivation or a separate process by itself. Despite this undermined position in
grammar, some scholars say that conversion will become even more active in the
future believing that it is a very easy way to create new words in English.
Conversion as a characteristic feature of the English word-building
system is often called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation. But the second term
seems to us inapplicable because of one sidedness of the term. Besides that there
are other types of word building in which new words are also created without
affixes (most compounds contrasted words, sound-imitation words, etc). So
conversation is understood by us as a phenomenon of creating a new word from
some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic
shape of the original word remaining unchanged. The newly created word has a
meaning, which differs from that of the original one though it can more or less be
easily associated with it. Besides it has also a new paradigm peculiar to its new
category as a part of speech.
We must point out the fact that the term “conversion” was created by
Henry Sweet in his book “New English Grammar” of 1891.
Our analysis showed different approaches to the definition of
conversion. Professor A.I.Smirnitskiy treats conversion as a morphological way of
forming words. According to him one part of speech is formed from another part
of speech by changing its paradigm. To form the verb “ to phone” from the noun
“phone” we change the paradigm of the noun (“a phone”, “phones”) for the
paradigm of a regular verb (I phone, he phones, phoned, phoning).[55, 103]
A.Marchand treats conversion as a morphologicol-syntactical word-creation
[85, 76].Because we have not only the change of the paradigm, but also the change
19
of the syntactic function: Karim bought a ship for me (the noun ship is the object in
the sentence). They ship the cargo.(The verb ship is the predicate in the sentence).
Nouns and verbs are the two parts of speech especially affected by
conversion.
English verbs made from nouns are the most numerous among the words
produced by conversion. Eg: “to face”, “to eye”, “to mouth”, “to hand”, “to stage”
and many others.
English nouns are frequently made from verbs: “to make”, “to run”,
“to catch”, “to show”.
English verbs can also be made from adjectives: “to yellow”, “to
cool”, “to grey”.
Converted verbs can denote:
a) instrumental meaning when they are formed from nouns denoting parts of
a human body eg. to eye, to ginger, shoulderetc. or tools, instruments to hammer,
to nail.
b)action of the living being: to crowd, to wolf, to ape
c)
acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed from nouns
denoting an object, e.g: to dust, to paper, to fish, to peel
d) an action performed at the place denoted by the noun from which they
have been converted, e.g. to park, to garage, to bottle, to pocket.
e) an action performed at the time denoted by the noun from which they
have been converted e.g. to winter, to week-end etc.
English nouns can also be formed by means of conversion from verbs.So
converted nouns can denote:
a)
instant of an action e.g. “a jump”, “a move”, “a crash”
b)
process or state e.g. “sleep”, “walk”.
c)
agent of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has
been converted e.g. “a help”, “a flirt”, “a scold”
d)
object or result of the action expressed by the verb from which the
noun has been converted e.g. “a bura”, “a find”,“a paradise”;
20
e)
place of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has
been converted e.g. “drive”, “a stop”, “a walk”.
Our investigations showed that a number of nouns converted from verbs are
used only in singular number and express momentareous actions. Such nouns often
come with “to have”, “to get”, “to take”, “to have a try”, “to give a push”, “to take
a swim”etc.
Besides we’ve discovered cases of conversion from form words
(proposition, conjunctions etc.)
I want to know ins and outs.
We shan’t go into the whys and wherefores. My boss is familiar with
ups and downs of life.
We shift to abbreviation as a process of word creation. In some
sources we can find such terms as shortenings, clippings. It is common knowledge
that in the process of communication we try to express our thoughts in a laconic
way. But the causes of shortening may be either linguistic or extra-linguistic.
By linguistic causes of abbreviating words we mean the demand of
rhythm, the rules of borrowed words and criteria of new words on the basis of
anology.
By extra-linguistic causes we mean changes in the life of people.
In modern English many new abbreviations, acronyms, initials, blends
are formed because tempo of life is increasing and it’s becoming necessary to give
more and more information in the shortest possible time.
O. S. Akhmanova differentates two types of shortenings: graphical and
lexical. [64,207]
If the abbreviated within form lends itself to be read as though, it were an
ordinary English word and sounds like an English word, it will be read like one.
Such words are called acronyms. The term is of Greek origin(“acrs”-end+“onym”name).
This way of creating new words is becoming more and more popular
in all spheres of social life including especially political and technical vocabulary.
21
To them belong such shortenings as U.N.O., N.A.T.O, NOW(National
Organization for women), FD (Forced draft), DC (dust collector), CFA (Canadian
Federation of Agriculture), SALT (Strategic Arms limitation Talks)
Acronyms of the type SALT, NOW are often homonymous. So in meeting
the needs of communication and fulfilling the laws of the lexical system is
undergoing modification in its basic structure: namely it forms new elements not
by combining existing morphemes and proceeding from sound forms to their
graphic representations but the other way round-coming new words from the initial
letters of phrasal terms existing in texts.
The other subgroup consists of initial abbreviation with the
alphabetical reading retained. In other words they are pronounced as a series of
letters:BBC-the British Broadcasting Corporation; H.P-horse-power; MM-motor
mechanic, MC-manual control;PP-power plant; O.S.-oversize; MT-mechanical
transport;VH-Vehicle, MP-member of parliament.
One of the essential features of abbreviations is its freely use in
colloquial speech.
The term abbreviation can also be used for a shortened form of
economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is made by omission of letters from one
or more parts of the whole: Bedg-for building, govt- for government, LTD- for
limited, BA-for Bachelor of Arts.
Abbreviation of words means clipping a part of a word. As a result of
this process weget a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning or the style
is different from the full form of the word. In “fantasy” and “fancy”, “difference”
and “defense” we have different lexical meanings and we have different styles with
“laboratory” and “lab”
Unlike affixation and conversion abbreviation does not change the
part of speech meaning. It produces words belonging to the same part of speech. U
and unit (apparat, mexanizm) remote control are both nouns.
Our analysis of the dictionary “English-Russian dictionary of
agricultural machinery” (Publishing House Sovetskaya encyclopedia, Moscow,
22
1985) showed that nouns mostly undergo abbreviation. But this phenomenon can
be observed with verbs (to rev from to revolve) and adjectives combined with
suffixation(in school slangs):tptr-transporter(konveyer, transporter), TIMTDtrailer-mounted (pritsepgaulangan), coller=collector (yig‘uvchi, to‘plovchi);
Pronouns, numerals, interjections, conjunctions are usually not abbreviated.
Fif (fifteen), teenager, in one’s focus are exceptions. English lexical
abbreviation isclassified according to the part of the word which is clipped.
Usually the end of the word is clipped, because the root makes up the beginnings
of the word and it expresses the lexical meaning of the word. In linguistics this
type of abbreviation is called either “deflexion” or “apocope”: cov (for cover), colf
(for cocficient), col (for collector), cond(for condenser), eng (for engine), diaph
(for diaphragm), dig (for digging), inst (for installation)etc.
But there are cases beginning of the word or middle of it is clipped:chute
(parachute),versity (university), copter (helicopter), dvr(driver), dnge(drainage).
Composition is considered to be one of the most productive word creating
processes. Compound words are lexical units consisting of at least two stems
which occur in English as free forms: depth-charge(chuqurlikbombasi)endgame(shaxmato‘yininingoxirgiyakunlovchipallasi).
English
man(ingliz),
fir-
needle(archaningignalibargi).
The elements of a compound word function as a separate lexical unit in a
sentence. Compounding(composition) is the way of word creation when a word is
formed by forming two or more stems to create one word.
The structural unity of a compound word depends upon:
a)
the unity of stress;
b)
solid or hyphenated spelling;
c)
semantic unity;
d)
unity of morphological and syntactical functioning.
English compounds usually have one uniting stress(on the first component);
hard-cover, best-seller. Double stressed English compounds have main stress on
the first component, secondary stress on the second component; blood-vessel.
23
Compound words may be idiomatic and non-idiomatic. The first type of
compounds is such compounds where the meaning of the whole is not made of
meanings of its components: skinhead, to ghostwrite, brain-drain etc.
In the second case semantic units in non-idiomatic compounds is not strong:
airbus, to bloodtransfuse etc.
There are more than one classification ways of compound words. The first is
the type according to the type of composition and the linking element:
1)juxtaposition without connecting elements: heartache, heart-felt, heartbreak etc.
The second type is made of a vowel or a consonant as a linking element:
speedometer, Afro-Asian, handicraft etc.
The third type is represented by preposition or conjunction stress: down-andout, mother-in-law, pepper-and-salt, wall-to-wall.
According to the structure they may be classified into:
a)
compounds consisting of simple stems: headache, film-star;
b)
compounds with at least one derived stem: chain-smoker, smooth-
tongued, smoking-carriage etc.
c)
compounds
with at least one clipped stem: moths-stress, H-bag
(handbag), Xmas(Christmas)
d)
compounds with at least one constituent is a compound stem:
wastepaper-basket
According to the parts of speech compounds may be:
1. Noun compounds. They may be of six types:
-subject+verb; headache- the headaches, crybaby-the baby cries
-verb+object: pickpocket- to pick pockets, house-keeping- to keep house
-verb+ adverbial: swimming pool-to swim in the pool, drinking cup-to drink
out of a cup
-subject+object: gaslight-the gas produces light, honeybee-the bee produces
honey
24
-restrictive elements where the first element restricts the meaning of the
second:raindrop of raining; evening school, “a school in the evening”
-appositive relations where the first element is in opposition to the second
one: a peasant girl’ the girl is a peasant.
2. Adjective compounds. They also may be classified into the following
subtypes:
-subject+verb: thunder-strick(houses), weather-beaten(rocks)
-verb+object: fault-finding “to find fault”, peace-loving-“to love peace”
-verb+adverbial: ocean-going “to go across oceans”, hardworking “to work
hard”
-noun+adjective: taxfree “free from tax”, seasick “to sailing in the sea”
-coordinating relationship: bittersweet “sweetbut bitter”
3. Verb compounds fall into the following groups according to their method
of formation;
- those formed by back-formation (a reversal of derivation) house keep is
formed by deleting “-ing” and “ –or” form housekeeping, housekeeper;
-those formed by convertion: to blue pencil, to honeymoon, to machine-gun,
to nickname.
So according to their structure compounds are subdivided into:
a)
compound words consisting of two stems: train-sick
b)
derivational compounds: ear-minded, hydro-skimmer;
c)
compound words consisting of three or more stems: cornflower blue,
eggshell thin
d)
compound shortened words: Vj-day, camford, tourmobile etc.
4. There may be the following relations according to the relations between
the components of compound words:
a) subordinate compounds one of the elements of which is semantic and
structural centre and second is subordinate.
The relations between them may be:
-comparative: honey-sweet, eggshell-thin, dog-cheap
25
-objective: gold-rich, cause: love-sick, space: top-heavy, time: spring-fresh;
b) coordinative compounds are compounds elements of which are
semantically independent: women-doctor, Oxbridge, fifty-fifty, no-no, walkietalkie etc.
One can observe direct and indirect order of the components inside
compound words: kill-joy, nuclear free, rope-ripe etc.
Though not productive sound interchange, also takes part in word building
processes. It can be considered as a remnant of previous stages of language
development. That’s why I.V.Arnold is right saying “Synchronically sound
interchange should be considered as a method of word-building at all, but rather as
a basis for contrasting words belonging to the same word- family and different
parts of speech or different lexico-grammatical groups” [66, 145] Some of them,
he says, are due to ablaut or vowel gradation characteristics of Indo-European
languages and consisting in a change from one to another vowel accompanying a
change of stressAbsolute can differentiate words too. The examples are: bite(v)bit(n), ride(v)-road(n), abide(v)- above(n) etc.
1.2. The status of suffixation as a word creating means
Extralinguistic (external) and intralinguistic (Internal) factors play an
important role in the growth of the vocabulary of any language. By extralinguistic
factors we mean the necessity of naming changes, relations in social, economic,
political life’s science and techniques. Such factors do not depend on language
laws.
By intralinguistic factors we understand creating of new words in
accordance with the human language laws. We consider that prefixation,
suffixation, conversion, compounding, shortening change of word stress happen
within the framework of the language rules.
In this part of the dissertation work we try to throw light to the following
items of the theme: role and place of suffixation among other means, its definition,
meanings, degrees of productivity of suffixes in creating certain class of words.
26
The language as a means of communication among people has its past, today
and future. In this sense the language like any living beings changes, develops,
grows and becomes perfect and rich. Language development depends on the life of
the society. In other words all the changes taking place in social, cultural,
economic and scientific life are registered in the language owing to the necessity of
naming anything new. This process is called differently in world language (as we
said before)
The major task of this branch is to study specific features (formal, semantic,
stylistic, pragmatic, genetic) and laws of newly created lexemes.
They are not created by chance, but according to the basic models existing in
the language. This also refers to the derived words (with suffixes) the basic general
model for all of them is S+suf=NW1
In modern English one can differeniate the following methods of word
creation: creation of new words for something new (sugar-came, underground),
word compounding (hedgehog, blackmail, daydreamer, shortening (VIP-very
important person, GM-General Motors, UFO-unknown Flying Object), conversion,
adjectivization (harm-harmful, beauty-beautiful), substantivization (to play-player,
act-actor),
verbalization
(wide-widen,
deep-deepen)adverbialization
(quick-
quickly, deep=deeply), reversed word building ( top-pot, tip-pit),
1.
“S” for the stem, suf. for the suffix, NW for the new word lexical-
semantic waynose: 1)burun 2) tumshuq (samolyot,kema,qayiqkabilarniold (burun)
tomoni
2.
hard: a) kuchli,
2) qiyin, 3) qattiq, 4) sovuq, 5)shiddatli, o‘tkir,
quloqniqomatgakeltiradigan, 6) xasis, ochko‘z
3.
change of sounds (cat-fat, mice-rice, tall-fall) change of word stress
(`mankind-erkakzoti), mankind-insoniyat, odamzod, to ‘garage - garajgaqo‘ymoq,
..ga’rage (n)-garaj), imitation (ding-dong, cuckoo, tick-tack). As we see they are
thirteen of them.
All of them can be productive, less productive and minimum
productive suffixes according to the degree of productivity.
27
Our analysis of the Oxford Dictionary of Current English [70] by
Catherine Sowns showed that new word creation and word compounding are
productive (86%), conversion, lexic-semantic way less productive, change of
sounds and word stress change as the degree of minimum productivity (2%)
The term productivity refers to word creating models and their meanings
too.
We discovered the following models that create different parts of speech:
Verb+suffix=NW (noun): teacher, sailor, development
Noun+suffix=NW(noun): childhood, mankind
Noun+verb+suffix=NW(noun): potatomasher, woodcutter
Adjective+ suffix=NW(adverb): clearly, perfectly, recently
Noun+suffix= NW (adverb): Southward, Northward
Noun+Verb+ suffix= NW (noun): baby-sitting, baby-jumper, baby-sitter,
day-dreamer
Adjective+ suffix=NW (verb): to widen, to realize, to deepen
According to the number of stem and suffixes we discovered the following
basic models:
One stem+ one suffix= NW: Kingdom, traitor, important;
Multistem+ one suffix= NW: stagemanager, day—dreamer;
One stem+ multisuffix= NW: reactionist, activity, heartless:
Multistem+ multisuffix=NW: multinationality, ballpointedness
Taking into consideration that suffixes stand after stems(stem+one (or more
than) suffix) we discovered the following:
-ary+ly= fragmentarily (adv);
-less+ness= friendlessness (noun), heartlessness (noun);
-ible;-abli+ty: irresponsibility (noun);
-tion +ist: rreactionist (noun);
-ize+er: fertilizer (noun);
-er+ship: membership (noun);
-iza+ tion: colonization (noun);
28
-iv+ity: activity (noun);
-ive+ness: activeness(noun);
-al+dom: officialdom (noun);
According to the degree of activeness or passiveness in a certain period of
language development suffixes may be:
1)
synchronic word creating suffixes: protector, spaceship;
2)
diachronic word creating suffixes: kingdom, freedom;
To the first group belong- fy (clarify), -er (fighter), -ment,-en,-al, -ly, -we, ity, - tion.etc.
The second group of suffixes is those which were actively used in Old and
Middle English but rarely occurring in Modern English. They are- dom, -aster, ule, -esque,-us, -ia;
Some of the suffixes are specialized to form only one group of word classes,
but others may be used to create more than one word classes. Accordingly they
may have one or more than one meanings. According to these criteria we classify
them into the following types:
a)
momofunctional and monosemantic;
b)
polysefunctional and polysemantic;
To the first group of suffixes belong:-ship, -ism, -ify, -let etc.
To the second group of suffixes belong:-ant, -ive, -an, -ea, -ly, -y,-er, -al, ant, -ary, -ate, -ful, -etc.
Statistic analysis of the English-Uzbek dictionary by SH.Butayev [68, 218236 p.p] showed the degrees of activeness of derived words (belonging to this or
that part of speech);
N
Word class
1
Nouns
2
Adjective
Suffixation
al words
343
%
56,9
.
157
.
29
25,9
3
Adverbs
39
6.3
4
Verbs
66
10,9
5
The sum
605
100%
.
.
.
As we see from the table noun forming suffixes are more productive than
adjective forming suffixes.
There is a great difference between noun and verb forming suffixes.
The origin of suffixes can be morphemes or independent words.
From the stylistic point of view suffixes may classified into two groups:
a)
stylistically neutral;
b)
stylistically marked;
The first group of suffixes can be met in official style.
According to the position of word creating suffixes we divide into two
groups. That’s why-ship, -hood, -ness, -al, are absolutely postpositive suffixes
(readership, heartlessness, abstractionism).
But –er, -less, -ive, -al, ous, are interpositive suffixes.
We came across the following noun creating suffixes which precede other
suffixes:
1.
V+er+ship= Noun: leadership, sponsorship
2.
V+iz(a))+tion=Noun: mechanism, legalization, popularization
3.
N+iv+ity=Noun: activity, correlativity
4.
N+ive+ ness= Noun: competitiveness
5.
N+al+dom= Noun: officialdom
6.
Stem+ibi+ity= Noun: possibility, responsibility
Adjective forming suffixes-ive, -ful, -less may precede –ly: attentively,
beautifully, harmlessly.
30
Russian linguist P.M.Karashuk, in his book “Word formation in English”,
devides derived nouns into nouns with agentive suffixes and noun with abstract
suffixes”. [46, 303]
The suffix –er is productive. It is added to noun and verb stems and denotes
the doer of the activity (action) expressed in the stem: drinker, carter, writer. This
agentive suffix can be found in old English texts as –ere. In Middle Ages it created
builder, bookbinder, hatter, hunter, saddler, weaver. In this period-er gained a new
meaning a resident of a place: Londoner, Englander, villager.
From time to time hand made machines and apparates started to do things.
So –er was added to their names. This way –er gained the meaning of “a tool”: a
roller- valik, knocker- eshikzulfi(dvernoemolotok).
Nowadays –er can be added to adjectives and numerals too. Such words are
made
of
the
model:
chegaraxuddudidayashovchikishi,
S+S+er=Noun;S+er=Noun:
borderer-
villager-qishloqdayashovchikishi,
islander-
oroldayashovchikishi etc.
Noun forming suffixes –er while added to a numeral means a man of that
age:
fifteeners
or
sixteeners-o‘nbeshyokio‘noltiyoshlio‘smirlar,
fourty-
ninerqirqto‘qqizyoshlikishi.
There are some examples that –er can be added to a prepositional verb
phrase and nouns are formed: to look on-on looker, to come by- comer by, to dine
out-diner out, to find out-finder out. But in English if a stem with –er expressing a
noun is a noun, there is a tendency to use the latter: student-studier. This case is
possible with homonymous stems created by-er: bettingman-better (one who bets)garovo‘ynovchiis used in place of it because it expresses the comparative degree
of adjectives.
Its main reason is the necessity for the choice of correcting meanings, for
correct understanding and use.
Noun forming –er can be found in jargons (V+-er=N). To blight
(umumanpuchgachiqarmoq)
–blighter
(yoqimsiz,
zerikarlikishi)
to
bound
(sakramoq, chopmoq) –bounder (tarbiyasiz,to‘polonchi,janjalkashkishi), to cram
31
(miyagaquymoq,Imtixonga majburlab olib bormoq)-crammer (repetitor,imtixonga
tayyorlovchi).
Out investigations showed that –er is used to create not only simple derived
nouns but compound derived nouns too: can-opener (konservaochqich), icebreaker
(muzyorarkema),
tooth-picker
(tishtozalagich),
onder(kelishuvchilikkabormaydigankishi),
(premeragaqatnashuvchikishi),
three
decker
first
(uchpalubalikema),
betternighter
twoseater
(ikkio‘rinliavtomobil), six-bedder(oltio‘rinlixona).
As we see compound derived nouns are created by putting together two or
more words and suffixes.
We think this way of creating lexemes should be considered as an
independent means of word creation.
So, suffixation occupies the third position in word creation process after
word creation and compounding means.
The following chapters of the work will be devoted to the study origin,
morphology, semantics and functional characteristics of word creating suffixes.
32
II. PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF SUFFIXES IN
MODERN ENGLISH
2.1. Principles of systematization of word creating suffixes in English
It is of common knowledge that every language has in its vocabulary a
variety of words identical in meaning but different in form. Semantically, they are
the same or close to one another. They belong to the same part of speech. The term
synonym is of Greek origin. Its basic form is synonymous (the same name): to die,
to join the majority, to pass, to be gone, to be no more, to kick the bucket are
synonym word families. The same can be observed in Uzbek o‘lmoq, vafotetmoq,
olamdanko‘zyummoq, o‘tmoq, oxirginafasiniolmoq, bandaliknibajokeltirmoq, etc.
Usually we often come across the following definition of synonyms.
Synonyms are words only similar but not identical in meaning”.
We think the definition is not perfect and one sided.
The most acceptable one is the definition suggested by I.V.Arnold.
“Synonyms are two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same
part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearby identifcal
denotational meanings unchangeable at least in some contexts without any
considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic
composition, phonemic shade, shades of meaning, connotation, style, valancy and
idiomatic use” [66, 195].
The definition states that synonyms may have one or more identical or
nearly identical meanings. One and the same word may belong in its different
meanings to several different synonym groups.
For example, to look-to gaze-to stare, to appear (paydobo‘lmoq), to appear
(look, seem).
I.V.Arnold illustrates it by the following:
A fresh metaphor-fresh: original: novel: striking
To begin a fresh paragraph-fresh: another: different, new
Fresh air-fresh, pure, invigorating
A freshman- fresh: inexperienced: green, raw
33
To be fresh with smb-fresh: impertinent, rude
Though two or more words may become synonyms, one of them should be
dominant of the synonymous group. This dominant can be used in all possible
contexts. For example, look is dominant among gaze, stare, o‘lmoq(to die) among
other synonyms (vafotetmoq, jonbermoq, uzilmoq): to be no more, to join the
majority etc.I.V. Arnold calls this phenomenon semantic neutralization. [31, 288]
We fully agree with him when he writes, “synonyms may be also differ in
emotional colouring. Lonely and alone are synonyms. They express are being apart
from others. But lonely means longing for company, sadness of loneliness. Alone
locks the meaning of sadness at being by oneself.
One can see difference of synonyms in valancy. The difference may be
syntactical, morphological and lexical.
After seem, appear we can see an infinitive or a that-clause. But it is
impossible with look. The synonym nouns glance, look (a glance, look and
glimpse are used with verbs give and have: to give a look (glance and glimpse).
Glance and look can be used with cast, take, to cast a look, to take a glance.
Glimpse is out of the question here.
Synonyms can be interchangeable (ask and inquire, take and receive and
get); She asked (inquired) her husband.
But this does not mean that all the synonyms are interchangeable: hard
words, soft words (loose can’t take the position of soft here)
From this point of view I.V.Arnold is right classifying synonyms into
contextual or context- dependent synonyms and total synonyms.
The first ones are such synonyms that require specific distributional
conditions. To this belong to get, to buy, to like, to dove, to adore, gift, talent,
genius. I.V.Arnold does not consider them synonymous but we do. Because they
differ in the degrees of meanings and usage.
Total synonyms are such synonyms that can replace one another in a
synonymic group.
Mostly it is characteristic to special (scientific) literature:
ximiya, kimyo,noun- substantive, ega-subekt, kesim-predikat.
34
They are usually devoid of stylistic and emotional coloring, I.V.Arnold
writes that dialectal words can’t be synonyms with their specific names (terms).
We can not agree with him here.
The reason is that, though belong to different dialects of the language, they
express the same notions with the help of different forms of words: Digitalis(a
plant) = foxglove, fairy-ball, fingerflower, jimferroot, dead mans bells, shotinarvon.
Synonym words may be stylistically neutral, literary, borrowed and learned
words. Here belong we useI.V.Arnold’sexamples [31, 301]:
Native English
words
Words borrowed
from French
Words borrowed
from Latin
to ask
to question
to interrogate
belly
stomach
abdomen
to gather
to assemble
to collect
to end
to finish
to complete
They may have derivatives(prefixes or suffixes), synthesis= composition,
periphery-circumference, sympathy-comparison. They are of Hellenic and Roman
origin.
Alongside with this we should point out the fact dialects also play an
essential role in enriching the synonymic vocabulary of Englishmen. We can
illustrate it with the help of British-English and American-English words: radiowireless, long distance(telephone)call- trunk-call, girl-lass, lassie or charm
(Scotish)
While speaking of synonyms it’s desirable to pay attention to the following
aspects of the question: semantics, stylistics and functional-stylistic features.
By stylistic synonyms we understand a group of words(in our case suffixes)
belonging or forming one and the same class of words, having common semantic
base, differing in stylistic meanings.
35
Taking into consideration the above mentioned we divide suffixes into
stylistically marked and neutral suffixes.
Our analysis showed that –er, -or, -ist, -ment, - dom, -ness, -hood, -ship, age, -y, -ful, -less, -y, as productive suffixes make up the neutral layer of the style,
others, for example, -tion, -ic, -logy, -graphy, -ist, -ism etc characteristic to this or
to that field of science .
Suffixes as part and parcel of lexemes can be synonymous. To noun forming
synonym suffixes belong:
-er=-or: carburetor=carburetter, consigner=consignor, conjurer-conjuror,
adviser=advisor
-cy=-ship: chaplincy=chaplainship, abbacy=abbotship,
accountancy=accountship
-er=-aire: concessioner=concessionaire
-tion=-ture: abbreviation= abbreviature
-xion=-tion: deflexion=deflection
-er=-ist: lampooner=lampoonist
-ship=-hood: citizenship=citezenhood
-er=-ee=-y: coachee, coacher, coachy
-ship=-dom: kingship=kingdom, citizenship= citezenhood
-ie=-y: chappie=chappy
-cy=-ence: decadency=decadence
-ency=-ancy: advertency=advertancy
-ance=-cy: abberance=abberancy
-ial=-ance: defial=defiance
-ance=-ing: acceptance=accepting
-ness=-ity:absurdness= absurdity, audibleness= audibility
-ment=-al: acquitment = acquittal
-ancy=-ship=ing: accountency, accountship, accounting
Before studying the theme under study it’s desirable to find answers to the
questions “what is homonymy (synonymy and antonymy)? What are the types of
36
homonyms (synonyms, antonyms)? How do they appear in the world languages?
etc.
So, homonyms are such lexical units which have the same form but differing
in their meanings. The term is of Greek origin (homos” the same, onyma-name”).
It can be formed in all languages of the world.
The examples are:
Back(n) “part of the body”, back (adv) away from the front, back;
Ball(n) a round object used in games, ball (n) a gathering of people for
dancing;
Bark(n)-the nise made by a dog, bark (v) to utter sharp explosive cries, bark
(n)-the skin of a tree, bark (v) -a sailing ship from English.
Luk-rasteniejluk-orujiyadlyaistaniyastrelbklub-dыmapilibklubuchrejdeniebkulturыfromRussian, o‘t (grass),o‘t (fire),o‘t(topassby), ruh (mood),
ruh (a metal), yosh (age), yosh (young) from Uzbek.
L. L. Kasatkin and other authors of the book Russian language
differentiate full and partial homonyms. Words having the same forms are full
homonyms.
For example:luk1-luk2, back1-back2 -back3, o‘t1-o‘t2-o‘t3etc). Words having
partially the same grammatical forms are partial homonyms.
But I. V. Arnold gives the following definition ‘Two or more words
identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and origin are
called homonyms [66, 182]
Russian scholars L. L. Kasatkin and others differentiate three types of
homonyms (phonetic, graphic, morphological) [47, 287] while I. V. Arnold
classifies them into: homonyms proper, homophones and homographs. [66, 184185]
According to I. V. Arnold homonyms proper are words identical in
pronunciation and spelling (back1-back2-back3-back4, ot1-ot2)
37
Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and
meaning: air-heir, by-buy, night-knight, knot-not, reign-rain, right-write, pvestivezti, rud-prut, kod-kot, bal-ball, rok-rog, tur-to‘r, tush-tush etc.
To‘dadanajralganto‘rgatushar;
Mehmonlarnito‘rigao‘tqazishdi;Laylakkeldiyozbo‘ldi,qanotiqog‘ozbo‘ldi;Ukangga
tez-tezxatyoz!
The night entered the palace. The night fell on earth. You are right. We write
essays. They buy newspapers every morning. I read a novel by U. Khashimov etc.
Words different in speech and in meaning but identical in spelling by chance
are homonyms. The examples are wind [wind]-wind [waind], raw [rau], -row
[rou],hozir(just now), xozir (now), to‘k(tok), tok (uzum), zamok-zamok, atlas
(geograficheskiy)atlas (matoturi)
By morphological homonomy I. L. Kasatkin and others mean identity of
words belonging to different parts of speech in one of a number of forms: by-buy,
tri (numeral),tri (imperative of the verbteret), pech (verb) –pech (noun),olma
(noun) – olma (verb imperative) etc.
Homonym words and homonym forms cause misunderstandings or
difficulties in communication. Really, having heard or having seen the word we
can’t realize it in speech context.For example, thought1and thought2 belonging to
different parts of speech and coinciding in some of forms. Their identity is due to a
common root (the past simple of think).
He thought of his future life, his thought was far from reality.
Homonymy is not only the characteristic feature of words but also
components (suffixes, prefixes) of them.
The author of the article
“Typology of affixation in the languages of
different systems “ A. M. Muminov [51, 24-30] confirms, our afore said point of
view and gives the list of
homonym pfefixes and suffixes:--or (sailor), -or2
(minqor), -ly (brotherly), -ly2(deeply); -let (cloudlet), -let2 (armlet); -er(teacher), er2 (Londoner); -ish (yellowish), -ish2 (British), -ish3(jeverish); -some (darksome),
-some2 (toursome); -ful (careful), -ful2 (basketful); -less (endless),
38
-less2
(cloudless); -ee (adoptee), -ee2 (coatee); -al (refusal), -al2 (monumental); -un
(untruct), un2 (unloose), in-(inearth), in2 (inoffensive); -for (forblack), for2
(forbear); -be (bebelted), -be2 (behead) in English; -ak (yo‘lak), -ak2 (qarsak); -jon
(dadajon), -jon2 (roxatijon); –oq (baqiroq), -oq2 (qochoq);
cha2(qisqacha);
-xon(kitobxon),
-xon(Salimaxon);
-cha(qo‘lcha), -
-chiq(qopqich),
-chiq2
(sirpanchiq)etc.
As the author says the number of such suffixes is less than in Uzbek (37 to
79).
As we see homonymy is characteristic to both English and Uzbek languages.
Our analysis of the existing dictionaries as well as texts gave us a chance to add
some more homonymous suffixes to the list suggested by A. M. Muminov. The list
includes the following [51, 24-30]:
№ Homo
nymous
suffixes
1 -ee= ee
1
Exam
ples
Meanings
Levee
kemalarto‘xtaydi
ganjoy
davlatboshlig‘ini
ngqabuli
Word class
Noun
Noun
Levee
2
2
-ic=-ic
Cathar
surgidori
ichsuradigan
tic 1
Noun
Adjective
Cathar
tic 2
3
-er=-er
Writer
longer
yozuvchi
uzunroq
4
-y=-y
Coach
aravakash
quyoshli
y
5
sunny
Stam
-er=-er
duduq
duduqlanmoq
mer
Noun
comparativeadjecti
ve
Noun
adjective
Noun
Verb
stamm
er
6 -ling=ling
ng
Duckli
starlin
O‘rdakcha
Suvkesgich,
muzyorarkema
g
39
Noun
Noun
7
ese
8
-ese=-
Chine
se
Japane
se noutbook
-ly=-ly
Ugly
Xitoylikayol
Yaponnoutbugi
Noun
Adjective
Xunukbadbashar
Adjective
Sekin-asta, oxista
Mevachilik
o‘qish
Adverb
Noun
gerund
Kanadalikkishi(a
Noun
a
9
ing
slowly
Orcha
-ing=rding
readin
g
1
0 ian
-ian=ian
1
1 ed
-ed=-
1
2 en
-en=-
1
3 oid
-oid=-
1
4 ory
1
5 ate
1
6 ful
1
7
1
8 gy
Canad
-ory=-
yol)
Arme
Armansharbati
nian wine
Woun
Yaradorlar
ded
Yopiq
Close (yopilgan), qulflangan
d, locked
Golde
Oltin
n
kengaytirmoq
widen
Typho
Tif, ichterlama
id (med)
Oqsilsimon,
oqsilgao‘xshagan
albin
minoid
Decla
Notiqlikkaoid,
matory
balandparvoz
Kuzatishpunkti,
observ rasadxona
atory
-ate=-
Advoc
ate
Himoyachi,
tarafdor
Himoyaqilmoq
To
advocate
-ful=Beauti
Chiroyli, go‘zal
ful
Qandaydirbirnars
capful ato‘la
-th=-th
Growt
O‘sish
h
to‘rtinchi
fourth
-gy=Stingy
Ziqna
ecolog
ekologiya
40
adjective
Noun
Participle I as
an adjective
Adjective
verb
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Noun
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Noun
Noun
Numeral
Adjective
Noun
y
1
9 ive
-ive=-
E’tiborli
vakil
Attent
ive
Adjective
noun
repres
entative
2 -ite=Islami
Musulmon
Noun
0 ite
te
Musulmonlargaoi adjective
Islomi d (xos)
te
2 -ant=Defen
Aybdor
Noun
1 ant
dant
muxim
Adjective
import
ant
In modern Uzbek we discovered the following homonym suffixes:
1
-lik
-lik
2
-dosh
-dosh
3
-kash
-kash
Yoshlik,
bolalik, yettilik,
yozlik
h
4
-soz
-soz
z
5
-cha
-cha
Youth,
childhood,
Noun
Adjective
numeral
sevenfold,
tenfold, summer
Sinfdosh
Classmate
Nouns
Sirdosh
Person
Phrase
yondosh
enpowered to act
Noun
for somebody
adjective
Patience,
endurance,
durability,
parallel, adjacent,
near to, close
Aravakash
Coachee,
Noun
coacher,
mehnatkas coachman
noun
Worker,
tailor
Soatsoz
Watchmak
Noun
er
Apportunis
zamonaso tic (person)
adjective
Timeserver,
trimmer,opportun
ist
Etimcha
Orphan
Noun/adj
Ispancha
(boy)
ective
O‘zbekcha
Spanish,
41
ruscha
Uzbek,
adjective
Russian
6
-dor
Jilovbardo
HorseNoun
-dor
r
holder
Adjective
Qarzdor
Debtor
adjective
Laganbard
Toady,
or
lickspittle, footYelkador man, lackey,
samarador servant, broadshouldered,
fruitful,
resoltative,
effective,
intensive,
profitable,
resulting
7
-ak
Yo‘lak
Passage,
Noun
-ak
corridor, path,
qarsak
pavement,
Noun
sidewalk,
applause, pat
8
-jon
Dadajon
Dad, daddy
Noun
-jon
roxatijon
enjoyable
Adjective
9
-oq
Baqiroq
Loud,
Adjective
-oq
qochoq
yelling, hollering,
Noun
shouting, crying
refugee
1
-xon
Kitobxon
Reader,
Noun
0
-xon
Irodaxon
bibliophile, lover
Noun
of books,
Irodakhon
1
-cha
Qisqacha
Shortly,
Noun
1
-cha
Kitobcha brief, concise,
Noun
Cho‘chqacha
booklet
Adverb
buzoqcha
Piggy
Noun
Calfling
1
-chiq
Qopchiq
Sachet
Noun
2
-chiq
sirpanchiq
slippery
adjective
As we can see homonymy can be sees in both compared languages. But we
fully agree with A.Muminov concerning the number of homonymous suffixes. It is
37 to 79 in English and Uzbek. Lexical units with homonymous suffixes may have
the following basic language models:
42
N+ed=N, V+er=Adj; N+en=Adj; N+oid=N; N+oid=Adj; N+ory=adj;
Stem+ate=N; Stem+ate=V; N+ful=Adj; V+th=N; Stem+gy=Adj; Stem+gy=N;
Stem+ive=N;
V+ive=N;
N+ite=N;
N+ite=Adj;
V+ant=N;
Stem+ant=Adj;
N+lik=N; N+lik=Adj; N+dosh=N; Adj+dosh=Adj; N+kash=N; N+kash=Adj,
N+soz=N; N+soz=Adj;
Our analysis showed correctness of L. L. Kasatkin and others’ opinions
concerning the appearance of homonyms in the language. According to L. L.
Kasatkin, they appear owing to the following processes [47, 287]:
1) because of the coincidence of forms of the native words with the forms of
the borrowed words o‘sma (o‘t), o‘sma(kasallik), club(English)-klub(Russian),
brak(German);
2) as a result of coincidence of forms of words borrowed from other
languages but in different meanings (raid(English)- reyd(Russian, Uzbek)reyd
(Holland)(ravanadagisuvxavzasi),
note -musiqanotasi, nota, diplomatikxujjat?
Nota;
3) as a result of divergence of meanings of polysemantic words in the
process of their historical development. For example: hand (qo‘l), hand
(soatstrelkasi) in English.
4) as a result of phonetic and morphological processes:louk’-luk,
(rastenie)=luk2 (orujie)
5) as a result of adding affixes to the stem of words (affixes, having various
meanings), zadut (nachatdut), zadut (pachkat)(47, 84)
According to I. V. Arakin these two main causes of homonymy:
1) homonymy through convergent sound development when two or three
words of different origin accidentally coincide in sound;
2) homonymy developed from polysemy through divergent sense
development.
Convergent development of sound may consist in a) a phonetic change only,
b) phonetic change ombined with less of affixes, c)independent formation
from homonymous bases by means of homonymous affixes.
43
On the other hand the second may be of three subtypes:
a) limited within one lexico-grammatical class of words;
b) combined with difference in lexico-grammatical class and therefore
difference in grammatical functions and distribution;
c) based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous
morphemes.
2.2. Structural, functional semantic, stylistic and elymological
characteristics of word creating suffixes
In this part of the dissertation we try to systemize word creating suffixes,
paying attention to their semantic, structural and stylistic features.
Suffixational nouns belonging to this group express people of concrete
profession type of activities they are engaged in on social and political views. But
there are cases such nouns mean different kinds of subjects or machines.
These suffixes-er(-or)express
1) a profession or type of activities:
They are made up of the following basic model:
Verb+-er (-or)=Noun
A tutor, a worker, an actor
2) action: he does or his state.
Watch (kuzatibturmoq)=watcher (kuzatuvchi)
Think (o‘ylamoq) =thinker (mutafakkir)
Invent(kashfetmoq) =inventor(kashfiyotchi)
Buy (sotibolmoq)=buyer(sotiboluvchi, xaridor)
3) a subject or a thing
Receive (olmoq) =receiver (telefongo‘shagi)
To mix(aralashtirmoq)=mixer (mikser)
Boil(qaynatmoq) =boiler (suvqaynatadiganqozon, idish)
The model N+-er=Noun creates nouns expressing:
1) a person’s profession according to his activities.
A garden (bog‘)= a gardener(bog‘bon)
44
A hat (shlyapa)=a hatter(shlyapado‘z)
2) the activities of a person or his activities are disclosed by the stem:
Room (xona)=roomer(xonadayashovchi)
Prison (qamoqxona)=prisoner( maxbus)
3) nationality, place where he comes from or lives:
London (London)=Londoner(Londonlik)
Village(qishloq) =villager(qishloqi, qishloqdankelgankishi)
Such type of nouns can also be formed by the model adjective+er: eastern
(sharqiy)=easterner (sharqdayashovchikishi),southern (janubiy) =southerner
(janubdayashaydigankishi)
Our analysis showed the following differences between-er and-or.
1)-er is productive, but-or is less productive
2)-er is of English origin, but-or is of French origin.
3) diachronic approach to the study of the problems showed that –or(andour) came to English with the words belonging to techniques and science. They
were bookish. As a result of reduction of vowel suffixes in Latin and French
words-or and-our coincided in pronunciation with the suffix-er as well as in
writing.For example, the word of French origin interpretour took the form
interpreter in the XXI century. The suffix-or, that’s why, can be met in the words
belonging to techniques and science (chemical, technical, physical terms); adopter,
generator, carburetor, indicator, illuminator, radiator refrigerator.
But it’s worth to point out the fact that in some cases both-er and-or can be
met in the words.
Carburettor=Carburetterconjurer=conjuror,
adviser=advisor,
adapter=adaptor, consigner=consignor
4) in modern English-or is added to the roman stems, expressing only
instrumental meanings, but-er can be added to the noun, verb and adjective stems.
5) verb stems with –or can express notions belonging to scientific language,
forming scientific and technical terms. But –er can be met in all styles as a neutral
suffixe.
45
6) suffix –or can be formed in two syllabled and multistructure of
monosyllabic words, but seldom in pollysillabic stems: prosecutor, visitor, booker,
baker, collector, a book-keeper
7) The suffix –er is usually added to a noun, verb and sometimes to an
adjective stem, while-or is added to verb stems or to participle II forms of the verbs
with-ate: to cultivate, cultivator, to conspirate-conspirator, to direct-director, to
select-selector, to collect-collector etc.
8)The words with -or are characteristic to scientific styles while –er is often
used in grammatical English: radiator, cultivator, deflector, carburetor,
boozer(conv)-aroqxo‘r, piyonista, bootmaker –etikdo‘z, broker-xisobchi.but this
does not mean that-er can’t be used as an element of scientific and technical terms:
distributer, bunk-feeder (agr)-avtomatikravishdaishlaydiganoxur, broiler-broyler,
bumper (tech)-bamper, amortizator.
9) The verb stands on majority of means with the suffix-or (agentive
meaning) can easily be separated and they often make up semantic classes
(juridical and political). But such words are not of English origin. They were
borrowed from Roman languages:-chancellor.
Nouns created with the help of –ee often express a person to whom the
action expressed by the verb is directed. The universal model of words with this
affix can be verb stem+-ee= Noun.
For
example,
adoptee-asrandibola
maslaxatberilayotgankishi,
employee-
(asrabolinganbola),
ishlabberuvchikishi,
yukniolibberuvchikishi,
deportee-
deportatsiya
(quvilgan)
sovg‘aoluvchikishi,
appettee-aybdorqilingankishi,
adviseeconsignee-
kishi,
dancee-
amputee-oyoq(qo‘li)
kesganodam.
Our analysis gave some examples where this meaning does not exist. To
them belongs noun stem+-ee=Noun models: goatee-echkisoqol, abandoneebo‘ladiganfalokatdansug‘urtalangankishi,
qarzberuvchikishi, coachee-aravakash.
46
absentee-kelmaydigankishi,
debtee-
The suffix –ee came to English as an element of French terms belonging
mainly to jurisprudency and administration: donee, presentee, assignee, appellee
etc.
The suffix is not widely used as a word creating element in English. The
reason is that the verbs that can form a new word by the help of this suffix. It is not
great.That’s why it is considered to be a less productive suffix. Such verbs usually
mean “to render (give) smth to smb”, to transfer-molmulkinixatlab(o‘tkazib)
bermoq=transferee-uyokibunarsagaxatlabberilayotgankishi,
ishonibtopshirmoq,
trustee-otalikhuquqi,
to
ishonchberilganshaxs,to
trustlegate
-
merosqoldirmoq= legatee -merosxo‘r, to promise -va’dabermoq = promise va’daberilayotganodam.
Though this suffix is less productive the process of creating new words, with
–ee
is
going
on:
telephonee-telefonqilinayotganshaxs,
quizzee-
birovgatashayotganodam, selectee-xarbiyfaoliyotgachaqiriluvchishaxs, amputeeoyoq-qo‘likesibtashlanganodam etc.
The suffix-ist existed in French (-iste), Latin (-ista), in Greek (-istes). It can
be met not only in words of Roman origin but in the structure of new words. In old
times and nowadays too -ist formed new words with noun stems, rarely with
objective stems. The new words with-ist are formed by the following models:
1) Noun+-ist=Noun; 2) adjective+-ist=noun; 3) Verb+-ist=Noun.
The affixe expresses a person who actively does something. It can acquire
definite shades of meanings.
1) Nouns expressing tools or instruments of labour. In these cases-ist
expresses a person whose activities are connected with the subject, expressed by
the stem. For example: motor-motorist, harp-harpist, machine-machinist etc.
2) Nouns expressing different fields of human activities (science, culture,
literature, art etc) in connection with-ist such words express persons, engaged in
this or that field of activities. For example: technology-technologist, geologygeologist, physics-physicist, chemistry-chemist etc.
47
3) Nouns denoting names of prominent people; the authors of different
theories, branches in science and teaching
The following tables are sure to give a good impression on the origin of
suffixes
Su
ffixes
dom
hood
ship
So
urce
O
E. dom‘judgem
ent’
Mn.E.do
om
O
E.had‘state’,
‘d
egree’
O
E. scipe
‘shape’
Suffixes
Noun Suffixes of Germanic Origin
Table A
Prod
uctive or
Function
Nonproductive
Forms
nouns with the
meaning:
1.
‘digniti’,
‘office’,
‘dominion’,‘real
m’,
or
‘juristiction’
2.’state’,
‘condition’,or
‘fact of being’
Nounforming suffix
denoting in
general state,
condition,quality
,
character
Denotes:
1.state,con
dition, or quality
2.office,
dignity, or
profession
Examples
I
I
I
pr.
kingdom,
dukedom,
earldom,
non- martyrdom,
pr.
squiredom,
Christiandom,
freedom,
wisdom,
boredom,
manhood,
boyhood,
childhood,
non- motherhood,
pr.
friendship,
clerkship,
non- authorship,
pr.
*In Table A, those suffixes are included which were used in OE, both as
independent words and as suffixes.
48
Table B
S
uffix
Meaning
Pro
ductive or
Non
productive
Examples
I
II
Means ‘to
non- quicken,
make’, ‘to render’
pr.
whiten
-er
Forms;
rider, miner,
1. nouns from
pr. worker, teacher
verbs denoting the
agent
Londoner,
2. nouns from
pr. Islander, New
nouns or adjectives of
Zealander
place, denoting
resident of one living
in
tinner, cutter,
3. nouns from
pr. beater, embosser
nouns,with the sense
of ‘one who has to do
with’, esp. as a matter
of trade, profession,
-ier,etc.
gondolier, cashier,
cav
yer
Noun-suffix
non- grenadier,lawyer
alier
-ing
equivalent to -eer
pr.
Suffix denoting
ash
‘belonging to’, ‘of the
noneling,
kind of’, ‘descended
pr.
shil
-ing
from’
reading, learning, ling
Forms nouns
feeling, teaching,
from verbs,
bearing, boating
It means:
pr.
1.‘act’, ‘fact’,
‘art of doing’
*In Table B, those suffixes are included which have always been used as
suffixes.
-en
49
Continued
Prod
Examples
Su
uctive or
Meaning
ffix
NonI
II
Productive
2. ‘that which does’
covering,
or ‘that which result
sweepings,
from’, ‘accompoines’
mooring
-ling
Conveys a diminutive
pr. firstling,
or a depreciatory
ducling,
force
seedling,
nestling,
hireling,
underling,
princeling
-ness
Forms nouns
non-pr.
goodness,
denoting state,
carelessness,
witness,
condition, quality, or
forgiveness,
wilderness
degree
darkness
spinster
Originally denoted
the female agent.
-ster
In Mn E. the suffix is non-pr.
songster
joined to nouns and
roadster,
more rarely to
gangster,
adjectives, the notion
oldster,
of agency tending to
youngster,
be lost, and the suffix
dabster,
often having a
rhymester
depreciatory meaning
Forms nouns of state
-th
or quality from
pr.
breadth,
adjectives
length, width, birth
Form diminutives
strength
-ie,-y
non-pr
birdie, auntie,
laddie,
lassbirdie,
auntie, granny,
Billy, aunty,
Noun suffix denoting
Johnny
-y
result of action
augury,
perjury
50
Noun Suffixes of Romanic Origin
S
uffix
So
urce
-ade
L, ata;
F, ade
-age
L,aticum;
OF,age
-an,ian
L,-anus,
-aneus
Fr.-ain,en
Function
Forms nouns
indicating:an
action
doneor the
product of an
action
or process on
raw material
Suffix used to
form nouns
denoting:
1.act or
process
2.collectio
n,aggregate,or
sum total of
things in,or
arising from
3.when
added to the
verbs, it
expresses the
action
4.a person
Forms
primarily
adjectives which
howeverare
often used
substantively,wit
h the senses of
‘belonging to’,
‘followinga
system of
doctrine’
Inhabitant of a
place
Pro
ductive or
Non
productive
Non-pr
Non-pr
Non-pr
Non-pr
Non-pr
Pr
Examples
I
Colonnade,
blockade,
Lemonade
Passage,
marriage,
pilotage
Postage,
average,
shrinkage,
Mileage
Breakage,
leakage
Hostage
Guardian,
republican,
Librarian,
grammarian
Oxonian,
Lelingradian
51
II
Savage
dean
Continued
Pro
ductive or
S
Sour
Function
Non
uffix
ce
productive
-ence, L.-antiam, Forms nouns of Non-pr.
-ance
-entiam
action as in
-ancy, F.-ance
OF,and nouns
L.-antia
indicating state
-ency
or quality as in
L.
Examples
I
II
guidance,
hindirance,
arrogance,
obedience
brilliancy,
vacancy,
emergency,
constituency
-ant,
-ent
-ar
-art,
-ard
L.-antem,
-entem;
F.-ant
L.-aris,-are
Low.Lardus;
OF. –ard,
-art
OF.-ier
-er
-eer,
-o(u)r
Suffix used to
form:
1.adjectives
2.nouns
denoting a
person or thing
acting as an
agent
Signies:
‘belonging to’,
‘pertaining to’,
‘like’, ‘of the
nature of’
Forms
derivative
nouns which
have an
intensive often
contempiuous
force
Forms nouns
denoting a
person or thing
connected with
Denotes
agency
Denotes state
or quality
Non-pr.
errant,
defiant,
student,
claimant
Non-pr.
uclear,
consular
Non-pr.
drunkard,
braggart
Non-pr
archer,
butier
practitioner,
officer,
carpenter,
grocer
charioteer,
cannoneer
fervor(u)r,
error
52
merchant
podant
servant
coward
Suffix
-ate,-at
-cy
-ee,
-ey,-y
-ess
-let
-ice
-ine,
-in
Suffix
Productive
Examples
or
Source
Function
NonI
II
productive
L.-atum, Forms nouns Pr.
chlorate,
magnate,
-ate
denoting
hydrate,
curate
chemical
nitrate,
Terms
mandate,
Denotes
Non-pr
legate,
function or
consulate,
person
magistrate,
advocate,
diplomat,
L.-cia,tia Forms nouns Non-pr
idiosy,
curacy
indicating
bancruptcy,
state,
diplomacy
clergy,jury,
L.-atus, Conditionoff Pr
devotee,
bailee,
-ata;
ice
absentee,
attorney,ally
F.-e,-ee Denotes the
refugee
object of an
grandee,
action
trustee,
assignee,
grantee
The
poetess,
L.-issa;
one to whom Pr
lioness,
F.-esse
an action is
countess,
done or on
goddess,
whom a right
adventures,
is conferred
murderess
hamlet
Forms
leaflet,
feminine
Pr
brooklet,
derivatives
cloudlet,
Forms nouns
booklet,
F.l+et
with a
Non-pr
service,
diminutive
justice
Sense
Denotes
Non-pr
arsine,
bulletin
L.-ituis, act,quality,co
chlorine
-itia,
ndition
-itium;
Forms nouns
OF.-ice
indicating
L.-inus, imitations,
-ina;
derivat
F.-ine
ive products
Source
Function
Productive
Examples
53
-ion
-ive
-ence
-ment
-mony
-or
L.ionem
-ion
L.-ivus
Forms
abstract
nouns
Signifies:
L.-entia 1.having a
nature or
quality of (a
thing)
2.given or
tending to
Form nouns
L.chiefly from
mentum verbs and
F.-ment means:
1.state,qulity,
or condition
2.action
3.process,con
tinuance,man
ner
Suffix in
nouns
L.denoting
monium resulting
F.thing or
monie
abstract
condition
Agent or
person
or NonI
productive
non-pr
affirmative
conclusive
II
union,
opinion,
session,
legion
non-pr
existence
non-pr
amazement,
abridgement,
government,
concealment,
payment,
judgement,
development,
non-pr
ceremony
testimony,
patrimony,
matrimony,
non-pr
actor,warrior,
professor
doctor,
emperor
L.-or
Suffix
Source
-our,
-eur,
-eer
L.-ator
AngloFrenchour
Function
Forms nouns
indicating:
1.agent or person
2.quality or state
Productive
Examples
or
NonI
II
productive
non-pr
engineer
amateur,
grandeur,
pioneer,
behaviour,
favour
hauteur
54
-ory
L.orius;
F.-oire
Forms nouns
denoting:a genetal
collective sense,a
state or condition
non-pr
signatory,
dormitory,
pr
-ry,
-ery
F.-rie,erie
Forms nouns from
verbs and denotes
action,state,and
concrete instance
or result
machinery,
slavery,
trickery,
husbandry,
poetry,
fairy
revolution,
resolution,
organization
dictation
pr
-tion
F.-tion
Forms nouns and is
equivalent to -ness
non-pr
-tude
L.-tudo Forms abstract
nouns of
-tude
quality,state,condit
ion
non-pr
-ty
L.-ias,
-itas,
F.-te
-ure
Forms nouns
indicating:act,
process,being:or
result (of an
act),state;result
non-pr
longitude,
promptitude
fraternity,
liberty,
cruelty,
poverty,
frailty
culture,
furniture,
picture,
seizure,
(public)
figure
L.-ura;
F.-ure
Noun Suffixes of Greek Origin
Suffix Source
-asm
-ast
-ic,
-ics
Function
Forms abstract nouns
Forms agent nouns
denoting ‘one who
does or makes the
practice of’,’one who
Gk.-ik, adheres to’
Forms adjectives with
-os
L.-ic,- the senses: ‘after the
manner of’, ‘of the
us
Gk.asm
Gk.aster
Productive
or Nonproductive
non-pr
non-pr
non-pr
non-pr
55
Examples
I
II
enthusiasm,
enthusiast,
gymnas
cynic,
phonetics,
sceptic,
mathematics, cleric
physics
logic,music
-ine
-ism
-ist
F.-ique
Gk.ine;
F.-ine
Gk.ismos
L.ismus
Gk.
-istes,
-ite,
L.-ista
L.ita
-ite
-oid
-y
-ia
Gk.-o
-eides
Gk,-ia
L.-ia
nature of’, ‘pertaining
to’, ‘art or science’
Forms feminine names
Forms nouns of action
naming the process,
the comple-ted action,
or its result; forms the
name of a system or
theory or practice etc.
Forms nouns denoting
or person who
practices some method
or art or who adheres
to, or advocates a
given doctrine,
system, cause
Forms adjectives and
nouns with the senses:
‘connected with’ or
‘belonging to’, ‘a
native or citizen of’,
‘one of a party’,
‘sympathizer’,
‘follower’
Means: ‘like’, ‘in the
form of’ Forms
abstract nouns
Forms nouns, chiefly
Modern Latin terms of
pathology and botany
non-pr
herone
pr
realism,
abolitionism
Artist
pr
romantist,
dramatist
pr
Moscovite
Academy
pr
non-pr
Metalloid,
anthropoid
colloid
spheroid
Dyspepsia,
hydrophobia
Adjective Suffixes of Germanic Origin
Suffix
-fold
-ful
Productive
Examples
Source
Function
orNonI
productive
OE.
Used with numerals non-pr
twofold,threefold,
-feald
to form adjectives
fourfold,manifold
andadverbs,
denoting
multiplication or
increase in a
geo-metrical
ratio,the
doubling,tripling,etc pr
thankful,hopeful,
OE.-ful Denotes ‘full of’,
powerful,dreadful
56
II
-less
-ish
-like
-ly
-some
-ward
-y
‘abounding in’
OE.
Denotes (with
-leas
nouns) ‘without’,
‘destitute of’, ‘not
having’, ‘free from’
OE.-lic Means:
1.similar to
2.adds a depreciatory colouring
Means; ‘like
that’,(or ‘those of’);
‘having the
characteristic of’
Means:
1.like in
appearance,manner
or nature
characteristic of
2.’rather’
3.’every’
Means :
OE.
‘similar to’or
-sum
‘almost the same as’
OE.
Denotes direction or
-weard course
Means:
OE.ig
‘characterized by’,
‘having’, ‘full of’
pr
pr
pr
pr
pr
non-pr
57
thankless,hopeless,
powerless,
senseless,
worthless
grayish, reddish,
whitish, foolish
childish,
womanish, girlish
businesslike,
warlike,
tigerlike,(ferocity),
lifelike
womanly,manly
clearly,sickly,
poorly,
weakly,weekly,
daily,
monthly
troublesome,
handirksome,
some
tiresome,
downward,
wayward,
skleward,
mighty,craity,
angry
Suffix
Source
-able
F.
-able
L.abilem
-al
-an,-ean
-ary
-ese
-esque
L.anus
F.ain,
-en
L.-aris
F.-aire
L.
-ensis;
F.-eis
It.
-esco
-ic
-ine
L.icus
-ive
-ous
L.
-inus;
F.-ine
L.-iv
-us
F.-if
Adjective Suffixes of Romanic Origin
Productive
Examples
Function
orNonI
II
productive
Forms adjectives from pr
catable,
verbs
fashionable,
manageable
Forms adjectives
saleable,
having the senses; ’of
pr
comical,
the kind of’,’pertaining
dramatical,
to’
poetical,
Means:‘belonging or
logical
pertaining to’
non-pr
Roman,
European,
Forms adjectives with
Pythagorean
the senses: ‘pertaining non-pr
necessary,
to’,’of the kind or
contrary,
nature of’
non-pr
Japanese,
ordinary
Signifies: ‘of’,
Chinese
‘pertaining to’ or
‘originating in’(a
certain place of
non-pr
Picturesque arabesque,
country)
grotesque
Denotes ‘in the manner
or style of’, ‘like’
Signifies:’of’,’pertainin non-pr
Celtic,
g to’,’of the nature
domestic,
of’,’belongingto’
Forms adjectives with
the senses: ‘of’, ‘like’, non-pr
infantine
‘pertaining to’ ,
‘characterized by’
Forms adjectives with
the senses: ‘having a
tendency to’, ‘having
the nature, character or
quality of’, or ‘given to
some action’ etc.
L.-os, Forms adjectives
denoting: ‘characterized
-us
-a,-um by’, ‘of the nature of’,
‘abounding in’, ‘full of’
58
non-pr
Talkative
Native
non-pr
Glorious,
perilous,
joyous,
piteous,
virtuous
Obvious,
Serious,
vicious
Suffix
Source
-en
OE.-en
-ate
L.-atus
-fy
L.
-ficare
F.-fier
-ize,
-ise
Gk.-iz
L.
-izare
Suffix
Verb Suffixes
Productive
Examples
Function
or NonI
II
productive
Has she senses of ‘to pr
brighten,
make’,’to make
blacken,
into’,or ‘to make like’
lengthen,
darken
Forms causative verbs non-pr
agitate,
aggravate
graduate,
Forms verbs with the
vaccinate
senses: ‘tomake’, ‘to non-pr
terrify,
produce’,’to bring to a
magnify,
certain state’, ‘to
intensify
make a specified
thing’,etc.
Forms verbs denoting:
‘tomake’, ‘to conform pr
organize,
to’, ‘to charge’,etc.
generalize,
apologize
Source
Adverb Suffixes
Productive
Function
or Nonproductive
Manner of the
non-pr
action
-ly
OE.-lice
-ward(s)
OE.
-weard
Signifies
direction
non-pr
-long
OE,-long
Denotes ‘way’,
non-pr
OE.-wise
‘manner’,
‘respect’
non-pr
-wise
59
Examples
I
badly,
deadly,
newly
backward(s),
forward(s),
homeward(s)
headlong,
sidelong
otherwise,
crosswise,
clockwise
I
I
Suffix
Source
-ate,-at
L.-atum,
-ate
-cy
L.cia,-tia
-ee,
-ey,-y
L.-atus,
-ata,
F.-e, -ee
-ess
L.-issa;
F.-esse
-let
F.l+et
-ice
L.itius,
-itia,itium;
OF.-ice
-ine,-in L.-inus,
-ina;
F.-ine
Productive
Examples
Function
or NonI
II
productive
Forms nouns
pr
chlorate,
magnate,
denoting
hydrate,
curate
chemical terms
nitrate
Denotes function
mandate,
or person
legate,
consulate,
magistrate,a
dvocate,
diplomat
Forms nouns
non-pr
idiocy,
curacy
indicating
bankruptcy,
state,condition
diplomacy,
office
non-pr
devotee,
clergy,jury
Denotes the
pr
absentee,
bailee,
object of an
refugee,
attorney,
action is the one
grandee,
ally
to whom an
trustee,
action is done or
assignee,
on whom a right
grantee
is conferred
pr
poetess,
Forms feminine
lioness,
derivatives
countess,
goddess,
adventuress,
murderess
hamlet
pr
leaflet,
Forms nouns with
brooklet,
a diminutive
cloudlet,
sense
booklet
non-pr
service,
Denotes
justice
act,quality,conditi
on
bulletin
non-pr
arsine,
chlorine
Forms nouns
indicating
imitations,
Derivative
products
60
III. STYLISTIC FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH
SUFFIXES AND PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF FORMING
WORD CREATION SKILLS
3.1 Stylistic features of suffixes as morphemic translation units
To begin with we’d like to point out the fact that problems of interlanguage
correspondences of suffixes have not been studied yet.
Suffixes are universal morphemic units of world languages. According to
their functions they can be divided into two groups. They create grammatical
forms(case, tense, degree forms) and new words inside simple, compound words or
word combinations.Besides that they form definite groups of parts of speech.
According to this function suffixes may be noun, adjective, verb, adverb and
mental forming suffixes. It’s worth pointing out the fact that some suffixes may
take part in the creation of more than two parts of speech. We call them
polyfunctional suffixes. Polyfunctional express different meanings as a component
of words belonging to different word classes. Such suffixes meanings can be called
polysemantic suffixes.
So, word creating suffixes belong to the lexemic meanings of words,
whereas form creating suffixes are connected with grammatical meanings of
words.
Derivative lexemes usually express things, subjects, action, the doer of the
action, state, sign, feature, the way how action happens, direction etc.
Suffixes are devoid of the force of expressing denotative meanings, they
serve to differentiate denotation meanings; General meanings of this or that
suffixational word may have a connection with the meaning of the word stem.
This also refers to the meanings of suffixes.
As we know meanings of polyfunctional and polysemantic suffixes are
concretized within the speech context and style of speech.
61
By studying English and Uzbek examples we discovered the following:
Noun forming
suffixes
-acy
-cy
-an
-dom
-er
-or
-ful
Adjective
forming
suffixes
-ible
-able
-en
-less
Verb forming
suffixes
-en
Adverb
forming
suffixes
-ly
-ward
Meanings
Examples
Literacy-the state of being educated:
state or quality
Infancy- the state of being a baby
or young child
a person who has a
Artisan- a tradesman, a craftstrade
person
a place or a state
Kingdom- the territory that kings or
queen reigns
The doer of activities. A barber- a person who bakes a
An apparate or an
Newyorker - a person who lives in
instrument
New York, an accumulator-an
apparate that gathers power
The volume or
Mouthful-an amount that fills
number that fills
mouth
something
Meanings
Examples
Worth doing
Solvable- able to be solved
something
Incredible-not able to be believed
Made from preparing Silken-made from silk
Woolen-made from wool
Not having a thing or Penniless- a person without any
a feature
money,Bloodless- having no blood
Meanings
To cause to change
Examples
To widen- to cause to become wide
(large)
To moisten- to cause to become
moist or damp
Meanings
In a manner (state)
A place, in the
direction of
Examples
Fluently- marked by case or
movement, effortlessly smooth
Homeward- toward home
It is common knowledge that the main task of applied translation is to
transfer the meanings, contents or ideas expressed in lexemes, syntaxemes and
textemes to another language. In this process an interpreter or a translator has to
62
pay attention to the meanings and functions of suffixes. For example, derived
nouns with –er/-or have more than ten meanings and equivalents in Uzbek. They
may express various meanings while added to different stems:
A driver-xaydovchi, a baker-nonvoy, a Londoner-londonlik, a bufferbufer, a bottle-opener-ochqich, a carburetor-karburator, conjuror(conjuror)sexrgar (afsungar), a dealer-olibsotar (diler), a defroster (technology)-muzeritgich,
a chancellor-kansler, a clockmaker-soatsoz, a composer-bastakor, a joinerduradgor,a gardener-bog‘bon, a debtor-qarzdor, a boozer-ichkilikboz (aroqxo‘r,
piyonista) etc.
Uzbek nouns having –er or-or suffixes in their structure are mostly borrowed
words belonging to the sphere of technology or socio-political field. Such
borrowed Uzbek suffixes usually have the same correspondences in English
(-er/ or)
Uzbek borrowed suffixes like-ist, -izm, -iya, -siya, -ment have their
equivalents in English:-ist, -ism, -tion, -ment.
Such suffixes, besides, can be translated with the help of comments or
descriptions.
For
example,
feudalism-feodalizm,
information-
informatsiya,management-menejment, socialist-sotsialist.
But there are cases that new words can be created by a foreign stem+ Uzbek
suffixes(Forstem+Uzbek stem=NW):
Konsessioner = konssesiyachi, reformist = isloxatchi, dekorator =bezakchi,
konspirator = fitnachietc.
ThefollowingcanbeexamplestodescriptivetranslationfromEnglishintoUzbeko
rvice-versa: decloration=dekloratsiya-rasmiybildirish
(e’lonqilish),
rationalism-oqilonatashkiletish,
trade-tryod-yunionist,
kasabauyushmaa’zosi.
In some cases suffixes-er and –or, -er and –ist can be interchangeable:
conjurer=conjuror(afsungar). To this group of suffixes also belong –cy and-ship
(chaplaincy, chaplinship), -ic and –ical (categoric, categorical), -ic and –y(chappie,
chappy), -aire and –er (confessionaire, concessioner), -tion and – ture(abbreviation,
63
abbreviature -ory and – ive (dedicatory, dedicative) –al and –ance (defial,
defiance), -xion and-tion (deflexion, deflection), -ship and –hood (citizenship,
citizenhood ), -ee and –y, -er (coachee, coacher, coachy) etc.
Our analysis showed that the following functional suffixes-cy, -ship-lik, -ate,
-ize-moq, -ious-ive-li, -xion- tion-siya, hood, -ship-lik, -ee, -y, -er, -kash have their
corresponding equivalents of suffixes. One should take into consideration stylistic
features of them. For example, while translating words with –ist (-ist) in the
meaning of follower (defender) of a theory a method or of a social formation-ist
corresponds
with-ist:Darvinist
(Darvenist),
pragmatistpragmatist),
opportunist(opportunist). In other cases –ist is translated by means of-chi, -shunos,
-parvar:violinist- g‘ijjakchi, orientalist-sharqshunos, humanist-insonparvar.
While speaking about a branch of science, the meaning of –ist mixes up with
the meaning of – log and it corresponds with-log:philologist-filolog, biologistbiolog, psychologist-psixolog, zoologist-zoolog.
The suffix –ist may have corresponding words with a nil suffix agronomistagronom,
scientist-olim.
But
unionist-kasabauyushmasia’zosi,
leftist-
partiyaa’zosi.
The suffix –man can have –chi, -or, - lik,-doz, -bon, -gar correspondences in
Uzbek:
airman-uchuvchi,
cameraman-operator,
Dutchman-Gollandiyalik,
horseman-chavandoz, gateman-darvozabon, tradesman-savdogar, railwaymantemiryo‘lchi, temiryo‘lxizmatchisi,etc.
The words denoting science or it’s branch with-ics, -logy, -graphy (physics,
genetics, biology, oceanography are formed of a noun or adjective stems. They
have-ka, -logiya, -grafiyaequivalents in Uzbek and Russian.
We discovered the following equivalents of –ic (-y)-let, ette, -ling (they have
the meanings of petting or making little) in Uzbek and Russian: -aloq, -cha, -jon,
-im,
-ka,
-chik:dog-doggie-itvachcha,
girlie-qizaloqlakelet-ko‘lcha,
piggy-
cho‘chqacha, kiddie-bolaginam, bolajon,booklet-kitobcha, kitchenette-oshxonacha
(kichikoshxona)
Such suffixes are often met in conversational and belle-letre styles.
64
The suffix of Scotish origin –ock also expresses meanings of petting or
making small: bourock-kichkinakulba (kichikuy), hillock- kichikadir, hattockkichkinashlyapa. It is normally used with noun stems, expressing things, not living
beings.
One more interesting thing is that in compared languages there are lexemes
with both prefixes and suffixes in the structure. If the prefix is a loan one it doesn’t
change in translation: antifascist-antifashist, transplantation-transplantatsiya. But in
translation the meaning of the prefix or the suffix can be expressed by a prefix or
by description: immoral-beodob, odobsiz, misunderstanding-noto‘g‘ritushunish,
disarmament-qurolsizlanish,
tartibsizxolda,
betartib,
irresponsibility-ma’suliyatsizlik,
non-official
visit-norasmiytashrif,
disorderlyabsenteeism-
sababsizishgachiqmasliketc.
So, English and Uzbek have rich systems of suffixes with various meanings
and functions. Being an element of a lexeme they are considered to be translatable
morphemic elements. While a translator(interpreter) does translation of texts
belonging to different styles he/she must take into consideration etymological,
semantic, stylistic characteristics, valency of suffixes as well.
3.2.Pedagogical technologies of forming word creation skills with the
help of English suffixes
We have spoken of thirteen word creating means in English and
Uzbek. Among them suffixation plays an important role in the process of word
formation.
As we know suffixes are added to word stems and form new words
belonging to different word classes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, numerals).
English and Uzbek have isomorphic and allomorphic features in creating
words with the help of suffixes. Not knowing such laws bring to mistakes,
mistranslations and misundrestandings in the process of communication. To this
factors that cause interlanguage interferences belong:
a) the existence of homonym suffixes;
b) specific distribution of suffixes;
65
c) word classes differ in the pronunciation and the place of stress;
d) each suffix has its specific grammatical function;
e) polysemantic feature of suffixes;
f) polyfunctional feature of a certain types of suffixes;
g) lack of knowledge on loan suffixes and words;
h) differnces in stylistic use of suffixes etc.
Taking into consideration we recommend the following technology of
teaching suffixes, that cover both class and out of class activities.
The project of the innovative lesson consists of five steps. The objective of
the lesson is to form and to develop word creating skills of language learners on
the one hand and to develop active use skills in oral and written speech
communications.
So the followings are the steps of the lesson:
1. preparation step
2. presentation step
3. forming skills and automatization step
4. self education step
5. Assessment of knowledge and skills step
In the preparation step a list of suffixes forming word classes is made and
demonstrated on the screen. Besides, schedules and source information on
homonym suffixes, their phonetic, distributive, grammatical features are prepared
by the teacher. This step also covers the role play games.
In the second step language learners are acquainted with the schedules of
suffixes, their meanings and laws.
After this distributional laws of more than one suffixed words are explained.
Examples are given.
For example,
neighboring
suffix,
adjective forming suffixes -less, -ion comes after the
-nee,
-ly
come
before
the
neighbouring
suffixes
(doublelessness, artlessly etc) All the possible changes that take place in the
express (in writing, phonetics, pronunciation, stress) are explained and illustrated
66
with examples: ‘mankind=man’kind, gracious, impetous, figure, nature, signature,
republican, Shakespearian etc.
№
1. Noun
2.Adjective
3. Verb
Suffixes
Models
-er
verb+er= noun
-or
verb+or=noun
-ment
verb+ment=noun
-ness
adj+ness=noun
-ship
N+ship=noun
-ism
-tion
N+ism= noun
Adj+ism=noun
V+tion=noun
-ee
V+=noun
-ful
Noun+ful=adj
-less
Noun+less=adj
-able/
-ible
Noun+able/ible=adj
-ous
N+ous=adj
-ish
N+ish=adj
-ize
N+ize=verb
-ity
N+(i)=fy=verb
-en
Adj+en=Verb
67
Examples
teacher, cleaner, worker,
manager, publisher, trainer,
Londoner, waiter, purser,
revenger, baby-sitter, bachhanger, Northerner
sailor, prosecutor, caster,
chancellor, traitor, conductor
payment, punishment,
abetment, development,
bewilderment
happiness, homesickness,
holiness, kindness
championship, chairmanship,
Friendship
Quakerism, pluralism, realism,
idealism, Byronism
restoration, certification,
aberration, duration
employee, adoptee, advisee,
Nominee
purposeful, restful, baleful,
careful, dutiful
careless, ceaseless, centreless,
Chainless
dutiable, chewable, possible,
sensible, eatable, portable,
unarguable, believable,
convertible
tremendous, dangerousm
Humorous
boyish, babyish, British,
childish, pettish, selfish
hospitalize, idealize, pulverize,
barbarize, categorize,
centralize
qualify, clarify, identify,
codify, magnify, horrify, notify
widen, brighten, broaden,
madden, liken
4. Adverbs
-ly
Adj+ly=adv
-ward
Adv+ward= Adv
proudly, calmly, usually,
cautiously, bigly, distantly,
hourly
backwards, downwards,
upwards, forward(s),
onward(s), afterward(s)
In the third step language learners are asked to find Uzbek and English
translations of derived words with suffixes. In this stage the class is divided into
two or three subgroups (or subteams) and they play a game “Who can find more
examples?” The examples are written on the blackboard. The team finding more
correct examples is considered to be the winner.
Next step is the step that gives necessary information on homonym and
synonym suffixes (similiarities, dissimiliarities):
-ary= adjective creating suffixes: legendary, elementary
-ary=noun creating suffix: library, residentiary
-ant= adjective creating suffix: brilliant, descentant, important
-ant=noun creating suffixes: servant, infant, lientenant
-ly=adjective creatinf suffixes: deathly, lovely, friendly
-ly=adverb creating suffixes: slowly, really, truly, calmly
-er= noun creating suffixes: teacher, fighter, worker, cleaner
-er=adjective creating suffixes: better, taller, bigger
-en=adjective creatinf suffixes: wooden, brazen, silken
-en= noun creating suffixes: kitten
-en= verb creating suffixes: whiten, darken, lossen
After these activities new words and sentences are given illustrating
antonym suffixes (-ful/-less): You can take this medicine. It’s harmless. = You
shouldn’t take this medicine.It’s harmful. The language learners give their
examples and translate.
Self learning stage includes the following tasks:
1) Divide the given lexemes into word classes: responsive, responsibility,
specialist, special, legal, dayly, monthly, electricity, electrician, policy, politician,
68
historical, historian, can-opener, baby-sitter, tremendous, broaden, lovely, slowly,
servant, important
2) Make up sentences using above given words:
He is a good specialist. My daily income is 20.000 sums
3) Study dictionaries and make up the list of polysuffixational words and
define their models: harmfulness=zararlilik: N+ful+ness=Noun
Hospitality= mexmondo‘stlik: S+al+-ity= Noun
4) Divide the suffixes into native and loan suffixes with the help of
dictionaries:
For example: kingdom, cleaner, tutor, happiness, motorist, cityite etc.
In the final stage (step) the following ways of assessment can be used:
1) Oral questions and answers
2) Testing
3) Finding suffixes having studied the models and translation
4) Writing papers on the theme (or themes). Using this technology improves
the knowledge of language learners, fastens, facilitates language learning process.
69
CONCLUSION
Having studied the theme and the issues connected with it, we came to
the following conclusions:
-The changes taking place in all spheres of life is reflected by human
language. All the new notions, subjects concerning social life, economy, science
and technology get their names, terms in the lexical system of any national
language. In this way new words come into being and they cause the growth of the
word stock of the language. There are two major factors that cause the birth of a
new word: extralinguistic and linguistic.
The theme under study is directly connected with linguistic means of word
formation.
-For the absence of a universal term for word building in world languages
(word formation, word building, wort bildung, slovoobrazovanie,so‘zyasash) it’s
better to suggest the terms “word creation” for English and “so‘zyasash” for Uzbek
linguistics.
These terms cover all the word creation processes like word corresponding,
conversion, abbreviation, adjectivization, reversion, lexical-semantic way, sound
imitation, affixation, etc.
Though they are thirteen of them they differ in the degree of productivity.
-Affixation as a word creating means can be observed in the majority of
world languages which denotes three notions: prefixes, infixes and suffixes.Unlike
a word affixes are found morphemic that can’t be used outside the word structure.
They differentiate meaning and can’t be used independently.
Affixes (prewfixes and suffixes) can be divided into two types: word
creating affixes and affixes creating grammatical forms of words. The first types
can be called derivational and second functional affixes.
The part of the word without a derivational and functional affix is the stem
(root), which expresses lexical and the part of speech meanings: happy-glad (an
adjective)
70
The basic models of the word creation with the help of affixes are:
1) prefix+stem=NW
2) stem+suffix=NW
3) prefix+stem+affix=NW
A suffix is a derivational bound morpheme, standing after trhe stem alone or
next to other suffixes, creating words belonging to the same or different word
class, polysemantic, stylistically coloured or neutral, native or borrowed,
productive and non productive.
-Derivational suffixes may be of the following types according to their
functional in creating word classes:
1) monofunctional; 2) polyfunctional.
Monofunctional suffixes are suffixes which are specialized for the creation
of a definite part of speech (a noun, an adjective, a verb, an adverb, a numeral in
comparewd languages). To the belong such suffixes as –ist, -ship, -ize, -tion, -ism,
-ward etc. Consequently they denote only one meaning. That’s why they are all
monosemantic suffixes.
Polyfunctional suffixes are suffixes which able to create more than one word
classes. To them belong-ant, -ive, -an, -ly, -er, -ant, -ful, -ate etc. As they express
more than one meaning they are polyfunctional and polysemantic.
According to the number of stems and suffixes the following basic models
of derived words can be observed:
1) one stem+one suffixe=NW: king+dom
2) multisystem+one suffix=NW: day+dreamer
3) one stem+multisuffix=NW: heartlessness
4) multistem+multisuffix=NW multinationality.
The following suffixes can stanf next to one another:
-ary+ly=fragmantavily (adv)
-less+ness=frienflessness (noun)
-tion+ist=reactionist (noub) etc.
71
-According to the degree of activeness or passiveness in a creation period of
language development suffixes may be two types: a) synchronic word creating
suffixes: protector, spaceship; b) diachronic word creating suffixes: kingdom,
freedom
To the first group belong –er, -ify, -ment, -en, -ly, -tion.To the second group
of suffixes are made of –dom, -aster, -ule, -esque, -us, -ia.
-Word creation and word compounding in English lexic-semantic and word
creation in Uzbek are considered to be the most productive meana of new word
creation.
Derived nouns and derived adjectives make up the greater part of word
stock.
-Such derivational suffixes as –er, -or, -ist, -ment, -ness, hard, -age, -y, -ful, less, -chi, -do‘z, -gar, -dor, -bon, -li, -sizmake up the neutral layer of the style.
While –tion, -ic, -logy, -graphy, -ism, -ka, -grafiya, -logiya, -izm suffixes
characteristic to scientific style.
Like words derivational suffixes can be synonyms with each other. To them
belong-er and –or, -cy and –ship, -tion and –ture, -ship and –hood, -er,- ee and –y,
-ance and –ing etc.
Homonym suffixes are –ee=-ee, -ic=-ic, -er=-er, -y=-y, -ful=-ful, -en=-en
etc. They are 21 of them in English, eight of them in Uzbek. (-lik=lik, -dosh=dosh,-kash=-kash, -soz=-soz, -cha=-cha, dor-dor, -jon=-jon)
Antonym suffixes are very few in English and Uzbek. They are –ful and- les,
-li and –siz(be) etc.
While adding to different stems suffixes may have different meanings,
consequently may have different equivalents in Uzbek.
A driver-haydovchi, a baker-novvoy, a Londoner-Londonlik, a bottle-opener
-ochqich, a dealer-olibsotar, a clockmaker-soatsoz etc.
Uzbek nouns having –ep, -or, -och suffixes in their structure are mostly
borrowed words belonging to technology or social political sphere. Such borrowed
Uzbek suffixes has the same coppespondencies in English (-er, -or).
72
There are cases that new words can be created by a foreign stem+Uzbek
suffixes: konsessioner-konsessiyachi, konspirator-fitnachi
When –ist used for a follower a theory or a method it corresponds with -ist
(Darvinist, pragmatist). In other cases –ist is translated by means of -chi, -shunos,
-parvar (violinist-g‘ijjakchi, orientakist-sharqshunos, humanist-insonparvar) while
translating texts belonging to different styles and while forming word creation
skills with the help of suffixes one must take into consideration semantic, stylistic,
etymological characteristics of suffixes, combinibility of the latter. Besides the
suggested by us technology and the system of exercises are sure to improve and to
facilitate the English teaching process.
73
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Moscow. “Eskimo”, 2013
89.
Nida E. Morphology a Descriptive analysis of words. Ann. Arbor,
90.
Newsman S. English suffixation: a descriptive approach. “Word”,
1964
1948, vol 4,1
91.
Partidge E. The world of word, London, 1948
92.
Palmer A grammar of English words London 1961
93.
Pastridge E. and Clarks, British and American English since 1900,
London 1951
94.
Quirk R. and others. A University Grammar of English. M. “Visshaya
shkola”. 1982.
95.
Rayevskaya N.M. English lexicology, Kiev 1957
96.
Sheard J. A. The words we use (word formation and extention of
vocabulary in Readings in Modern English Lexicology Leningrad,
“Prosvesheniya”. 1975. p. 164-166)
97.
Schlauch M. The English language in Modern Time, Warsaw 1965
98.
Serjeantson M.S. A history of foreign words in English, London 1935
99.
Smirnitskiy A. I. Synonyms in English. M. 1977
100. Soudek L. Structure of Substandard words in British and American
English,
Bratislawa 1963
101. South worth F.C. and Daswani Ch. Foundation of linguistics New
York
1974
102. Ullman S. Words and their use.London. 1951
80
103. Webster’s third Interntional Dictionary Konemann, 1993
104. http://www.wikipedia.com/English/articles/synonyms.htm.
105. http://www.mpsttu.ru/words/Englishphilology/E.M.Dubenets.
Kursleksii
iplanыseminarnыxzanyatiypoleksikologiiangliyskogoyazыka.htm
106. http://www.free essays.com./English/E.Course Quantative and
Qualitative
synonymy.htm.
81
APPENDIX 1
THE ALPHABET LIST OF SUFFIXES
-able [әbl] -able, -ible,
[iәl] -ial, -eal, -ial-, -eal-;
-able-, -ible-,
[uәl] -ual, -ual-;
-able-, -ibl-;
[tl] -tal;
[jubl] -juble, -juble-,
[tәl] -tal-;
- jubl-;
[inәl] -inal, -inal-;
[ә`bil] - abil-, -ibil-;
[inl] -inal, -inal-;
[i`bil] -abil-;
[`æl] -al-;
[ju`bil] - ubil-;
[i`æl] -ial-;
[әbil] -abil-, -ibil
[ju`æl] -ual-.
-aceous [eiʃәs] –acceous
-alⁿ: [әl] -al;
-acyⁿ [әsi] -acy, -isy, ocy;
[l] -al;
[isi] -ecy, -esy;
[juәl] -ual.
[si] -cy, -sy;
-ana: [әn] -an, -ian;
[is] -ace;
[iәn] -ian, -ean;
[izi] -esy;
[`i:әn] -ean;
[æs] -ac-;
[`ein] -ane;
[`eiʃ] -ac-.
['æn] -an-.
[jual] -ual.
-anⁿ: [әn] -ian, -an, -ian-, -an-.
-adeⁿ [`eid] -ade, -ad-;
-anaⁿ [`anә] -ana;
[i`a:nә] –iana.
[æd] -ad;
-anceⁿ: [әns] -ance, -ence, -
[`keid] -cade, -cad-;
[eid] -ade;
iance, -
[a:tә] -ata;
ience, -ance-, -anc-,
[ed] -ad-.
-enc-;
-ageⁿ: [idᵹ] -age, -age-, -ag-;
[әnsi] -ancy, -ency;
[a:ᵹ] -age-.
[iәns] -ience, -ience-;
-ala: [әl] –al, -ial, -al-, -ial-;
[iәnsi] -iency;
[l] -al;
[jәns] -iance;
82
[jәnsi] -iancy;
['enʃ] -enc-, -ent-.
-anta: [әnt] -ant, -ent, -iant, -
[jәr] -iar-;
['ͻ:ri] -ori-.
ient,
-arya: [әri] -ary, -ery, -ory, -ari-,
-ant-, -ent-, -iant-, -ient-;
[iәnt] -ient, -ient-;
-eri-, -ori-;
[jәnt] -iant, -iant-;
[jәri] -iary;
['ent] -ent-;
[juәri] -uary;
['enʃ] -ent-;
[әtәri] -atory;
[,enʃ] -ent-.
[inәri] -inary;
-antⁿ: [әnt] -ant, -ent, -ent-;
[`ɛәri] -ari-;
['ent] -ent-;
[jәr] -iar.
-asen: [eis] -ase;
['enʃ] -ent-.
-ara: [ә]-ar;
[eiz] -ase.
-astern: ['æstә] -aster;
['ær] -ar-;
[әg] -ar-;
[,æstә] -aster;
['ɛәg] -ar-.
[,æstr] -astr-.
-ardn: [әd] -ard, -ard-;
-ateᶹ: [eit] -ate, -at-;
['eit] -ate, -at-;
[a:d] -ard, -ard-;
[jueit] -uate;
[әt] -art;
[jәd] -ard.
[ieit] -iate;
-aryn: [әri] -ary, -ery, -ory;
[әt] -at-;
[`eiʃ] -at-.
[iәri] -iary;
-aten: [it] -ate, -et, -ite, -et-;
[tәri] -tory;
[ri] -ry, -ary, -ory;
[eit] -ate;
[juәri] -uary;
[ait] -ite, -it-;
[jͻri] -iary;
[әt] -at, -ot, -at-, -ot-;
[tri] -try;
[æt] -at;
[ɛәri] -ari-;
['ͻt] -ot-;
[jәri] -eri-;
[iit] -iate;
83
['æt] -at-;
-ena: [n] -en, -en-;
[it] -it-;
[әn] -en, -ern, -ern-;
['et] -et-;
-enn: [n] -n, -en, -n-, -en-;
[itʃ]-at-;
[en] -en.
[әtʃ] -at-.
-ennen: ['en] -enne.
atea: [eit] -ate, -ate-, -at-;
-esceᶹ: ['es] -esce, -esc-;
[ait] -ite, -ite-;
['is] -isc-.
[it] -ate, -ite, -it, -ite-, -it-;
-esen: ['i:z] -ese;
[u:t] -ute, -ute-;
['ni:z] -nese.
[`it] -it-;
-esquea: ['esk] -esque, -esque-, -
[`iʃ] -it-;
esqu-.
-essn: [is] -ess, -ice;
['eiʃ] -at-;
[`u:ʃ]-ut-.
['es] -ess;
-ciden: [said] -cide;
[iks] -ix;
[isaid] -icide, -icid-;
[iz] -s.
-esta: [ist] -est, -est-.
['said] -cid-.
domn: [dәm] -dom.
-etten: ['et] -ette, -et, -et-
dromen: [droum] -drome;
[it] -et;
['droum] -drom-.
['let] -lette (-let).
-eda: [әd] -ed;
-folda: [fould] -fold, -fold-.
[id] -ed, -ed-;
-fula: [ful] -ful, -ful-;
[d] -ed;
[fl] -ful-;
[t] -ed.
[fәl] -ful-.
-een: ['i:] -ee, -ee-;
-fuln: [ful] -ful;
[i:] -ee.
[,ful] -ful.
-eenn: ['i:n] -een, -een-;
-hoodn: [hud] -hood;
[i:n] -ene (-ine).
[hed] -head.
-emen: [i:m] -eme, -em-;
-in: [i] -i, -i-
['i:m] -em-.
-ian: [iә] -ia, -ea;
-enᶹ: [n] -en, -en-.
[jә] -ia;
84
-icsn: [iks] -ics;
['iә] -ea;
[ә] -a; -ia;
[ik] -ic, -ic-
[`æ] -a-;
[is] -ic-;
['ai] -i-;
[`iʃ] -ic-;
[i] -i-, -e-;
[tiks] -tics;
[j] -i-;
[etiks] -etics;
['ei] -a-;
[`i:k] -ique.
[`i:] -e-.
-ida: [id] -id, -id-;
-ica: [ik] -ic, -ic-;
[`id] -id-.
-iden: [aid] -ide;
[' ætik] -atic;
[tik] -tic;
[id] -ide, -id, -id-;
['etik] -etic;
[`id] -id-,
-ifern: ['ifә] -ifer-;
['itik] -itic;
['mætik] -matic;
['ifәr] -ifer-.
['ͻtik] -otic;
-ifyᶹ: [ifai] -ify, -efy;
[iæk] -iac;
[fai] -fy, -fi-;
[æk] -ac;
[i,fai] -ifi-;
[`is]-ic-;
[ifi] -ifi-;
[`iʃ] -ic-;
[if] -if-;
[is] -ic;
[`if] -if-;
['aiәk]-iac;
[ifai] -ifi-;
-ilea: [ail] -ile;
[æs] -ac-;
[әk] -ac-;
[il] -ile, -il-;
[rik] -ric;
[`il] -il-.
-inan: ['i:nә] -ina;
[tik] -tic.
-icen: [is] -ice, -ice-, -ic-;
[in] -in.
-inea: [in] -ine, -ine-,-in-;
[`iʃ] -ic-, -it-;
[i] -ice;
[ain] -ine;
[`i:s] -ice
[`in] -in-;
[ais]-ice.
[i'nin] -inin-;
85
[inain] -inine;
[iæzәm]-iasm.
-istn: [ist] -ist, -ist-;
['i:n] -ine.
-inen: [in] -ine, -in, -ain, -in-, -
[`i:st] -iste;
ain-;
[æst] -ast;
[i:n] -ine;
[iæst] -iast;
[ain] -ine;
[әst] -ast, -ast-;
[`ain] -ine; -in-.
['ist] -ist-;
-ingn: [iŋ] -ing.
['æst] -ast-;
-ionn: [әn] -ion, -ion-;
[i'æst] -iast-.
[ʃәn] -tion, -sion; -tion-,
-ituden: [itju:d] -itude;
-sion-;
[tju:d] -tude;
[pʃәn] -ption, -ption-;
[i'tju:d] -itud-;
[`eiʃәn] -ation, -ation-;
[i,tju:d] -itud-.
[`iʃәn] -ition, -ition-;
-ityn: [iti] -ity;
[keiʃәn] -cation, -cation-;
[ti] -ty;
['u:ʃәn] -ution, -ution-,
[әti] -ety;
['ju:ʃәn] -ution, -ution-,
[aiәti] -iety;
[…..әn] -sion, -sion-;
[it] -it-;
[jәn] -ion, -ion-.
[әt] -et-;
-isn: [is] is;
[aiәt] -iet-;
['aitis] -itis;
[t] -t-.
['i:sis] -esis;
-izeᶹ: [aiz] -ize, -yse, -iz-, -yz- ;
['ousis] -osis;
[taiz] -tize-, -tiz-.
[sis] -sis;
-kinn: [kin] -kin;
[i:z] -es.
[ikin] –ikin.
-isha: [iʃ] -ish, -ish-.
-lessa: [lis] –less, -less-.
-ismn: [izәm] -ism;
-letn: [lit] -let.
['izm] -ism-;
-lingn: [liŋ] -ling.
[әtizәm] -atism;
-lya: [li] -ly, -li-.
[æzәm]-asm;
-lyadv: [li] -ly.
86
-mentn: [mәnt] -ment;
[әr] -or-, -er-, -ar-, -ier-, -out-, -
['ment] -ment-;
yr-;
[ment] -ment-.
[r] -r-;
-nessn: [nis] -ness.
[`o:r] -or-;
-oskn: [әk] -ock.
['εәri] -ar-, -air-;
-oidn: [oid] -oid;
[jәr] -iour-;
[toid] -toid;
['niә] -neer;
[ ' o i d ] -oid-;
['tiә] -teer;
[ o ' i d ] -oid-.
['liә] -lier;
-ol: [ol] -ol, -ol-;
[dә] -der;
[oul] -ole;
[εә] -air.
[`ol] -ol-.
-ousa: [әs] -ous, -ious, -eous, -
-oman:[ o u mә] -oma, -ome-, -
ous-, -ious-, -eous-;
oma-;
[jәs] -ious, -ious-;
[jues] –uous, uous-;
[ o u m] - o m- ;
[,oumә] –oma-;
[ous] -ose;
[әm] -om, -om-.
['ous] -ose, -ose-;
n
-oon : [ ' u : n ] -oon, - o o n - ;
['i∫әs] -itious, -itious-;
[әn] -on;
[inәs] -inous;
[iәn] - i o n .
-orn: [ә] -or, -er, -ar, - i e r , -our,
-yr, -or-, -er-, -ar-, - i e r - , - o u r - , -
[inous] -inose;
['os] -os-;
yr - ;
[ju'os] -uos-.
[jә] -yer, -iour;
['iә] -eer, -ier;
-shipn: [jip] -ship.
[iә] -ier, -eer, -ior;
-somea: [sәm] -some, -some-.
['εә] -aire;
-stern: [stә] -ster, -ster-;
[o:] -or;
[ista] -ister;
[eita] -ator;
[star] -ster;
[iәr] -er-;
87
-uren: [ә] -ure;
[str] -str-.
[`juә] -ure;
-thn: [θ] -th, -th-;
[әt∫ә] -ature;
[t] -t, -t-.
[it∫ә] -iture;
-ulen: [ju:l] -ule;
[jul] -ul-;
[әr] -ur-;
[әkl] -acle;
['ju∫әr] -ur-;
[ikl] -icle;
[jur] -ur-.
[kju:l] -cule;
-usn: [as] -us.
[kjul] -cul-;
-warda: [wәd] -ward, -ward-
[tju:l] -tule;
[әd] ward, -ward-.
[kl] -cle;
-wardsadv: [wәdz] -wards.
[1] -le;
-ways adv: [weiz] -ways;
['ækjul] -acul-;
[waiz] -wise,
['ikjul] -icul-.
-yn: [i] -y, -ey , -ie-.
-umn: [әm] -urn;
-ya: [-y-], -ey, -i-
[iәm] -ium;
[jәm]
-ium,
-
eum.
88
APPENDIX ENGLISH UZBEK DICTIONARY OF SUFFIXATIONAL
WORDS
-able
WORDS
TRANSCRIPTION
abominable
[ә′bomınәbl]
agitable
[′ædZıtәbl]
attackable
attainable
[ә′tækәbl]
[ә′teinәbl]
attractable
[ә′træktәbl]
attributable
[ә′trıbjυtәbl]
available
[ә′veılәbl]
avoidable
[ә′voıdәbl]
bailable
[beılәbl]
bankable
[bænkәbl]
barrable
[′bә:rәbl]
bearable
[ beәrәbl]
believable
[bı′lı:vәbl]
boatable
[bәυtәbl]
changeable
chargeable
charitable
[t∫eındZәbl]
[′t∫a:dZәbl]
[t∫ærıtәbl]
cheatable
[t∫ı:tbәl]
checkable
[t∫ekәbl]
censurable
[sen∫әrәbl]
definable
[dı′faınәbl]
RUSSIAN
otvratitelnыy,
protivnыy
vozbudimыy
UZBEK
kir qilib,
iflos holda
tashviqot
qilsa bo’ladigan
uyazvimыy
juda, nozik
dostijimыy
erishib
bo’ladigan
prityagivaemыy
jozibador,
o’ziga tortuvchi
otnosyaщiysya
aniqlovchi
o’rnida
ishlatiladigan
dostupnыy,
sotiladigan,
nalichnыy
yaroqli
to,
oldini olsa
chegomojnoizbejat
bo’ladigan, qochib
qutilsa bo’ladigan
Vыpuskaemыy na
kafillik yoki
po ruku
kafolat asosida
qamoqdan ozod
qilish huquqiga ega
bo’ladigan
prinimaemыybanko
bank
mkuchetu
tomonidan xisobga
olinadigan
podlejaщiykostano
bas qilishga
vke
loyiq
snosnыy, terpimыy
chidasa
bo’ladigan
pravdopodobnыy
ishonsa
bo’ladigan
sudoxodnыy
qayiqda
yursa bo’ladigan
nepostoyannыy
o’zgaruvchan
otvetstvennыy
masuliyatli
blagotvoritelnыy
hayrli, mehrshavqatli
legkovernыy
aldasa
bo’ladigan
poddayushiysyakpr
tekshiruvga
overke
moyil
dostoynыyporitsani
tanbeh
ya
berishga arziydigan
poddayushiysyaopr
aniqlab
89
demountable
dubitable
dupable
expendable
expiable
excitable
flammable
hateable
hospitable
illimitable
illuminable
imaginable
]
impenetrable
invulnerable
justiciable
lamentable
liable
malleable
memorable
miserable
modifiable
navigable
negotiable
bo’ladigan
tez yonuvchi,
tez alanga oladigan
[dı′mυtәbl]
razbornыy,
qismlarga
s’emnыy
ajraladigan, yig’ma
[dju:bıtәbl]
somnitelnыy
shubxali
[dju:pәbl]
naivnыy
sodda, go’l
[ık′spendәbl]
potreblyaemыy,
sarflanadigan
rasxoduemыy
, xarajat qiladigan
[ekspıәbl]
iskupimыy
gunohini
yuvsa bo’ladigan
[ɪk'saɪtәbl]
vozbudimыy
hayajonlanad
igan, hayratga
soluvchi
[flæmәbl]
ogneopasnыy
yong’in
chiqish xavfi
bo’lgan
[heıtәbl]
otvratitelnыy
jirkanch,
qabih, yomon
[hos′pıtәbl]
gostepriimnыy,
mehmondo’s
otkrыtыy
t, ochiq
[ı′lımıtәbl]
neogranichennыy
cheklanmaga
n, cheksiz
[ı′lju:mı,nәbl]
poddayushiysyaosv
yoritsa
eщeniyu
bo’ladigan
[ı′mædZınәbl
voobrazimыy
tasavvur
qilsa bo’ladigan
[ım′penıtrәbl]
nepronitsaemыy
o’tkazmaydi
gan
[ın′vʌlnәrәbl]
neuyazvimыy
bekamiko’st,
benuqson,
mustahkam
[ʤʌs'tɪʃәbl]
podsudnыy
sudda
ko’rilishga tegishli
bo’lgan
['læmәntәbl]
grustnыy,
o’ta
pechalnыy
achinarli, qayg’uli
['laɪәbl]
veroyatnыy,
ehtimol,
vozmojnыy
bo’lishi mumkin
bo’lgan
['mælɪәbl]
ustupchivыy
muloyim,
mayin
['mem(ә)rәbl]
nezabыvaemыy
unutilmas
['mɪz(ә)rәbl]
jalkiy, neschastnыy
ayanchli,
yoqimsiz
['mɔdɪfaɪәbl]
poddayushiysyaizm
o’zgartirsa
enenie
bo’ladigan
['nævɪgәbl]
sudoxodnыy
kema
qatnoviga qulay
[nɪ'gәuʃɪәbl]
moguщыyslujitpre
o’tib
dmetomperegovorov
bo’ladigan
edeleniyu
goryuchiy
[deflәgrәbl]
deflagrable
90
nonflammabl
e
e
e
[nonʃlæmәbl]
nevosplamenyaetsy
tez
o’tolmaydigan
nonreturnabl
[nәnnevozvratimыy
qaytarib
rɪ'tәːnәbl]
berib bo’lmaydigan
notifiable
['nәutɪfaɪәbl]
podlejaщiyregistrat
habar
sii
berishga (qayd
etishga) arziydigan
observable
[әb'zɜːvәbl]
zametnыy,
kuzatsa
razlichimыy
bo’ladigan, farqlasa
bo’ladigan
obtainable
[әb'teɪnәbl]
dostupnыy,
erishib
dostijimыy
bo’ladigan
palpable
['pælpәbl]
osyazaemыy
sezsa
bo’ladigan
pardonable
['pɑːd(ә)nәbl]
prostitelnыy
uzrli,
kechirimli
peaceable
['piːsәbl]
mirolyubivыy,
tinchliksevar,
mirnыy
tinchlikni yaxshi
ko’radigan,
hoxlaydigan
penetrable
['penɪtrәbl]
pronitsaemыy
ichiga kirsa
bo’ladigan
pitiable
['pɪtɪәbl]
jalkiy, nichtojnыy
ayanchli,
nochor
practicable
['præktɪkәbl]
osuщestvimыy
amalga
oshadigan
pronounceabl
[prә'naun(t)sә
udoboproiznosimы
e’lon qilsa
bl]
y
bo’ladigan
publishable
[pʌblɪʃәbl]
opublikovaniya
nashr etishga
arziydigan
quantifiable
['kwɔntɪfaɪәbl
kolichestvennomu
sonini
]
aniqlasa bo’ladigan
questionable
['kwesʧәnәbl]
somnitelnыy
shubhali
quotable
['kwәutәbl]
zaslujivayuщiy
sitata olsa
bo’ladigan
readable
['riːdәbl]
xoroshonapisannыy
yaxshi
yozilgan
reasonable
['riːz(ә)nәbl]
razumnыy,
aqlli, zehnli
rassuditelnыy
receivable
[rɪ'siːvәbl]
moguщiybыtpoluc
qabul qilsa
hennыy
bo’ladigan
reclosable
[rɪklouzәbl]
povtornogozakrыva
qayta yopsa
niya
bo’ladigan
referable
[rɪ'fɜːrәbl]
moguщiybыtpripis
tilga olsa
annыm
bo’ladigan
refutable
['refjutәbl]
oproverjimыy
rad etsa
bo’ladigan
remarkable
[rɪ'mɑːkәbl]
zamechatelnыy
ajoyib, ajib
seasonable
['siːz(ә)nәbl]
posezonu,
o’z vaqtida
svoevremennыy
bo’ladigan
semblable
[ˈsɛmblәb(ә)l
poxoje
o’xshash
a
91
]
sortable
[ˈsɔː tәbl]
suitable
['s(j)uːtәbl]
tenable
['tenәbl]
terminable
['tɜːmɪnәbl]
transferable
[træn(t)s'fɜːrә
sortirovki
bl]
unabsorbable
unacceptable
podxodyaщiy,
godnыy
logichnыy,
zdravыy
ogranichennыyskor
om
dopuskayuщiypere
dachu
kpoglasheniyu
[ˌʌnәk'septәb
nepriemlemыy
[ʌn'ɔːlt(ә)rәbl
neizmennыy
l]
unalterable
]
[ˌʌnә'veɪlәbl]
unavailable
neimeyuщiysyavna
lichii
variable
['veәrɪәbl]
verifiable
['verɪfaɪәbl]
vulnerable
['vʌln(ә)rәbl]
warrantable
['wɔr(ә)ntәbl]
workable
['wɜːkәbl]
izmenchivыy,
nepostoyannыy
poddayuщiysyapro
verke
uyazvimыyranimы
y
zakonnыy,
dopustimыy
rentabelnыy,
vыpolnimыy
turga ajratsa
bo’ladigan
munosib,
mos
mantiqan
to’g’ri, durust
muddati
belgilangan
ko’chirsa
bo’ladigan
namni
tortmaydigan
nomaqbul,
muvofiq
kelmaydigan
o’zgarmaydi
gan
yaroqsiz,
foyda bermaydigan
beqaror,
o’zgarib turadigan
tekshirsa
bo’ladigan
nozik, zaif
qonuniy,
qonun asosidagi
foydali,
daromadli
-age
WORDS
TRANSCRI
PTION
[drıftıdZ]
driftage
RUSSIAN
snos, dreyf,
predmetы
pastushevka
tintage
[′tıntıdZ]
tutelage
[′tju:tәlıdZ]
opekunstva
underage
[,ʌndәreıdZ]
nesovershennolet
vagabondage
Z]
wantage
wharfage
windage
UZBEK
harakatsizlik
xira rang
vasiylik
voyaga
niy
yetmagan, bo’yi
yetmagan
[′vægәbondıd
brodyajnichestva
darbadarlik,
daydilik
[′wontıdZ]
nexvatka
kamchilik,
yetish-movchilik
[′wo:fıdZ]
xraneniegruzovna
bandargoxda
pristani
yuklarni saqlash
[wındıdZ]
soprotivlenievozd
shamol
uxa
qarshiligi
92
wreckage
[′rekıdZ]
oblomki
halokatdan
keyingi siniq parchalar
-al
WORDS
abnormal
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æb'nә:mǝl]
RUSSIAN
aborigion
[æbǝ'ridʒәnl]
abysmal
abyssal
[ә'bizmәl]
[ә'bisl]
bezdonnыyglubokiy
glubinnыy
academic
[ækǝ'demikl]
akademicheskiy
accidental
[æksi'dentl]
sluchaynыy
accipitral
attritional
[әksiptrәl]
[ә'triʃәnәl]
yastrebinыy
iznuryayuщiy
auditorial
[′ɔ:ditɔ:riǝl]
revizionnыy
auroral
auspicial
autumnal
avolitiona
[ǝ'rͻ:rǝl]
[ͻ:'spiʃǝl]
[ͻ:tʌmnǝl]
[ævǝ'liʃǝnǝl]
utrenniy,rumyanыy
prinosyaщiyudachu
osenniy
nezavisyaщiyotvoli
banal
baptismal
[bǝ'na:l]
[bæptizml]
vanolnыy
krestinnыy
beatifical
[bi:ǝ'tiʄikl]
blajennыy
behaviour
[biheivʃǝrǝl]
povedencheskiy
centipedal
[sontped(ǝ)l]
anormal’nыy,nenor
mal’nыy
iskonnыykorennoy
al
al
l
UZBEK
g'ayri tabiiy,
telba, devona
tubjoylik,
maxalliy
tubsiz, chuqur
chuqurda
yashaydigan
akademiyaga
oid
tasodifiy
kutilmagan
lochin
ishqalanuvchi,
surkalanuvchi
nazorat, (taftish
qiluvchi)
tonggi
ko'ngildagidek
kuzgi
hohishiga
bog’liq bo’lmagan
chaynalgan
cho'qintirishga
oid
bezalgan,bezatil
gan
axloqli,xulqli
al
razdalennыynastoch
astey
criminal
[kriminәl]
dropsical
[dropsikl]
prestupnыy
stradayuщiyvodyan
koy
elliptical
factional
[iliptikl]
[fækʃnǝl]
ellipticheskiy
fraksionnыy
factorial
[fæktͻ:riǝl]
fabrichniy
familial
fragmenta
[fǝ'miliǝl]
[frægmentәl]
semeynыy
oblamochnыy
functional
fundamen
[fʌɳkʃәnәl]
[fʌndә'mentl]
funksional’nыy
osnovnoy, korennoy
l
93
yuz qismga
bo'lingan
jinoiy,jinoyatko
rona
shishgan,shishi
b ketgan
elliptik
fraksion,
guruhlikka oid
fabrikada ishlab
chiqarilgan
oilaviy
uzilgan,chalachulpa
funksional
asosiy, muhim
tal
impedime
[im,pediment
prepyatetvuyuщiy
[,inspek'tͻ:riǝ
revizionnыy
judicial
[dʒv'diʃәl]
sudebnыy
longitudio
[loɳdʒitju:di
prodol’nыy
ntal
to'siqli, g'ovli
l]
inspectori
al
tekshiruvli,
tekshirishga oid
sudga,
sudyalarga oid
uzun
l]
nǝl]
nal
-ance
WORDS
allowance
abidance
abundance
conveyance
fragrance
inductance
inelegance
significance
tendance
tolerance
TRAN
SCRIPTION
[ә′laυәn
s]
[ә′baıdә
ns]
[ә′bΛnd
әns]
[kәn′veı
әns]
[freıgrә
ns]
[ın′dΛtә
ns]
[ın′elıgә
ns]
[sıg′nıfı
kәns]
[′tendәn
s]
[′tolәrә
ns]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
mesyachnoesod
oylik maosh
erjanie
soblyudenieche
go-libo
nimagadir amal
qilish
izobilie,
bogatstva
perevozka,
dostavka
aromat,
blagouxanie
induktivnost
neelegantnost
znachenie,
mo’l-ko’lchilik,
boylik
ko’chirish, eltib
berish
xushbo’y, yoqimli
hid
kiritish, olib kirish,
kelishmaganlik,
xushbichim emas
mazmun, mohiyat
smыsl
zabota, svita
terpimost,
tolerantnost
intilish, niyat,
moyillik
chidamlilik,
bag’rikenglik
-ant
WORDS
TRANS
CRIPTION
[æ'berǝn
abberant
t]
RUSSIAN
zablujdayuщiys
ya
[ә'beiәnt
abeyant
]
bezdeystvuyuщi
ǝnt]
abundant
nt]
attendant
t]
attestant
]
adashgan,
adashtiruvchi
harakatsiz
y
[æbsǝvn
absonant
UZBEK
protivorechaщiy
zid, qarshi
turuvchi
[ǝ'bʌndә
obilnыy,
serob, to'lib
bogatыy
toshgan
[ǝ'tendǝn
ooprovojdayuщi
hamrox,
y
yo'ldosh, xizmatkor
[ǝ'testǝnt
svidetelstvuyuщ
guvoxlik
iy
beruvchi
94
[baisǝnǝ
bisonant
[freigrǝn
sostoyaщiyizdv
uxzvukov
lenivыy,
prazdnыy
aromatnыy
[in'konst
nepostoyannыy
[in'konsә
nesozvuchnыy
['dʒͻinǝn
soedinennыy
[mæl'fi:z
prestupnыy
[mǝ'lign
zlovrednыy
nt]
[feiniǝnt
faineant
]
fragrant
ikki tashvishdan
iborat
yalqov, dangasa
xushbo'y,muattar
t]
inconstant
әnt]
inconsonant
nәnt]
joinant
t]
malfeasant
әnt]
malignant
o'zgaruvchan,
muntazam bo’lmagan
har-xil,to'g'ri
kelmaydigan, muvofiq
bo’lmagan
qo'shma,birlashg
an
jinoiy,jinoyatkor
ona
serjaxl,badjaxl
ǝnt]
['nonʃәlә
nonchalant
nt]
non-combatant
reentrant
refrigerant
regardant
registrant
regnant
significant
stagnant
tolerant
trenchant
ululant
[,non'ko
mbǝtǝnt]
[rientrǝn
t]
[ri'fridʒr
әnt]
[ri'ga:dә
nt]
['redʒistr
әnt]
['regnәnt
]
[sig'nifik
ǝnt]
['stægnә
nt]
['tolǝrǝnt
]
['trentʃәn
t]
['ju:ljvlә
nt]
besstrastnыy,
bezpechnыy
nestroevoy
vxodyaщiy
oxlajdayuщiy
pristalnonablyu
dayuщiy
litso
sarstvuyuщiy
mnogoznachitel
nыy
stoyachiy,
inertnыy
terpimыy,
tolerantnыy
ostrыy, rezkiy
zavыvayuщiy
loqayd,beparvo,s
ovuqqon
yuvosh,royish,
safdan chiqqan
kiruvchi
muzlatuvchi,
sovutuvchi
diqqat bilan
kuzatuvchi
ro'yxatga
oluvchi
xukmronlik
qiluvchi
muhim,ahamiyat
li
nodon,sust,faoliy
atsiz
chidamli,
bag’rikeng
o’tkir, keskin
esar,tez esdan
chiqaruvchi
-ary
WORDS
binary
cautionary
TRANSCRI
PTION
[baınәrı]
['ko:∫әnәrı]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
dvoynoy
predosteregayu
ikki tomonlama
ogohlantiruvchi
щiy
centenary
[sentınәrı]
stoletniy
95
yuz yasharlilik,
yuz yoshlik
[әlekju:′∫әnәrı
elocutionary
deklamatorskiy
notiqlikka oid
]
[ekspı′dı∫әnәr
expeditionary
ı]
fragmentary
illusionary
imaginary
judiciary
nonary
olivary
penitentiary
pensionary
questionary
regionary
salutary
sanguinary
sanitary
sumptuary
testamentary
ekspeditsionnы
safarga,
sayohatga oid
[frægmәntәrı]
otrыvochnыy
bo’lib-bo’lib,
qisqa-qisqa
[ı′lu:Zәnәrı]
illyuzornыy
hayoliy,
haqiqatdan yiroq
[ı′mædZınәrı]
voobrajaemыy
tasavvuriy,
hayoliy
[dZυ′dı∫әrı]
zakonnыy
qonuniy,
qonunga mos
[′nәυnәrı]
devyaterichnыy
voyaga
yetmagan
[′olıvәrı]
imeyuщiyformu
zaytunrang,
maslin
ko’kish-sariq
[penı′ten∫әrı]
popravitamnыy
axloq tuzatish
dom, ispravitelnыy
muassasasi, axloq
tuzatuvchi
[′pen∫әnәrı]
pensionnыy
nafaqaga oid
[′kwes∫әnәrı]
anketa
so'rovnoma
[′rı:dZәnәrı]
rayonnыy
hududiy
[′sæljυt(ә)rı]
selitelnыy
foydali,
shifobaxsh
[′sæŋgwınәrı]
krovavыy
qonli, qon
to’kiladigan
[′sænәtәrı]
sanitarnыy
sanitariyaga oid,
gigiyenik
y
[′sΛmpt∫υәrı]
kreguliruyuщiy
[,testә′mentәr
zaveщatelnыy
ı]
[′tekst∫uәrı]
[′tju:mjυlәrı]
[tjυ′mΛlt∫υәrı
textuary
tumulary
tumultuary
]
tekstovыy
mogilnыy
besporyadochn
ыy, shumnыy
neostorojnыy
unchary
[Λn′t∫eәrı]
uncustomary
[,ʌn′kʌstәmәr
neprivыchnыy
[′ju:nıtәrı]
[,vælı′tju:nәtr
unitarnыy
boleznennыy
[′vetrәnәrı]
veterinarnыy
ı]
unitary
valetudinary
ı]
veterinary
96
harajatlarni
tartibga soluvchi
vasiyat bilan
bog’liq bo’lgan
matnga oid
qabrga oid
sershovqin,
betartib
ehtiyotkor
bo’lmagan
noodatiy,
g’ayriodatiy
unitar
kasalmandlik,
dardmand
veterenariyaga
oid
-ate
WORDS
authenticate
aviate
elucidate
emanate
fabricate
facilitate
importunate
inaugurate
incapacitate
machinate
terminate
underrate
WORDS
abeyancy
abnormalcy
abstinency
bankruptcy
impeccancy
insignificancy
latency
stagnancy
translucency
TRAN
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
SCRIPTION
[′ͻ:′ʘe
udostoveryat’
tasdiqlamoq
ntikeit]
[′eivieit
letet’nasamolete
samalyotda uchmoq
]
[i'lu:sid
ob’yasnyat’,prol
tushuntirmoq,
eit]
ivat’svet
aniqlik kiritmoq
[emǝne
proisxodit
sodir bo'lmoq,yuz
it]
bermoq
[ʄæbrik
vыdumыvat,
o'ylab chiqarmoq,
eit]
poddelыvat
to’qimoq, ishlab
chiqarmoq
[fǝ'silǝt
oblegchat,
yengillashtirmoq,
eit]
prodvigat
ko'maklashmoq
[im'pͻ:
nastoychivыy
sabotli,quntli,
tjunәt]
tirishqoq
[inͻ:gj
torjestvennovvo
tantanali ravishda
ureit]
dit, vdoljnost
lavozimga qo’ymoq
[,inkә'p
lishatprava
huquqdan mahrum
æsiteit]
qilmoq
['mæki
delatnesposobn
fitna uyushtirmoq
neit]
ыmkintrigovat
['tә:mi
stavitpredel
tugatmoq,ohiriga
neit]
yetkazmoq
[ʌndә'r
nedootsenivat
noto'g'ri
eit]
ko'rsatmoq, kam baho
bermoq
-cy
TRANS
CRIPTION
[ǝ'beiǝns
RUSSIAN
vremennoebezd
UZBEK
vaqtinchalik
i]
eystvie
xarakatsizlik
[æb'nͻ:r
nenormal’nost’
g'ayri tabiiylik,
mәlsi]
telbalik
[æbstinǝ
vozderjanie
o'zini tiyish va
nsi]
tortish
[kæɳkrǝ
bankrotstva,
bankrot,
ptsi]
nesostayatel’nost
moliyaviy inqiroz
[im'pekә
bezgreshnost’
gunohsiz,
nsi]
begunohlilik
[insig'nif
neznachitel’nost
arzimaslik,
ikǝnsi]
’
ahamiyatsizlik
['leitәnsi
skrыtoesostoyan
yashirin xolat
]
ie
[stægnǝn
zastoy, inertnost
turg'unlik
si]
[trænz'lu
poluprozrachno
yarim tiniq,
:sәnsi]
st’
yarim shaffof
97
-dom
WORDS
boredom
TRANSCRI
PTION
[′bͻ:dәm]
RUSSIAN
skuka
dukedom
heirdom
[dju:kdәm]
[′eәdәm]
gersogstvo
nasledovanie
junkerdom
['jʌɳkǝdǝm]
yunkerstvo
masterdom
rascaldom
[′ma:stǝdǝm]
['ræskǝldǝm]
prevosxodstvo
moshennichest
whoredom
['hͻ:dәm]
UZBEK
zerikish, bezor
bo'lish
gersoglik
meros
olish,vorislik
yunkerlik, harbiy
maktab o'quvchisi
bo’lish
xo'jayinlik,egalik
razillik, qalloblik
vo
bludrasputstvo
buzuqlik,
foxishalik
-ee
WO
RDS
aban
danee
addre
ssee
adopt
ee
appoi
ntee
awar
dee
barga
inee
barge
e
cheat
ee
expel
lee
grand
ee
grant
ee
impo
rtee
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ǝ'bændә'ni:]
RUSSIAN
straxovщik
[ædre'si:]
adresat
[ædͻp'ti:]
usыnovlennыyrebyonok
[ә,pͻin'ti:]
naznachenie
[әwͻ:di]
prizer
[,ba:′gini:]
pokupatelzemli
[′ba:′dʒi:]
barochnik
[′tʄi:'ti:]
jertvaobmana
[,ekspә'li:]
deportirovannыychelove
k
[græn'di:]
vajnayapersona
[gra:n'ti]
poluchayuщiyvdar
[impͻ:'ti:]
priglashennыyvstranuna
jitelstvo
induc
[indʌk'ti]
prizыvnik
jamb
[dʒæmbә'ri:]
vesel’e, pirushka
tee
oree
98
UZBEK
sug’urtachi,
sug’urta qiluvchi kishi
elituvchi, (xat
va shu kabilarni)
asrandi bola
lavozimga
tayinlangan shaxs
mukofotga
sazovor bo’lgan kishi
yer sotib
oluvchi
barka (yuk
tashuvchi kema)
aldov,
tovlamachilik qiluvchi
badarg’a
(surgun) qilingan kishi
muhim shaxs
grand oluvchi,
tuhfa olgan kishi
mamlakatga
yashash uchun taklif
etilgan kishi
harbiy hizmatga
chaqiriluvchi
quvnoqlik,vaqti
chog'lik
jubile
['dʒu:bili:]
prazdnestvo, yubiley
licen
[laisәn'si:]
litso, poluchivщiypatent
pledg
[,pledʒii]
zalogoderjatel
reject
[,ridʒek'ti:]
e
see
ee
ee
negodnыykvoennoysluj
be
repar
[repa:ti:]
ostroumie
silect
[,selek'ti:]
prizыvnik
separ
[,sepәrә't:]
demobilizovannыy
settee
snick
[se'ti:]
[snikәsni:]
nebolshoydivan
dlinnыynoj,kinjal
vend
[ven'di:]
pokupatel
yippe
[jipi:]
ura
tee
ee
atee
ersnee
ee
e
tantanali
bayram, yubiley
ruxsatnoma
(patent) olgan kishi
garovda tutib
turuvchi kishi
harbiy hizmatga
yaramaydigan kishi
gapga ustalik,
aqlibutlik
harbiy hizmatga
chaqiriluvchi
harbiy
hizmatdan bo’shatilgan
shaxs
kichik divan
uzun pichoq,
xanjar
xaridor, sotib
oluvchi
uraaa!(qichqiriq
)
-ed
WORD
S
abstracte
d
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æb′stræk.tɪd
RUSSIAN
otdelennыy
]
attached
[әˈtætʃt]
privyazannыy
avowed
[әˈvaʊd]
otkrыtopriznannыy
backhan
[bækˈhæn.dɪ
ded
d]
badtempered
bagged
әd]
nanesennыytыmoystoro
noyruki (obudare)
[bæd′temp
zloy, razdrojitelnыy
[′bægd]
kladennыyvmeshok
barehead
[beәˈhed.ɪd]
snepokrыtoygolovoy
barefoot
[beә.fʊtid]
bosoy, bosonogiy
bare
[beɘnekt]
sotkpыtoy щey
ed
UZBEK
hayolga
cho’mgan
yopishtirilga
n, ilova qilingan
ochiq tan
olingan
qo’lning orqa
tomoni bilan urilgan
(zarba)
badjahl,
tajang
qopga
(haltaga)
joylashtirilgan,
berkitilgan
yalangbosh,
boshyalang
yalangoyoq
ed
necked
ochiq bo’yin
bilan
battered
beaked
bearded
[′bæt.әd]
[bɪːkt]
[′bɪә.dɪd]
izbitыy, iznoщennыy
imeyuщiyklyuv
borodatыy
99
ko’p urilgan
tumshuqli
soqolli,
bemused
[bɪ′mjuːzd]
bereaved
[bɪ′riːvd]
bigoted
[′bɪg.ә.tɪd]
neterpimыy
blessed
[′bles.id]
schastlivыy, blajennыy
bloated
[′blәʊ.tɪd]
razdutыy, jirnыy
blurred
[′blɜːd]
neyasnыy, smutnыy
boiled
boned
bowlegg
[′bɔɪld]
[′bәʊnd]
[bәʊ.leg .ɪ d]
varenыy
imeyuщiykostyak
krivonogiy
brocaded
[brәˈkeɪdɪd]
parchovыy
smuщennыy
perejivshiy,
tyajeleyuutratu
sersoqol
hayratga
tushgan
yaqin kishisi
vafot etgan, og’ir
yo’qotishni boshdan
kechirgan
o’taketgan,
mutaassib
baxtli,
omadli,baxtiyor
semiz,
damlangan
tushunib
bo’lmaydigan,
bulg’angan
qaynatilgan
qoq suyak
maymoq
ed
kimxobga
oid
[ˈsel.ɪ.breɪ.tɪd
celebrate
d
znamenitыy
]
[′kren. ә
crenellat
mashhur,
atoqli
zubchatыy
tishli
l.eɪ.tɪd]
ed
[′kres.tɪd]
crested
[′tʃɑː.tәd]
chartered
checked
dazed
demorali
zed
z]
drained
experien
st]
ced
fainthear
ted
falcated
freaked
fulfilled
furnishe
d
garbled
upraщennыygrebnem,
ostrokonechnыy
imeyuщiyprivilennыy
tojli, o’tkir
uchli
imtiyozga
ega bo’lgan
[tʃekt]
ostanovlennыy,
to’xtatilgan,
proverannыy
nazorat qilingan
[′deɪzd]
izluplennыy
maxliyo
bo’lgan
[dɪˈmɒr.ә.laɪ
demoralizovannыy
tushkunlikka
tushgan
[′dreɪnd]
mishennыysil
quritilgan
[ɪkˈspɪә.ri. n t
opыtnыy, znayuщiy
tajribali,
bilag’on
[feɪntˈhɑː.tɪd]
truslivыy, moloduщnыy
qo’rqoq,
yuraksiz
[′fælkeɪtɪd]
serpovidnыy
o’roqqa
o’xshash,
o’roqsimon
[′friːk t]
ispeщrennыy
g’ayritabiiy
[fʊlˈfɪld]
vipolnennыy
bajarilgan,
ro’yobga chiqarilgan
[′fɜː.nɪʃt]
meblirovannыy
ta’minlangan
, yetkazib berilgan
[′gɑː.bl ̩d]
iskajennыy
buzib
ko’rsatilgan(faktlar)
100
[hæn.dɪ.kæpt
imeyuщiyfizicheskiyne
dostatok
hotheade
[hɒtˈhed.ɪd]
hooked
[hʊkt]
goryachiy,
oprometchivыy
krivoy
hurried
[hʌr.id]
indepted
[ɪn′det.ɪd]
inexperie
[ɪn.ɪkˈspɪә.ri.
handicap
ped
]
d
toroplivыy, bыstrыy
noxodyaщiysyavdolguk
ogolibo
neopыtnыy
jismoniy
nuqsonga ega
bo’lgan
issiq,
qaynoq, qizib turgan
egri-bugri,
egilgan
tezkor,
shoshilayotgan
kimdandir
qarzdor bo’lgan
tajribasiz
әnst]
nced
informed
[ɪn′fɔːmd]
inspired
jagged
justified
[ɪnˈspaɪәd]
[′dʒæg.ɪd]
[′dʒʌs.tɪ.faɪd]
knitted
laboured
large-
[′nɪt.ɪd]
[′leɪ.bәd]
[′lɑːdʒ
hɑː.tɪd]
hearted
leaved
[′lɪ:vd]
licensed
lowbred
[′laɪ.sәnʃst]
[′lәʊ.bred]
malform
[mæl′fɔːmd]
marked
[mɑːkt]
minded
[′maɪn.dɪd]
moneyed
[mʌn.id]
occupied
[ɒk.jʊ.paɪd]
organize
[′ɔː.gәn.aɪzd]
ed
d
[aʊt′mәʊ.dɪd
outmode
d
]
overcro
wded
packed
pained
pronoun
[ɔ
ʊ.vә′kraʊ.dɪd]
[′pækt]
[′peɪnd]
[prә′naʊnst]
osvedomlennыy
habardor,
ma’lumotga
ega,bilag’on
vdoxnovlennыy
ruhlantirilgan
zubchatыy
tishli
imeyuщiyopravdanie
o’zini
oqlaydigan, asosi
bilan
vyazanыy
to’qilgan
vimuchennыy, trudnыy
qiyin, og’ir
velikodushnыy,
muruvvatli,
terpimыy
himmatli, oliyjanob
pokrыtыylistyami
barglar bilan
qoplangan
imeyuщiyrazraщenie
ruxsat etilgan
nevospitannыy
tarbiyasiz,
tarbiyasi past,
betarbiya
urodlivыy
mayib,
majruh
otmechennыy
belgilangan,
belgi qo’yilgan
raspolojennыy, gotovыy
aql-idrokli,
tayyor
bogatыy, denejnыy
boy, puli
ko’p
zanyatыy, nesvobodnыy
band, bo’sh
emas
organizovannыy
tashkil
etilgan
viщedщыyizmodы
iste’mol
(moda)dan chiqqan,
eskirgan
perepolnennыy
gavjum,
odamga to’la
upakovannыy
qadoqlangan
ogorchennыy
og’riqli
proiznesennыy
e’lon
101
ced
qualified
[kwɒl.ɪ.faɪd]
received
[rɪ′siːvd]
reformed
[rɪ′fɔːmd]
removed
[rɪ′muːvd]
resigned
[rɪ′zaɪnd]
rugged
[′rʌg.ɪd]
[′sæŋk.tɪ.′faɪ
sanctifie
d
qilingan, bildirilgan,
aytilgan
kompetentnыy
tayyorlangan
, malakali
obщeprinyatыy
qabul
qilingan
ispravlennыy
to’g’rilangan
, isloh qilingan
udalennыy
o’chirilgan,
olib tashlangan
pokornыy
ko’ngilchan,
yumshoq
nerovnыy, negladkiy
notekis,
g’adir-budir
posvyaщennыy
bag’ishlanga
n, atalgan
ispugannыy
qo’rqqan,
cho’chigan
odinokiy
ajratilgan,
yolg’iz(lab)
qo’yilgan
potryasennыy
qimirlovchi,
silkinuvchi
solomennыy
ustiga poxol
solingan
vzvolnovannыy
hayajonlanga
n, iztirobli
imeyuщiykosы
sochi
o’rilgan, o’rilgan
sochli
nesoprovojdaemыy
birga yurib
bo’lmaydigan,
hamrohsiz
mbezpomoщnыy
yordam
ko’rsatilmagan,
yordamsiz
neimeyuщiystoronnikov
tarafdori
yo’q bo’lgan
nedatirovannыy
sanasi yo’q,
sanasi noma’lum
nezarabotannыy
ishlab
topilmagan
oblachennыy
qonuniy,
qonun asosida
odetыy
kiyintirilgan
razыskivaemыy
qidirilayotga
n
zloy, opasnыy
jahldor,
xavfli
morщinistыy
burushgan,
g’ijim, ajin bosgan
d]
[′skeәd]
scared
separate
d
[sep.
ә′r.eɪtɪd]
staggere
[stæg.әd]
thatched
[θætʃt]
touched
[′tʌtʃt]
tressed
[trest]
d
[ʌn.ә′kʌm.p
unaccom
ә n.id]
panied
unaided
[ʌn′eɪ.dɪd]
unbacke
[ʌnbækt]
undated
[ʌnˈdeɪ.tɪd]
unearned
[ʌn′ɜːnd]
vested
[′ves.tɪd]
vestured
wanted
[′vestʃed]
[wɒn.tɪd]
wicked
[wɪk.ɪd]
wrinkled
[rɪŋ.kl ̩d]
d
102
-en
WORDS
TRANSCRI
PTION
[t∫ı:pәn]
cheapen
deaden
[dedn]
deafen
[def(ә)n]
hasten
[heısәn]
RUSSIAN
deshevet,
snimatsenu
oslyablyat,
zaglushat
oglushat,
zaglushat
toropit,
uskoryat
UZBEK
arzonlatmoq,
qadrsizlantirmoq
o’tmaslamoq,
kuchsizlantirmoq,
bo’g’ib qo’ymoq
kar qilib qo’ymoq
shoshtirmoq,
shoshilmoq
-ence
WORDS
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æbstınәns]
abstinence
accidence
benevolence
[әk′sı:dәns]
[bı′nevәlәns]
eloquence
[elәkwәns]
RUSSIAN
vozderjanie
soglasie
blaga
krasnorechie,
ritorika
[fro:djυlәns]
fraudulence
moshennichest
UZBEK
o’zini tiyish,
o’zni tortish
kelishuv
xayrixohlik,
marhamatlilik,
yaxshilik
gapga ustalik,
chaqqonlik
aldov, firibgarlik
va
[græn′dılәkw
grandiloquenc
vыsokoparnost
әns]
e
[ım′pendәns]
[ım′provıdәn
impendence
improvidence
s]
blizost
nepredusmotritelnost
snisxojdenie
indulgence
[ın′dʌldʒәns]
inherence
[ın′herәns]
neotdelimost
[′mæg′nıfısәn
velikolepie
malevolence
[mә′levәlәns]
zloradstvo
nascence
[′næsәns]
vozniknovenie
negligence
[′neglıdʒәns]
nebrejnost
penitence
[′penıtәns]
raskayanie
magnificence
s]
103
manmanlik,
takabburlik
yaqinlik
kaltabinlik,
uzoqni ko’ra bilmaslik
bo’sh qo’yish,
erk berish
o’ziga xoslik,
tak-rorlanmaslik
ko’rkamlik,
hashamatlilik,
dabdabalilik
ichiqoralik,
ko’ngli kirlik
yaratilish,
tug’ilish
parvosizlik, ehtiyotsizlik
pushaymon,
o’kinish
reference
refulgence
[refәrәns]
[rifʌldʒәns]
transcendence
[træn′sendәn
prevosxodstvo
[,tænz′lu:sәns
prozrachnost
yarim shaffof
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
peredacha
siyanie,
yarkost
xavola, eslatma
yaltirash,
yorug’lik
ustunlik
s]
translucence
]
-ent
WORDS
abhorrent
TRANSCRI
PTION
[әb′horәnt]
absorbent
[әb′zo:bәnt]
abstergent
benevolent
[әb′stә:dʒәnt]
[bı′nevәlәnt]
ochiщayuщiy
blagojelatelnыy
eloquent
[elәkwәnt]
krasnorechivыy
fraudulent
[′fro:djυlәnt]
[grændılәkw
grandiloque
vыzыvayushiyotv
raщenie
vsasыvayuщiy
obmannыy, moshennicheskiy
vыsokoparnыy
әnt]
nt
immanent
[ımәnәnt]
impendent
[ım′pendәnt]
impellent
[ım′pelәnt]
prisuщiy,
postoyannыy
nadvigayuщiysya
incident
pobujdayuщiy,
dvigayuщiy
[ım′provıdәnt
nepredusmotritelnыy
[′ınsıdәnt]
svoystvennыy
inherent
[ın′herәnt]
prisuщiy
innocent
[′ınәsәnt]
nevinnыy
lambent
[′læmbәnt]
igrayuщiy
[mægnıfısәnt
velikolepnыy
improvident
]
magnificent
jirkanch
shimadigan,
yutadigan
tozalovchi
iltifotli,
marhamatli
ma’noli, aniq
ifodali(nutq)
aldaydigan,
firib beradigan
manman,
takabbur
xos, maxsus,
odatdagi
qarshi, xavf
tug’dirayotgan
undovchi,
majbur qiluvchi
extiyotsiz,
tartibsiz
ko’ngilsiz
voqea
o’ziga xos,
ajralmas
aybsiz,
begunoh
o’yinqaroq,
o’ynoqi
ajoyib
]
maleficent
nascent
[mә′lefısәnt]
[′næsıәınt]
pagubnыy,
vrednыy
rojdayuщiysya
104
halokatli,
zaxarli
yaratilayotgan,
negligent
[′neglıdʒәnt]
nebrejnыy
penitent
[′penıtәnt]
raskaivayuщiysya
refulgent
[rı′fʌldʒәnt]
relinquent
transcendent
[rı′lıŋkwәnt]
[træn′sendәnt
siyayuщiy, sverkayushiy
ustupayuщiy
prevosxodyaщiy
tug’ilayotgan
beparvo,
e’tiborsiz
qilmishidan
afsuslangan
yaltiroq,
yorug’
yon beruvchi
a’lo darajadagi
]
translucent
[træns′lu:sәnt
prosvechivayuщiy
[træn′splendә
blistatelnыy
]
transplenden
t
ichi
ko’rinadigan
zo’r, ajoyib
nt]
-er
WORDS
TRANSC
RIPTION
[ɪn'fɔːmә]
informer
RUSSIAN
osvedamitel
xabarchi, gap
tashuvchi
informatorosved
informator
[ɪn'telɪʤ(ә
intelligencer
)n(t)sә]
omitel
[ˌɪntә'rʌpt
interrupter
UZBEK
prerыvatel
ә]
jollier
['ʤɔlɪә]
knacker
['nækә]
lacquer
landloper
['lækә]
['lændˌlәu
veselchak,
zabavnik
skupщik,
jivoder
lak, politura
brodyaga
tarjimon gapni
bo’luvchi
hazilkash
olibsotuvchi,
olibsotar
lok
daydi
pә]
['laɪs(ә)n(t
licenser
)sә]
lifter
['lɪftә]
lounger
magnifier
['launʤә]
['mægnɪfaɪ
ә]
marketer
['mɑːkɪtә]
mincer
['mɪn(t)sә]
modifier
multiplier
['mɔdɪfaɪә]
['mʌltɪplaɪ
litso,
vыdayuщeerazreshenie
pod’emnoeprisp
osoblenie
bezdelnik
uvelichitelnoest
eklo, lupa
kupets,
torgovets
myasorubka
patent beruvchi
shaxs
ko`tarma lift
bekorchi
kattaytirib
ko`rsatuvchi
qurilma(lupa)
savdogar
go`shtmaydalagi
ch
ә]
ә]
observer
occupier
modifikator
ko`paytiruvchi
ient
['njuːzˌriːd
newsreader
modifikator
mnojitelkoeffits
[әb'zәːvә]
['ɔkjupaɪә]
diktorpragramm
ы novostey
nablyudatel
jilets, arendator
105
yangiliklar
dasturi suhandoni
kuzatuvchi
bosqinchi,
[ә'fendә]
offender
pravonarushitel,
pristupnik
['әunә]
vladelets,
xozyain
['pækә]
upakovщik
(osobnapiщevomkombi
nate)
['peɪә]
platelщik
['pekә]
ptitsa,
kotorayadoxbit
[pә'fɔːmә]
ispolnitel
['pjvǝriʄaiǝ
ochistitel
owner
packer
payer
pecker
performer
purifier
istiqomat qiluvchi kishi
huquqbuzar,
jinoyatchi
egador, mulkdor
qadoqlovchi,
tayyorlovchi
to`lovchi
qizilishton(qush)
ijrochi
tozalovchi
]
['kwᴅliʄaiǝ
qualifier
]
['kwik,faiǝ
quickfirer
rǝ]
aniqlovchi
skorostrelnoeor
tez otar qurol
ujie
racer
rafter
[reisɤ]
[rɑ:ʄtǝ]
receiver
[ri′si:vǝ]
rectifier
['rektiʄaiǝ]
reducer
[ridju:sǝ]
repeater
[ripi:tǝ]
scrubber
searcher
['skrʌbǝ]
['sʒ:tʃǝ]
silencer
['sailǝnsǝ]
sitter
['sitǝ]
sounder
['savdǝ]
['steibǝlaiz
stabilizer
opredelitel,utoc
hnitel
gonщik
plotovщik,paro
poygachi
solchi, sol
mshik
oqizuvchi
poluchatel
oluvchi qabul
qiluvchi
vыpryamitel,
tekshiruvchi,
detektor
tekshirib turuvchi
detektor
preobrazovateld
kamaytiruvchi,
annыx
qisqartiruvchi qurilma
tot,ktopovtoryae
takrorlaydigan
t
kishi
gazopromыvatel
yuvish, tozalash
iskatel
izlovchi,
qidiruvchi
glushitel
shovqin
pasaytirgich
poziruyuщiyxud
g’amxo’rlik
ojniku
exolot
aks sado
beruvchi
stabilizator
stabilizator
ǝ]
[teikǝ]
taker
taxpayer
qabul qiluvchi
['tæks,peiǝ
beruщiy,prinim
ayuщiy
nalogoplatelщik
['ʘræʃǝ]
['træfikǝ]
[trænz'mit
molotilka
torgvets
otpravitel,pered
hayvoncha
savdogar
jo'natuvchi,
uzatuvchi qurilma
shilpin
daxriy, xudoga
soliq to'lovchi
]
thrasher
trafficker
transmitter
ǝ]
twelver
unbeliever
atchik
[twelvǝ]
[,ʌnbili:vǝ
shilping
neveruyuщiy,sk
106
]
eptik
['ʌndǝteik
undertaker
predprinimatel,g
robovщik
potrebitel
otsenщik
ǝ]
user
valuer
['ju:zǝ]
['væljvǝ]
vaporizer
['veipǝraiz
isparitel
['verifaiǝ]
['vɤvtǝ]
['wᴅndǝrǝ]
sviditelstvo
izbiratel
strannik,skitalet
ǝ]
verifier
voter
wanderer
ishonmaydigan kishi
ishbilarmon
iste’molchi
baho
beruvchi,baholovchi
kishi
bug'lovchi,
bug'ga aylantiruvchi
qurilma
guvohlik qilish
saylovchi
daydi, sayoq
s
['wvmǝnai
womanizer
babnik
xotinboz
zǝ]
zipper
['zipǝ]
zastejkamolniya
chaqmoqqa
o'xshagan band
-ette
WORD
S
balconett
TRANSCRIP
TION
[bælkǝnet]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
balkonchik
balkoncha
bannerett
[bænǝ'ret]
flajok
bayroqcha
barette
banquett
[ǝret]
[æɳket]
zakolka
nasыp
to’g’nog’ich
ko'tarma,
e
e
e
tepalik
charlotte
[ʃa:lǝt]
curette
[kjv'ret]
sharlota
kyuretka,ostrayalojich
ka
leaderett
[,li:dǝ'ret]
lorgnette
[lͻ:njet]
olivette
pipette
['olivet]
[pipet]
vignette
vinaigret
[vin'jet]
[vineigret]
e
korotkayaredaksionna
yastatya
lornet,teatral’nыybino
kl’
oliva,maslina
pipetka
vin’etka
vinegret
sharlotta
(ovqat turi)
o’tkir
qoshiqcha
gazetadagi
kichkina maqola
tamosha
durbuni
zaytun
turbacha,
quvurcha, pipetka
vinetka
vinegret
te
-ful
WORDS
avengeful
awful
TRANSCRIP
TION
[ǝ'vendʒfәl]
[ͻ:fәl]
107
RUSSIAN
mstitel’nыy
vnutayuщiystrax
UZBEK
kek saqlovchi
daxshatli,
baleful
[′beilful]
bashful
[bæʃfәl]
boastful
changeful
[bәustʄәl]
[′tʃeindʒʄәl]
characterfu
[kærikteʃul]
charmful
fraudful
[ʃɑ:mʄәl]
[frͻ:dfәl]
gainful
[geinʄǝl]
handful
[hændfvl]
hateful
[heitʄәl]
heedful
[′hi:dʄǝl]
inventful
[in'ventʃul]
lustful
[lʌstʄǝl]
mournful
[′mͻ:nʄl]
neglectful
[ni'glektʄul]
plotful
[plotʄul]
pointful
[pͻintʄul]
powerful
[pauǝful]
purposeful
[pә:pǝsʄәl]
regardful
[ri′ga:dfl]
reposeful
[ri′pǝuzful]
reproachful
revengeful
[riprǝutʃǝfl]
[rivendʒful]
scornful
[′skͻ:nfl]
shameful
skilful
[′ʃeimfǝl]
[skilfǝl]
sleepful
[′sli:pfǝl]
, ujasnыy
gibel’nыy,
mrachnыy
zastenchivыy,
robkiy
xvastlivыy
izmenchivыy,
nepostoyannыy
volevoy
l
koldovskiy
mashennicheski
y
doxodnыy,vыgo
dnыy
gorst’,prigorshn
ya
nenavistnыy,zlo
vaximali
yovuz, yomon,
serjaxl
uyatchang,
tortinchoq
maqtanchoq
o'zgaruvchan
xarakterli,
xususiyatli
jozibali, dilbar
qallob,
muttaxam
daromadli,
foydali
shoshilinch,
shoshqin
jirkanch
bnыy
vnimatel’nыy
mehribon,
g’amxo’r
izobretatel’nыy
kashf etuvchi,
o'ylab topilgan
poxotlivыy
hirsiy,
shaxvoniy
pechal’nыy,mra
dardli, alamli,
chnыy
qayg'uli
nevnimatel’nыy
beparvo,
sovuqqon
zagovorщicheski
ig'vogar,
y
fitnakash
umestnыy,podxo
ma'noli,
dyaщiy
mazmunli
moщnыy,
kuchli, qudratli
sil’nыy
seleustremlennы
maqsadga
y
intiluvchan
vnimatel’nыy
zukko, ziyrak,
e’tiborli
spokoynыy,
orombaxsh
uspokoitel’nыy
ukoriznennыy
ta'nali, ginali
mstitel’nыy
qasoskor,
intiqomli
prezritel’nыy
nafratli,
jirkanch
pozornыy
uyatli
iskusnыy,umelы
usta, mohir,
y
mahoratli
spokoynыy
seruyqu,
uyquchi
108
['slǝvʘfǝl]
slothful
lenivыy,inertnы
dangasa, yalqov
y
trustful
[trʌstfl]
daverchivыy
truthful
[tru:ʘfl]
pravdivыy
tuneful
unfruitful
[tju:nfl]
[ʌn'fru:tfǝl]
melodichnыy
neplodorodnыy
ungrateful
unhelpful
[ʌn'greitfl]
[ʌ'nhelpfl]
neblagodarnыy
bezpoleznыy
unjoyful
[ʌn'dʒͻifl]
bezradostnыy
unneedful
[ʌn'ni:dfl]
izlishnыy
wailful
[′weilfl]
pechal’nыy
wakeful
wonderful
wrathful
[weikfl]
[wʌndǝfl]
['roʘfl]
bordstvuyuщiy
udivitel’nыy
gnevnыy,rasserj
ennыy
ishonchli,
e'tiqodli
haqiqatgo'y,
rostgo'y
oxangdor
hosilsiz, hosil
bermaydigan
noshukur
foydasiz,
befoyda
xafa, xursand
emas
oshiqcha,
zaruriy emas
g'amgin,
qayg'uli
uyg'otadigan
ajoyib
hafa, nafrati
qo’zigan
-ible
WORDS
TRANSCRIP
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
TION
accessible
[æksesәbl]
avertible
[ә′vә:tәbl]
eligible
[elıdZәbl]
frangible
[frændZıbl]
fungible
[fΛŋdZәbl]
forcible
[′fo:sәbl]
illegible
[ı′ledZәbl]
impercepti
[,ımpә′septibl]
irresibtible
[,ırı′zıstәbl]
legible
negligible
[′ledZәbl]
[′neglıdZәbl]
perceptibl
[pә′septәbl]
ble
dostupnыy,
dostijimыy
predotvratimыy
kirish mumkin
bo’lgan, hammabop
oldini olsa
bo’ladigan
moguщiybыtizbran
ma’qul,
nыm
muvofiq keladigan
lomkiy, xrupkiy
mort, oson
sinadigan
vzaimozamenyaem
o’zaro
ыy
almashtirsa
bo’ladigan
nasilstvennыy,
zo’rmamoщnыy
zo’raki, majburiy
nechetkiy,
aniq
nerazborchivыy
bo’lmagan
nepozыavaemыy
bilib
bo’lmaydigan,
sezilmas
nepreadolivыy
yengib
bo’lmaydigan
razborchivыy
tishunarli, aniq
neznachitelnыy
uncha ko’p
bo’lmagan, andak
oщutimыy
sezilarli,
109
e
persuasibl
[pә′sweısәbl]
possible
[posәbl]
receptible
[rı′septәbl]
reducible
[rı′dju:sәbl]
reproducib
[,rı:prә′dΛktәb
e
le
l]
resistible
unfeasible
unintelligi
ble
[rı′zıstәbl]
[ʌ n′fızәbl]
[,ʌ
nın′teılıdZәbl]
bilinarli
poddayuщiysyaube
ishonchli,
jdeniyu
ishonarli
vozmojnыy
mumkin
bo’lgan
prinimayuщiy
qabul qilsa
bo’ladigan
privodimыm
kamaytirsa
bo’ladigan
dostoynыyporitsan
nusxasini
iya
yaratsa bo’ladigan
vosproizvodimыy
o’zini tiygan,
o’zini bosgan
vpechatlitelnыy
tassurotli
nerazborchivыy
tushunib
bo’lmaydigan
-ic
WORDS
abiotic
acataleptic
TRANSCRIP
TION
[,ei′baiͻtik]
[′ǝ,kætǝ'leptik]
asymmetri
[eisi'metrik]
c
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
nejivoy
nepostijimыy
o'lik,jonsiz
tushunib
bo'lmaydigan
asimmetrichnы
asimmetrik
y
atomic
autocratic
[ǝ'tᴅmik]
[′ͻ:tǝkrætik]
atomnыy
samoderjavnы
y
automatic
[′ͻ:tǝmætik]
oid)
avtomaticheski
y
baric
barbaric
[bærik]
[′ba:bærik]
basilic
bombastic
[bǝ'zilik]
[bombæstik]
atomga oid
yakka xokimlik(ga
avtomatlashtirilga
n
barievыy
grubыy,
pervobыtnыy
vajnыy
napыщennыy
bariyga oid,bariyli
dag'al,qo'pol
muhim
balandparvoz,dab
dabali
catalectic
[kætǝ'lektik]
katalepticheski
kataleptik
y
cathartic
catholic
cephalic
cryptic
galvanic
graphic
[kǝ'ʘᴅ:tik]
[kæʘlik]
[sǝ'fælik]
[kriptik]
[gæl'vænik]
[græfik]
hegemonic
[hegǝ'mᴅnik]
hubristic
[′hju:bristik]
humanistic
[′hju:mǝ'nistik]
slabitelnыy
shirokiy
golovnoy
zagadochnыy
galvanicheskiy
graficheskiy
surgi dori
katoliklarga oid
boshga,miyaga oid
sirli, jumboqli
galvanik
tasviriy,
ko'rgazmali
rukovodyaщiy,
rahbarga, xos
glavnыy
vыsokomeren
g'ururli,kibrыy
xavoli
gumanicheskiy
insonparvar
110
iambic
icelandic
[ai'æmbik]
[ais'lændik]
inauthentic
[,inͻ:'ʘentik]
inorganic
[,inͻ:gæntik]
kinetic
laconic
macrobioti
[kainetik]
[le'konik]
[,mækrǝubai'ᴅt
yambicheskiy
islandskiy
yamga oid
islandiyalik,
islandcha
nedostvernыy
to'g'ri
emas,shubhali
neorganicheski
jonsiz,noorganik
y
c
ik]
kineticheskiy
lakonichnыy
makrobiotiche
kinetikaga oid
qisqa, aniq, lo'nda
makrobiotik
velichestvenn
oliyhimmat
narkotik
neolit, neolitga oid
xolis, xolisona
skiy
majestic
[mǝ'dʒestik]
narcotic
neolithic
objectivisti
[na:'kotik]
[ni:ǝv'liʘik]
[ǝb,dʒektivistik
narkoticheskiy
neoliticheskiy
obektivistskiy
obstetric
[ǝb'stetrik]
akusherskiy
peripatetic
[,peripǝtetik]
ыy
c
]
stranstvuyuщi
akusher,akusherlik
ka oid, doyalikka xos
yurt kezuvchi
y
periodic
[piǝri'ᴅdik]
periodicheskiy
davriy, vaqti-vaqti
bilan
quadratic
quartic
rachitic
[kwᴅ'drætik]
['kwͻ:tik]
[ræ'kitik]
kvadratnыy
bikvadratnыy
raxiticheskiy
relativistic
[,relǝtivistik]
relyativistkiy
satiric
satrapic
[sǝ'tirik]
[sǝ'træpik]
satiricheskiy
jestokiy
tenebrific
[tenibrifik]
zatemnyayuщi
thermophil
[,ʘʒ:mǝ'filik]
teplolyubivыy
issiqsevar
thematic
thetic
[′ʘimætik]
[ʘetik]
tematicheskiy
kategoricheski
mavzulashtirilgan
kategoriyalangan
kvadrat shaklidagi
bikvadratli
raxit, (mechkay)ga
oid(xos)
qon-qarindoshlik(ga oid)
hajviy, hajvga oid
shafqatsiz, bag’ri
tosh
qorong'u, zulmat
y
ic
y
ultimatisti
[,ʌltimǝ'tistik]
ultrasonic
[,ʌltrǝ'sᴅnik]
unauthenti
[,ʌnͻ:ʘentik]
xenophobi
[,zenǝ'fǝvbik]
c
beskompromis
kelishibib
snыy
bo'lmaydigan
sverxzvukovoy
tovush tezligidan
xam ortiq, yuqori
nedostovernыy
ishonchsiz
c
ksenofobskiy
c
-ify
111
xorijdan
kelganlarga adovatli
munosabatda bo'luvchi
WORDS
beatify
crucify
TRANSCRIP
TION
[bı′ætıfaı]
[′kru:sıfaı]
RUSSIAN
dulcify
[dʌlsıfaı]
falsify
[ʄo:lsıfaı]
gasify
[′gæsıfaı]
indemnify
[ın′demnıfaı]
obezopasit
intensify
[ın′tensıfaı]
usilivatsya
jollify
[′dZolәfaı]
veselitsya, vыpi-
objectify
[ob′dZektıfaı]
voploщat
pacify
[pæsıfaı]
umirotvoryat
quantify
[′kwͻantıfaı]
opredelyatkolich
reunify
[,rı:′ju:nıfaı]
signify
[′sıgnıfaı]
speechify
testify
typify
[′spı:t∫ıfaı]
[testıfaı]
[′tıpıfaı]
uglify
[′Λglıfaı]
kanonizirovat
raspinat
delatmyagkim,
obmanыvat
poddelыvat,
obmanыvat
gazifitsirovat
vat
estva
vossoedinyat
znachit,
oznachat
oratorstvovat
davatpokazanie
slujittipichnimpr
imerom
urodovat,
obezobrajivat
UZBEK
aylanib o’tmoq
oyoq-qo’lidan
mixlamoq
yumshatmoq,
aldamoq
sohtalashtirmoq,
aldamoq
gazlamoq,
gazlashtirmoq
saqlamoq,
extiyot qilmoq,
havfsizlantirmoq
kuchaytirmoq,
kuchaymoq,
zo’raytirmoq
xursandchilik
qilmoq, ichmoq
betaraf bo’lmoq,
aniqlashtirmoq
yarashtirmoq,
tinchlantirmoq
miqdorini
aniqlamoq,
birlashtirmoq,
qo’shmoq,
anglatmoq
notiqlik qilmoq
guvohlik bermoq
oddiy xolatda
xizmat qilmoq
xunuk,(badbashr
a) holatga keltirmoq
-ion
WORDS
champion
quaternion
TRANSCRIP
TION
[′t∫æmpi әn]
[kwә'tʒ:niәn]
RUSSIAN
chempion
chetverkachet
UZBEK
g’olib, chempion
to’rt, to’rtlik
ыre
-ish
WORDS
bobbish
bookish
TRA
NSCRIPTIO
N
[bobı∫
]
[bυkı∫
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
ojivlennыy
jonlangan
knijnыy, uchennыy
kitobiy, olim
112
]
[bυәrı
boorish
nevospitannыy
∫]
boyish
[boı∫]
brinish
[braın
otrocheskiy,
malchisheskiy
nepriyatnыy
tarbiyasiz,
tarbiya ko’rmagan
bolalarcha,
bolalarga xos
yoqimsiz
ı∫]
[′kz:rı
currish
∫]
[draıı∫
dryish
nevospitannыy,
grubыy
suxovatыy
]
[dΛlı∫
dullish
[dΛm
tupovatыy,
skuchnovatыy
grustnыy
[dwof
karlikovыy
]
dumpish
tarbiyasiz,
qo’pol
quruqroq,
quruqsimon
go’l, zerikarli
hafa, hafaxon
pı∫]
dwarfish
ı∫]
faintish
[feıntı
blednovatыy
[feәrı∫
poryadochnыy
∫]
fairish
kichkina, mitti,
pakana
rangi oqargan,
qoni kam
tartibli
]
[fu:lı∫]
foolish
glupыy,
bezrassudnыy
[fri:kı∫
kapriznыy, strannыy
freakish
[frΛm
staromodnoodetыy
pı∫]
garish
injiq, tontiq,
g’alati
]
frumpish
ahmoq, tentak,
aqlsiz
eskicha kiyinib
olgan
[geәrı∫
krichaщiy
baqiruvchan
[′go:lı
gallskiy (yazыk)
gal (tiliga oid)
[gz:lı∫
devicheskiy
[nәυm
poxojiynagnoma
[ho:kı
xiщnыy
[hotı∫]
dovolnogoryachiy
[hΛfı∫
razdrajitelnыy
[dZu:ı
evreyskiy, iudeyskiy
[′dZo
somnitelnыy
[′kıtnı
igrivыykakkotenok
[′neıvı
moshennicheskiy
[′læpı∫
saamskiy
]
gaulish
∫]
girlish
]
gnomish
ı∫]
hawkish
qizbolacha, qiz
bolaga xos
gnomga
o’xshash
yovuz
∫]
hottish
huffish
]
jewish
∫]
jobbish
yetarli
darajada issiq
tez
achchiqlanadigan,
serjaxl
yahudiylarga
xos bo’lgan
shubxali
bı∫]
kittenish
∫]
knavish
∫]
lappish
113
o’yinqaroq
mushukka o’xshab
firibgarlikka
oid
soamlarga xos
]
[′la:d
largish
velikovatыy
katta sifat
Zı∫]
[′lævı∫
lavish
]
[′lıkәr
lickerish
щedrыy,
rastochitelnыy
jadnыy
saxiy, qo’li
ochiq
xasis, ziqna
ı∫]
liverish
[′lıvәr
stradayuщiybolezny
upecheni
[′loŋı∫
dlinnovatыy
[′lυtı∫]
[′meıd
grubыy
devichiy
['mͻ:k
slegkaprotivnыynav
ı∫]
longish
jigar
kassaligidan azob
chekayotgan
uzunroq
]
loutish
maidenish
әnı∫]
mavkish
iʃ]
moorish
kus
['mvǝr
mavritanskiy
[ᴅʄiʃ]
['pigiʃ
xolodnыy
svinskiy,gryaznыy
['pǝvli
polskiy
[præɳ
shalovlivыy
['kwæ
sharlatanskiy
['kwiǝ
originalnыy
['ræʄiʃ
besputnыy,
vulgarnыy
krasnovatыy
iʃ]
offish
piggish
]
polish
ʃ]
prankish
kiʃ]
quackish
kiʃ]
queerish
qo’pol
qizbolacha,
qizbolaga xos
mazasi ozgina
yoqimsiz bo'lgan
mavritan,mavri
taniyaliklarga xos
sovuq
cho'chqaga
xos, iflos
polyaklarga
xos, polyakcha
xushmuomala,
odobli
qiziqchi,
hazilkash
asl, sof
riʃ]
raffish
]
['rediʃ
reddish
axloqi
buzuq,axloqsiz
qizg'ish
]
roughish
sheepish
['rʌʄiʃ]
['ʃi:piʃ
grubovatыy
robkыy,glupovatыy
['ʃru:iʃ
svarlivыy
['sleiv
rabskiy
['snᴅb
snobistskiy
['tekst
uchenicheskiy
['ʘikiʃ
tolstovatыy
['ʘi:vi
vorovatыy
[,ʌn'b
nenachitannыy
]
shrewish
qo'pol
juratsiz,yuraksi
z,qo'rqoq
ming'ir,mijg'ov
]
slavish
qullarga xos
iʃ]
snobbish
iʃ]
textbookish
bvkiʃ]
thickish
xudbinlikka
oid, xudbin
o'quvchilarga
xos
qalin
]
thievish
o’g’irlikka oid
ʃ]
unbookish
vkiʃ]
o’qimagan,
omi
114
['viksǝ
vixenish
svarlivыy
jaxli yomon,
niʃ]
waggish
badfel
['wæg
iʃ]
waspish
shalovlivыy,zabavn
ыy
['wᴅs
yazvitelnыy
['wetiʃ
sыrovatыy
['waid
shirokovatыy
['jelǝv
jeltovatыy
piʃ]
wettish
]
widish
sho'x,
o'yinqaroq, qiziq
alam
qildiradigan
nam tortgan,
xo’l
kengroq
iʃ]
yellowish
iʃ]
sarg'ish,
sariqroq
-ism
WORDS
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
abolitionis
TRANSCRIP
TION
[æbǝ΄lıʃǝnızm]
abolitsionizm
abolisionizm
absenteeis
[æbsǝntı:ızm]
absenteizm
absentizm
absolutism
abstractioni
[æbsǝlu:tızm]
[ǝb΄strækʃǝnız
absolyutizm
abstraksionizm
absolyutizm
abstraktsionizm
celticism
[keltı,sızm]
keltskiyobыcha
kelt urf-odati
ceremoniali
[serı΄mǝvnıǝlız
obryadovat
urf-odatchilik
cretinism
falsism
[kretinizm]
[΄fͻ:lsızm]
kretinizm
yavnayaloj
galvanism
gangsterism
illusionism
incivism
[΄gælvǝnızm]
[gæɳstrǝrızm]
[ı΄lu:ʒǝnızm]
[΄ınsıvızm]
galvanizm
banditizm
illyuzionizm
otsutstviepatriot
m
m
sm
m]
y
sm
m]
izma
[ın′fæntılızm]
[′dZæpәnızm]
[læn(d)lo:dızm
infantilism
japonism
landlordism
]
magnetism
narcissim
[′mægnәtızm]
[′na:sısızm]
nationalism
[′næ∫(ә)nәlızm]
neologism
objectivism
[nı′olәdZızm]
[әb′dZektıvızm
]
occultism
parachronis
[′okʌltızm]
[pә′rækrәnızm]
paralogism
[pә′rælәdZızm]
infratizim
yaponizm
ideologiyakrupnыxzemledelsev
magnetizm
samovlyublonnost
natsionalizm
neologizm
stremleniekobe
ktivnost
okkultizm
paraxronizm
kretinizm
ko’rinib turgan
yolg’on
galvanizm
banditizm
illyuzionizm
vatanparvarlik
xissini yo’qligi
infantizim
yaponizm
katta yer egasi
idealogiyasi
magnetism
o’zini o’zi
yaxshi ko’rishlik
nasionalizm,
millatchilik
neologizm
obyektivlilikga
intilish (harakat qilish)
okkultizm
paraxronizm
m
115
paralogizm
paralogizm
[΄reısızm]
[′rı:dZәnәlızm]
[′relәtıvızm]
[′terәrızm]
[′Λltrәızәm]
[′vændәlızm]
[′wıtı,sızm]
racism
regionalism
relativism
terrorism
ultraism
vandalism
witticism
rasizm
rayonirovanie
relyativizm
terrorizm
ekstremizm
vandolizm
ostrota
irqchilik
rayonlashtirish
relyativizm
terrorizm
ekstremizm
vandalizm
o’tkirlik
-ist
WORDS
aberrationi
TRANSCRIP
TION
[æbә′reı∫әnıst]
abolitionis
[æbәlı∫nıst]
abortionist
[ә′bo(r)∫nıst]
absolutist
[æbsәlu:tıst]
st
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
cheloveksotkloneniyamiotnormы
abolitsionist
me’yordan
chetlagan kishi
abolisionist
t
podpolnыyakusher
ma
[әb′stræk∫әnıst
abractionis
t
]
absurdist
[әb′sә:dıst]
accompani
[ә′kʌmpәnıst]
actionist
[æk∫әnıst]
actualist
acupunctur
[ækt∫uәlıst]
[ækjυ′pΛŋkt∫ә
mahfiy abort
qiluvchi
akusher(doya)
storonnikabsolyutiz
absolyutizm
tarafdori
abstraksionist
abstraksionizm
tarafdori,
abstraksionist
absurdist
be’mani ishlar
qiluvchi
akkompaniator
jo’rlik qiluvchi
st
storonnikpryamыx
deystviy
realist
igloterapevt
rıst]
ist
[ædı′æfәrıst]
adiaphorist
bezrazlichnыychel
to’g’ridanto’g’ri harakat qilish
tarafdori
realist
igna bilan
davolovchi mutaxassis
loqayd odam
ovek
[eәrıәlıst]
aerialist
vozdushnыyakroba
havo akrabati
t
[ægrıkΛlt∫әrıst
agriculturi
antagonist
annexation
agronom,
zemledelets
[æmәυrıst]
avtorlyubovnoyliri
ki
[ænık′dәυtıst]
rasskazchikanekdot
ov
[æntægәnıst]
protivnik
[ænәk′seı∫nıst]
anneksionist
yer
taqsimlovchi
oshiq lirikasi
muallifi
latifa aytuvchi,
latifachi
qarshi turuvchi
birlashtiruvchi
articulatio
[ә:tık∫υleı∫әnıs
logoped
[kætәlogıst]
katalizator
talaffuzni
o’rgatuv-chi
reaksiyani
st
]
amorist
anecdotist
ist
nist
t]
cataloguist
116
catechist
[kætәkıst]
zakonouchitel
celtologist
[kel′toledZıst]
keltolog
centralist
[sentrәlıst]
sentralist
ceramist
ceremonial
[serәmıst]
[serә′mәυnıәlı
gonchar
ritualist
ist
tezlatuvchi modda
qoida
o’rganuvchi
kelt(lar haqida
o’rganuvchi)shunos
o’rta nuqtada
turuvchi kishi
kulol
ritualchi
st]
[i,mænsı′peı∫n
emancipati
ıst]
onist
storonnikemansipat
sii
[ık,sperımentә
experimen
eksperimentator
lıst]
talist
fabulist
[fæbjυlıst]
faddist
funambuli
[fædıst]
[fju:næbjυlist]
generalist
ichthyolog
[dZenәrәlıst]
[,ıkθı:olәdʒıst]
judoist
machinist
narcissist
[′dZu:dәυıst]
[mә′∫ı:nıst]
[′na:sısıst]
negotionist
[nı′gәu∫(ә)nıst
niginist
parachutist
racialist
[′pærә∫u:tıst]
[reı∫әlıst]
parashyutist
rasist
reformist
satirist
transcende
[rı′fo:mıst]
[′sætәrıst]
[′trænsәn′detn
reformist
satirik
transsendenta-list
tolerationi
[,tolә′reı∫әnıst]
stronnikterpimosti
vacationist
[vә′keı∫әnıst]
ventriloqui
[ven′trılәkwıst
basnopisets,
vыdumeщik
chudak
kanatoxodets
emansipatsiya
tarafdori
tajriba
o’tkazuvchi
afsona
yozuvchi kishi
ajoyib odam
dorboz
st
universal
ixtiolog
ist
dzyudoist
slesar
samovlyublennыyc
helovek
universal
baliqlarni
o’rganuvchi
mutaxassis
dzyudochi
usta
o’zini-o’zi
yaxshi ko’radigan
odam
muzokarachi
]
әlıst]
ntalist
st
st
otdыxayuщiy,
otpustnik
chrevoveщatel
]
parashutchi
irqchi,
millatchi
isloh qiluvchi
satirik
chegaradan
chiqib ketuvchi
bag’rikenglik
tarafdori
mehnat
ta’tilidagi(dam
olayotgan)kishi
og’zini
ochmasdan gapira
oladigan kishi
-ize
WORD
S
acclima
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ә'klaimә,tai
RUSSIAN
akklimatizirovat
117
UZBEK
oqimga
tize
z]
bastardi
[ba:stәdaiz]
catechiz
[kætǝkaiz]
categori
[kætigәraiz]
centrali
[sentrǝ,laiz]
ze
e
ze
ze
[kæriktә,raiz
charact
erize
moslashmoq
nikohsiz
tug’moq
izlogatvformevoprosovio
savol-javob
tvetov
tarzida bayon etmoq
raspredelyat
kategoriyalas
htirmoq,
bo’lmoq(ajratmoq)
sentralizovat
markazlashtir
moq
xarakterizovat
ta’rif bermoq
nezakonnorodit
]
demoral
[dimorәlaiz]
demoralizovat
ize
experim
[ik,sperimen
entalize
tәlaiz]
familiar
[fә'miljәraiz]
ize
galvani
[gælvǝnaiz]
ze
gelatini
[dzi'lætinaiz]
ze
humani
[hju:mǝnaiz]
ze
immort
[I'mͻ:tlaiz]
alize
immuni
[imjvnaiz]
ze
jargoniz
['dʒa:gǝnaiz]
e
martyri
['ma:tǝraiz]
ze
material
[mɤ'tiәriәlaiz
ize
]
nasalize
['neizǝlaiz]
proizvoditopыtы
oznakomlyat
axloqsiz
(beadab)lik qilmoq
tajriba
o’tkazmoq
tanishtirmoq
galvanizirovat
galvanlashtir
moq
prevraщatsya
ochelovechivat
obessmertit
immunizirovat
govoritnajargone
muchit
materializovatsya
govoritvnos
palatali
['pælәtәlaiz]
smyagchat
regulari
['regjvlәraiz]
delatpravilnыm
satirize
['sætǝraiz]
vыsmeivat
speciali
['speʃәlaiz]
prisposablivatsya
tempori
['tempәraiz]
prisposablivatsyakovrem
aylanmoq
odamga
aylantirmoq
adabiylashtir
moq
immunlashtir
moq
jargonda
gaplashmoq
qiynamoq
material
holatga kelmoq
burnida
gapirmoq
yumshatmoq
ze
ze
ze
ze
eni
unioniz
['ju:njәnaiz]
vandali
['vændǝlaiz]
obedinyat
to’g’ri
bajarmoq
kulmoq,
satira ostiga olmoq
moslash(tir)m
oq
zamonga va
sharoitga
moslashmoq
birlashtirmoq
e
ze
varvarskiotnositsyakisku
cstva
118
san’atga
varvarlarcha
vaporiz
['veipәraiz]
winteriz
['wintǝraiz]
isparyatsya
e
e
prisposablivatkzimnimus
loviyam
munosabatda
bo’lmoq
bug’ga
aylanmoq,
bug’lanmoq
qishki
sharoitga
moslashtirmoq
-less
WORDS
TRANS
CRIPTION
[ǝ'vͻidlǝs
avoidless
RUSSIAN
neizbejnыy
]
[ͻ:lǝs]
[bædʒlǝs
aweless
badgeless
besstrashnыy
neoboznachenn
ыy
]
baleless
[beilǝs]
baseless
[beislǝs]
bezbidnыy
neobosnovannы
UZBEK
o'zini chetga
olmaydigan
qo’rqmas
belgisiz, nomnishonsiz
tartibsiz,
bog'lamsiz
asossiz, dalilsiz
y
beardless
bithless
[biǝdlǝs]
[bǝ:ʘlis]
bezborodыy
besplodnыy
blameless
[bleimlǝs
bezuprechnыy
boneless
[bǝvnlis]
besxarakternыy
bookless
[bvklǝs]
neobrazovannы
bootless
[bu:tlǝs]
bespoleznыy
bottomless
[botǝmlǝ
bezdannыy
[bavndlǝ
bezgranichnыy
causeless
ceaseless
[kͻ:zlǝs]
[si:slǝs]
besprichinnыy
neprerыvnыy
centreless
changeless
[sentǝlis]
[tʃeindʒl
bessentrovыy
neizmennыy
[tʃɑ:mlǝs
nepriglyadnыy
driftless
faceless
fadeless
[riftlǝs]
[feislǝs]
[feidlǝs]
bessmыslennыy
bezlikiy
neuvyadayuщiy
faithless
[feiʘlǝs]
verolomnыy,ne
veruyuщiy
soqolsiz, ko'sa
mevasiz,
qisir(hayvon)
beayb, benuqson
]
irodasiz, irodasi
sust
y
s]
boundless
savodsiz,
kitobsiz
foydasiz,
yalangoyoq
tagsiz, juda
chuqur
cheksiz
s]
sababsiz
uzluksiz,
to'xtamas
markazsiz
o'zgarmaydigan
ǝs]
charmless
]
119
jozibasiz,
yoqimsiz
ma'nosiz
xususiyatsiz
so'nmas,
o'chmas
ishonchsiz,
bevafo, ahdsiz
[geinlǝs]
[gᴅdlǝs]
[ha:tlǝs]
gainless
godless
heartless
heirless
heelless
jointless
s]
juiceless
]
keyless
landless
]
luckless
massless
napless
needless
objectless
ǝs]
painless
quenchless
nevыgodnыy
foydasiz
nechestivыy
badbaxt, baxtsiz
besserdechnыy,
berahm,
bezjalostnыy
toshbag'ir, shafqatsiz
[ǝlǝs]
neimeyuщiynasl
merosxo'rsiz
ednika
[hi:llǝs]
bezkablukov
poshnasiz
[dʒͻintlǝ
neimeyuщiysoe
qo'shilmaydigan
dinenniy
['dʒu:slǝs
lishennыysoka
shirasiz,
sharbatsiz
['ki:lǝs]
bezklyucha
kalitsiz,
yechimsiz
['lændlǝs
bezzemelnыy
yersiz,
qirg'oqsiz, bepayon
['lʌklǝs]
neschastlivыy
omadsiz, baxtsiz
['mælǝs]
nevesomыy
kamchilik
['næplǝs]
neimeyuщiyvor
tuksiz, patsiz
sa
['ni:dlǝs]
nenujnыy
keraksiz,
foydasiz
['obdʒiktl
bespredmetnыy
maqsadsiz,
foydasiz
['peinlǝs]
bezboleznennы
og'riqsiz
y
['kwentʃl
neugasimыy
o'chmas, doimiy
ǝs]
['kwestʃǝ
questionless
nesomnennыy
nlǝs]
[rigɑ:dlǝ
regardless
s]
['skeiɤlǝs
scathless
neobraщayuщiy
vnimaniya
nevredimыy
shubhasiz,
begumon
pisand
qilmaydigan
butun, zararsiz
]
['ʃædǝvlǝ
shadowless
bezteni
soyasiz
is]
['spi:tʃlǝs
speechless
]
[tæktlǝs]
tactless
tailless
taintless
thawless
thankless
s]
timeless
tintless
valueless
s]
wireless
nemoybezmolv
nыy
soqov, gung,
tilsiz
bestaktnыy
odobsiz,
beandisha
['teillǝs]
besxvostыy
dumsiz
['teintlǝs]
bezuprechnыy
hushsiz, behush
['ʘͻ:lǝs]
netayuщiy
erimas,
erimaydigan
[ʘæɳklǝ
neblagodarnыy
yaxshilikni
bilmaydigan
['taimlǝs]
vechnыy
umrbod, toabad
['tintlǝs]
bessvetnыy
rangsiz,
bo'yoqsiz
['væljvlǝ
nichegonestoya
foyda
щiybespoleznыy
bermaydigan, qadrsiz
[waiǝlǝs]
besprovolochnы
simsiz
120
y
-ly
WORD
S
absently
TRANSCRIP
TION
[ˈæbsәntlɪ]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
rasseyanno
parishonxotirli
k bilan
absolutel
[ˈæbsәlu:tlɪ]
sovershenno
y
mutlaqo,
g`oyat
accident
[ˌæksɪˈdentәlɪ]
sluchayno
audibly
[ˈɔ:dәblɪ]
gromko
aurally
authenti
[ˈɔ:rәlɪ]
[ɔ:ˈθentɪkәlɪ]
ustno
dostoverno
avowedl
[әˈvauɪdlɪ]
pryamo
awfully
[̈ˈɔ:fulɪ]
strashno
badly
baldly
[ˈbædlɪ]
[ˈbɔ:ldlɪ]
ploxo
otkrыto
barely
[ˈbɛәlɪ]
tolko
basely
[ˈbeɪslɪ]
beschestno
basically
beautiful
[ˈbeɪsɪkәlɪ]
[ˈbju:tәfuli]
vsvoeyosnove
krasivo
blankly
[ˈblæŋklɪ]
bezuchastno
blindly
boldly
brokenly
certainly
[ˈblaɪndlɪ]
[ˈbәuldlɪ]
[ˈbrәukәnlɪ]
[ˈsә:tnlɪ]
kakslepoy
otvajno
urыvkami
konechno
crossly
cruelly
[ˈkrɔslɪ]
[ˈkruәlɪ]
razdrajenno
bezjalostno
cheaply
[ˈtʃi:plɪ]
deshevo
deadly
dearly
drowsily
[ˈdedlɪ]
[ˈdɪәlɪ]
[ˈdrauzɪlɪ]
smertelnыy
nejno
sonno,vyalo
faintly
[ˈfeɪntlɪ]
bledno,slabo
fairly
[ˈfɛәlɪ]
spravedlivo
ally
cally
y
ly
121
tasodifan,
behosdan
baland ovoz
bilan
og`zaki
ishonchli,
haqiqiy
to`g`ridanto`g`ri, ochiq-oydin
juda ham,
nihoyatda, o’ta
daxshatli, vahimali
og`ir, yomon
yashirmasdan,
dangal
zo`rg`a ,
bazo`r, arang
razilona,
vijdonsizlarcha
asosan
chiroyli,
barno, zebo
beparvo,
nochor
ko`r-ko`rona
dadillik bilan
onda-sonda
albatta,
shaksiz
achchiqlanib
zolim,
shafqatsiz(larcha)
arzon, yengil,
arzongina
o`limga oid
qadrli, kerakli
uyqisiragan
holda,
rangi oqarib,
zo’rg’a
haqqoniy,
fourthly
forcedly
[ˈfɔ:θlɪ]
['fɔːsɪdlɪ]
v-chetvertыx
vыnujdenno
frankly
gaily
[̈fræŋkli]
['geɪlɪ]
/iskrenne/
veselo, radostno
generall
['ʤen(ә)r(ә)lɪ]
obыchno
gentlem
[dʒentәlmәnli
y
anly
]
prilichestvuyushiydje
ntlmenu
Blagochestivыy
krasivыy, priyatnыy
godly
goodly
[godli]
[gvdli]
gravelly
gently
[grævәli]
['ʤentlɪ]
sostoyaщiyizgraviya
myagkiy, tixiy
heavenly
hastily
['hevәnli]
[ˈheɪstɪlɪ]
Nebesnыy
pospeshno
heavenly
[ˈhevnlɪ]
nebesnыy
heavily
hourly
[ˈhevɪlɪ]
[ˈauәlɪ]
tyajelo
ejechasnыy
hugely
humanly
immense
[ˈhju:dʒlɪ]
[ˈhju:mәnlɪ]
[ɪ'men(t)slɪ]
vesma, ochen
po-chelovecheski
ochen, bezmerno
[ˌɪn(t)sɪ'dent(ә
sluchayno
ly
incident
)lɪ]
ally
incredibl
[ɪn'kredɪblɪ]
insensibl
[ɪn'sen(t)sәblɪ]
nezametno
jointly
['ʤɔɪntlɪ]
sovmestno
largely
['lɑːʤlɪ]
vznachitelnoystepeni
lastly
['lɑːstlɪ]
lively
['laivli]
lovely
['lʌvli]
krasivыy, milыy
mainly
['meɪnlɪ]
glavnыmobrazom
narrowly
['nærәulɪ]
uzko, tesno
naturally
['næʧ(ә)r(ә)lɪ]
y
y
nakonets
(priperechislenii)
jivoy, veselыy
konechno,
kakisledovaloojidat
122
odilona
to`rtinchidan
majburan,
noilojlikdan
ochiq, oshkora
quvnoqlik
bilan
umuman,
odatda
erkaklardek,
erkakchasiga
diniy, dindor
nazokatli,
yoqimli
shag'alli
yumshoqqina
qilib
samoviy
shoshilinch,
o`ylamasdan
samoviy,
ajoyib
og`ir, qattiq
har soatda,
soat sayin
juda, g`oyatda
insonlarcha
o`ta, juda,
behad
tasodifan,
kutilmaganda
ishonib
bo’lmaydigan tarzda
sezmaydigan
holda
birga,
birgalikda
keng
ko`lamda
ohirgi bo’lib
tirik, jonli,
hushchaqchaq
yoqimli,
hushbichim
asosan,
ayniqsa
zich,
chambarchas
albatta, tabiiy,
shubxasiz
puddly
queenly
['pʌdǝli]
['kwi:nli]
regally
repeated
['riːg(ә)lɪ]
[rɪ'piːtɪdlɪ]
po-sarski
povtorno
shapely
['ʃeipli]
xoroshoslojennыy
sisterly
['sistǝli]
sestrinskiy
slatternl
['slætnli]
neryashlivыy
slovenly
shortly
singly
['slʌvnli]
['ʃɔːtlɪ]
['sɪŋglɪ]
neryashlivыy
vskore, nezadolgo
otdelno
greznыy
podobayuщiykorolev
e
ly
loyqali(suv)
shohona,
qirolchasiga
shohona
takror-takror,
qayta
kelishgan,
qomatli
opasingillarcha
iflos, kir, isqirt
y
isqirt
tez, darrov
yolg`iz,
alohida
socially
['sәuʃ(ә)lɪ]
sotsialno
specially
['speʃ(ә)lɪ]
spetsialno
thirdly
thorough
['θɜːdlɪ]
['θʌrәlɪ]
v-tretix
vpolne, sovershenno
testily
['testɪlɪ]
razdrajitelno
ultimatel
['ʌltɪmәtlɪ]
vkonechnomschete
ly
ijtimoiy
jihatdan
xususan,
ayniqsa, maxsus
uchinchidan
to`la, asosli,
puxta
qizishib, jahl
bilan
oxiri, oqibatda
y
ungainly
[ʌn'geinli]
nelovkiy
unseemly
[ʌn'si:mli]
nepodobayuщiy
unsightly
[ʌn'saitli]
nepriglyadnыy
warmly
['wɔːmlɪ]
teplo
westerly
womanly
['westǝli]
['wvmǝnli]
zapadnыy
jenstvennыy
wildly
yearly
[wa͟ɪldli]
['jɪәlɪ], ['jɜːlɪ]
diko
ejegodnыy
qo'pol,
beso'naqaychasiga
nomunosib,
noloyiq ravishda
ko'rimsiz
holatda, xunuk
otashin, iliqlik
bilan
g’arbchasiga
muloyimlik
bilan, ayolchasiga
yovvoyilarcha
har yilgi, yilda
bir marta bo’ladigan
-man
WORDS
n
almsman
TRANSCRI
PTION
[′ә:mzmәn]
RUSSIAN
niщiy
ambudsma
[′ombυdzmәn
ombudsmen
]
123
UZBEK
hayr sadaqa
hisobiga kun
kechiradigan kishi,
qashshoq
ombudsman
axeman
[æksmәn]
lesorub
badman
[bædmәn]
bandit
bailsman
[beılzmәn]
poruchatel
bayman
[beımәn]
jivuщiynaberegubuxt
ы
boatman
bondsman
[bәυtmәn]
[bondZmәn]
lodochnik
poruchatel
bowman
[bәυmәn]
strelok
cavalryman
[kævәlrımәn]
kavalerist
chairman
crewman
[t∫eәmәn]
[kru:mәn]
cabman
[kæbmәn]
dustman
[dʌstmәn]
musorщik
dutchman
[dʌt∫mәn]
gollandets
dairyman
dalesman
[deәrımәn]
[deılzmәn]
vladelets
jiteldolin(anglii)
flagman
gasman
[flægmәn]
[gæsmәn]
signalщik
gazovыyzavodchik
gentleman
[dZentlmәn]
djentlmen
[hændıkra:fts
remeslennik
handyman
[hændımәn]
podruchnыy
hangman
[hæŋmәn]
palag, veshatel
hotelman
[hәυ′telmәn]
xozyaingostinitsы
horseman
iceman
[ho:smәn]
[aısmәn]
naezdnik, vsadnik
arkticheskiyputeshest
jazzman
junkman
juryman
[′dZæzmәn]
[′dZΛŋkmәn]
[′dZυәrımәn]
djazist
starevщik
prisyajnыy
kinsman
[′kınzmәn]
rodstvennik, rodich
handicrafts
predsedatel
chlenkomandы
(ekipaja)
shofertaksi
o’rmonda
o’tin kesuvchi kishi
niyati buzuq
kishi, yomon odam
kafil, kafil
bo’lgan kishi
buxta
bo’yida yashovchi
kishi
qayiqchi
kafil, ish
beruvchi
kamonchi,
o’qchi
kavalerist,
suvoriy, otliq askar
rais
jamoa
a’zosi, ekipaj a’zosi
taksi
haydovchisi
chiqindilarni
tozalovchi kishi
gollandiyali
k kishi
mulkdor
vodiyda
yashovchi, vodiylik
kishi (Angliya)
xabarchi
gaz
qamovchi
jentelmen,
janob, yigit
hunarmand
mәn]
man
vennik
124
yordam
beruvchi kishi,
yordamchi
jallod, dorga
osuvchi kishi
mehmonxon
a ho’jayini
chavandoz
arktika
sayyohi
jazzchi
eskifurush
sud hay’ati
a’zosi
qarindosh,
layman
legman
lineman
[′leımәn]
[‘legmәn]
[‘laın mәn]
miryanin, lyubitel
reporter
lineynыymonter
marksman
[ma:ksmәn]
metkiystrelok
merman
middleman
newspaper
[′mz:mәn]
[′mıdәl,mәn]
[′nju:speıpәm
vodyanoy
komissioner
jurnalist
nobleman
[′nәυbәlmәn]
dvoryanin
nurseryman
ottoman
[′nz:sәrımәn]
[′otәmәn]
vladeletspitomnika
ottomanka, divan
packsman
pannierman
penman
[′pækmәn]
[,pænıәmәn]
[penmәn]
raznoschik
korzinщik
pisets
pieman
placeman
[′paımәn]
[pleısmәn]
radioman
[′reıdıәυmәn]
repairman
seedsman
[rı′peә mәn]
[′sı:dZmәn]
remontnik
torgovetssemenami
shipman
shopman
shoreman
[′∫ıp mәn]
[′∫opmәn]
[′∫o:mәn]
shkiper
prodavets
primorskiyjitel
showman
sightsman
[′∫әυmәn]
[′saıtmәn]
shoumen
gid
talesman
[′teılızmәn]
trainman
tribesman
[′treınmәn]
[′traıbzmәn]
zapasnoyprisyajnыyz
asedatel
provodnik
chlenroda, sorodich
[′weәhaυZmә
vladeletssklada
[′wel∫mәn]
[jәυmәn]
urojenetsuelsa
fermersredneyruki
qarindosh-urug’
havaskor
reportyor
yo’nalishdag
i chiroqchi
mo’ljalga
uradigan kishi
suvchi kishi
komissioner
jurnalist
әn]
man
warehouse
man
pirojnik
doljnostnoelitso,
karerist
radist, radiotexnik
oqsuyak,
zodagon
pitomnik
ottomanka,
divan, orom kursi
tarqatuvchi
savatchi
xattot,
yozuvchi
pishiriqchi
lavozimli
shaxs, amalparast
radiotexnik,
radist
ta’mirchi
urug’ bilan
savdo-sotiq qiluvchi
kishi
kemachi
sotuvchi
dengiz
yaqinida yashovchi
kishi
shoumen
gid,
ekskursovod
zahiradagi
sud maslahatchisi
temir yo’lchi
qabila
a’zosi, urug’ a’zosi
omborchi
n]
welshman
yeoman
uelslik kishi
o’rtamiyona
fermer
-ment
WOR
DS
aband
TRAN
SCRIPTION
[ә′bænd
RUSSIAN
ostavlenie, otkazot, neprinujdennost
125
UZ
BEK
qold
onment
әnmәnt]
abase
[ә′beıs
unijenie, ponijenie
[ә′beıtm
umenshenie, snijenie
[ә′betm
podstrekatelstvo
[ә′brıdZ
sokrashenie, ogranichenie
mәnt]
ment
abate
әnt]
ment
abetm
әnt]
ent
abrid
gement
mәnt]
acco
mpaniment
[ә′kʌmp
әnımәnt]
accou
chement
coprovojdenie
[ә′ku:∫m
razreshenieotberemennoy, rodы
[ә′t∫ı:v
dostijenie, uspex
a:nt]
achie
vement
mәnt]
ackno
wledgement
[әk′nolı
dZmәnt]
acquir
[ә′kwaı
priobretenie, ovladenie
[ә′dZә:n
otsrochka, pererыv
[ә′dZΛs
regulirovanie, ustanovka
[әdmonı
uveshenie, zamechanie
[әdo:nm
ukrashenie
priznanie, potdverjdenieblagodarnost,
raspiska
әmәnt]
ement
adjou
mәnt]
rnment
adjust
tmәnt]
ment
admo
nishment
∫mәnt]
adorn
әnt]
ment
advan
irib ketish,
tashlab
ketish,
xo’rlash
kam
sitish, yerga
urish
kam
aytirish,
kichraytiris
h
sodir
etishga
ko’maklashi
sh
qisq
artirish,
kamaytirish
ham
roh bo’lish,
kuzatish,
jo’r bo’lish
xom
iladordan
ruxsat
so’rash,
tug’ruq
muv
affaqiyat,
omad,
yutuq
e’tir
of,
minnatdorc
hilik, tilxat
qo’l
ga kiritish,
egalik qilish
ortg
a surish,
keyinga
surish
sozl
ash,
o’rnatish
tanb
eh
beza
k, zebziynat
[әd′vo:n
prodvijenie, uspex
126
taraq
smәnt]
cement
qiyot, ilgari
siljish,
muvaffaqiy
at
advert
[әd′vә:tı
isement
smәnt]
obyavlenie, anons
rekla
ma, e’lon
affran
chisement
[ә′frænt
∫ızmәnt]
osvobojdenie
aggra
ndizement
[ә′græn
dızmәnt]
uvelichenie, rasshirenie
keng
aytirish,
oshirish
agree
[ә′grı:m
soglasie, dogovor
[eılmәnt
nezdorove
[ә′laınm
vыravnivanie, ravnenie
[ә′lotmә
raspredelenie, dolya, nadel
[ә′ljuәm
obolshenie, primanka
[ә′mend
ispravlenie, popravka
[ә′meız
udivlenie, izumlenie
[ә′mæs
skaplivanie
[ә′mә:s
nalojenieshtrafa
[ә′mә:sı
nakazanie
[ә′mju:z
udovolstvie, razvlechenie
rozil
ik, kelishish
kasa
llik
nosog’lomli
k
bir
qator qilib
joylashtirish
ajrat
ish, yer
uchastkasi
qiziq
tirish,
e’tiborni
tortish
o’zg
arish,
tuzatish
taaju
b, hayrat
yig’i
sh, to’plash
jari
ma solish
jazol
ash,
erma
k,
ko’ngilxush
lik
e’lo
n, xabar
suris
ailme
nt
]
align
әnt]
ment
allot
ment
nt]
allure
әnt]
ment
amen
mәnt]
dment
amaz
mәnt]
ement
amass
mәnt]
ment
amerc
mәnt]
ement
amerc
әmәnt]
iament
amus
ement
qilish,
haloskor,
erk
әnt]
ment
mәnt]
annou
[ә′naυns
ncement
mәnt]
anoint
[ә′noınt
ozod
obyavlenie, izveщenie
smazыvanie, pomazыvanie
127
mәnt]
ment
appoi
[ә′poınt
naznachenie, opredelenie
[ә′pru:v
dokozatelstvavinы
[ә′bıtrә
resheniearbitraja
[ә′reınm
privlechenieksuduobvinenie
[ә′reınd
ustroystva
[ә′restm
zaderjanie
[ә′tәυm
iskuplenie, vozmeщenie
[ә′tæt∫m
privyazannost, prikrepleniya
[ә′teınm
dostijenie
[ә′vә:m
utverjdenie, dokazatelstvo
[ә′vәυt∫
garantiya
[bæbәl
lepet
[beılmә
osvobojdenienaporuki
[beısmә
osnovanie, podval
[dı′faıl
zagryaznenie
[ga:mәn
odeyanie
[ga:nı∫
ukrashenie
[ım′pedı
prepyatstvie
[ın′stılm
vlivaniepokaple
[ıntә′leı
spletenie, perepletenie
mәnt]
ntment
appro
mәnt]
vement
arbitr
mәnt]
ement
arraig
әnt]
nment
arran
gement
Zmәnt]
arrest
әnt]
ment
atone
әnt]
ment
attach
әnt]
ment
attain
әnt]
ment
averm
әnt]
ent
avouc
mәnt]
hment
babbl
mәnt]
ement
bailm
ent
nt]
base
ment
nt]
defile
mәnt]
ment
garme
nt
t]
garnis
mәnt]
hment
imped
mәnt]
iment
instil
әnt]
ment
interl
128
h, surkash
kelis
huv, belgilash,
tayinlash
aybn
ing isboti
arbit
raj qarori
sudg
a berish,
ayblov
joyla
shtirish,
yo’lga
qo’yish
qam
oqqa olish
guno
hni yuvish
birik
tirish,
mahkamlab
qo’yish
muv
afaqqiyatga
erishish
tasdi
qlash, isbot
kafo
lat
behu
da gap
kafil
lik
asos,
yerto’la,
xaro
m qilish,
bulg’atish
kiyi
mbosh,
libos
beza
sh
to’si
q, g’ov
tomc
hilab quyish
birg
acement
smәnt]
invite
[ın′vaıt
zamanivanie
[′lınımә
maz
[′mænıd
upravlenie, umenievladet
[mu:vm
dvijenie, manerы
[′nΛrı∫
pitanie, podderjka
[′әυәrәs′
zavыshennayaotsenka
[′әυe′pı
pereplata
[′prıt∫m
propoved
[prıtr:m
predobrabotka
[′rævı∫
iznasilovanie
mәnt]
ment
linim
ent
nt]
mana
gement
Zmәnt]
move
әnt]
ment
nouris
mәnt]
hment
overa
mәnt]
ssment
overp
mәnt]
ayment
preac
әnt]
hment
pretre
әnt]
atment
ravish
mәnt]
ment
recom
[′rı:kә′
mitment
mıtmәnt]
repay
vozvraщeniezakonoproektanavtorichnoe
rassmotrenievkomissiyu
[rı′peım
oplata, vozmeщenie
[′steıtm
utverjdenie, formulirovka
[′sΛplı
dobavlenie
[′tυәnә
turnir, sostyazanierыsarey
әnt]
ment
state
әnt]
ment
suppl
mәnt]
ement
tourn
ament
mәnt]
under
nourishment
[′Λndә′
nΛrı∫mәnt]
nedostatochnoepitanie
129
a qo’shib
to’qish,
ulash
takli
f qilish
suyu
q malham
bosh
qarish,
idora qilish,
hara
kat, siljish
oziql
antirish,
ovqat
yedirish
ko’t
arilgan baho
ortiq
cha to’lov,
vaz
o’qish,
da’vat qilish
oldi
ndan ishlov
berish
zo’rl
ash, maftun
qilish
qonu
n
loyihasining
qo’mitaga
ikkinchi
marotaba
ko’rib
chiqish
uchun
qaytarish
to’lo
v
ariza
, tasdiqlash
qo’s
himcha,
ilova
turni
r, musobaqa
yari
m ochlik,
yetarli
ovqat
yemaslik
-ness
WORDS
abruptness
absoluteness
abstractedness
aggressiveness
acquisitiveness
TRANSC
RIPTION
[әˈbrʌpt
.nәs]
[ˈæbsәlu:t
nɪs]
[æbˈstræk
tɪdnɪs]
[әˈɡresɪvn
ɪs]
[әˈkwɪz.ɪ.t
ɪvnәs]
RUSSIAN
krutizna,rezkost
bezuslovnost
kutilmaganlik
, nogohlik
mukammallik
rasseyannost
mavhumlik
agressivnost
tajovuzkorlik
jadnost
[әdˈhiː.sɪv
adhesiveness
UZBEK
kleykost,lipkost
qizg`anchiqli
k, ochko`zlik,
xasislik
yopishqoqlik
nәs]
[ˈeәˌsɪk.n
airsickness
әs]
ambiguousness
amorousness
angriness
answerableness
arbitrariness
artfulness
allness
astuteness
awareness
awkwardness
backwardness
badness
baldness
barcness
baseness
beeriness
vozdushnayabol
ezn
havo oqali
yuqadigan kassallik
[æmˈbɪg.j
dvusmыslennost
noaniqlik
u.әsnәs]
[ˈæmәrәsn
vlyublennostvly
oshiqlik
ɪs]
ubchivost
[ˈæŋ.grinә
negodovanie
jahldorlik
s]
[ˈɑːnt .s ә
otvetstvennost
javobgarlik
r.ә.blnәs]
[ˈɑː.bɪ.trә.
proizvolnost
asossizlik,
rɪ.nәs]
o`rinsizlik,
ihtiyoriylik
[ˈɑ:tfulnɪs
lovkost,xitrost
ayyorlik,
]
mug`ombirlik
[ɔːlnәs]
universalnost
hammaboplik
, universallik
[әˈstjuːt.n
pronitsatelnost
ziyraklik,
әs]
xushyorlik
[әˈweә.nә
osvedomlennost
xabardorlik
s]
[ˈɔ:kwәdn
neuklyujest
beso`naqaylik
ɪs]
, qo`pollik
[ˈbækwәd
otstalost
qolib
nɪs]
ketishlik
[ˈbædnɪs]
negodnost
yomonlik
[ˈbɔ:ldnɪs]
pleshivost
kallik,
boshida sochi yo’qlik
[ˈbɛәnɪs]
bednost
pastkashlik,
tubanlik
[beɪ.snәs]
nizost
past ketish
[bɪәrnәs]
opyanenie
kayflik
130
bitchiness
bitterness
blackness
boyishness
[bɪtʃ.ɪ.nәs]
[ˈbɪtәnɪs]
[ˈblæknɪs]
[ˈbɔɪɪʃnɪs]
stervoznost
gorech
chernota
rebyachestvo
brittleness
[brɪt.lnәs]
uyazvimost
chattiness
[ˈtʃæt.inәs
boltlivost
chillness
deadness
deafness
fitness
[ˈtʃɪlnәs]
[dednәs]
[ˈdefnɪs]
[ˈfɪtnɪs]
xolod
smertvyalost
gluxota
godnost
flabbiness
[ˈflæb.ɪ.nә
vyalost
[flækɪ.nәs
sloistost
urg`ochilik
achchiqlik
qoralik
o’g’ilbolachili
k
]
mo`rtlik,
noziklik
sergaplik,
vaysaqilik
sovuqlik
o`liklik
karlik
moslik,
yaroqsizlik
so`lg`inlik
s]
flakiness
qavat-qavatlik
]
garrulousness
gaseousness
inquisitiveness
juiciness
jumpiness
kindness
lameness
largeness
[ˈgær. ә
slovooxotlivost
l.ә.snәs]
[geɪ.si.әsn
gazoobraznoeso
әs]
stoyanie
[ɪnˈkwɪz.ɪ.
lyuboznatelnost
tɪv.nәs]
[ˈdʒuː.sɪ.n
sochnost
әs]
[dʒʌmpɪ.n
nervoznost
әs]
[ˈkaɪndnɪs
dobrota
]
[ˈleɪmnɪs]
xromota
[ˈlɑ:dʒnɪs]
bolshierazmerы
[ˈleɪtnɪs]
[ˈlʌk.inәs]
[ˈmædnɪs]
opozdanie
schaste
sumasshestvie
[mæn.ɪ.fә
ʊldnәs]
marshiness
[ˈmɑː.ʃinә
s]
narrowness
[ˈnærәunɪ
s]
neighbourliness
[neɪ.bә
l.ɪ.nәs]
objectiveness
[әbˈdʒek.t
ɪvnәs]
obligingness
[әˈblaɪ.dʒɪ
ŋnәs]
obsequiousness
[әbˈsi:kwɪ
әsnɪs]
mnogoobrazie
lateness
luckiness
madness
manifoldness
sinchkovlik
shirachilik
asabiylik,
tajanglik
mehribonlik
cho`loqlik
kattalik,
kenglik
kechikkanlik
omadlilik
axmoqlik,
jimlik, aqldan ozish
xilma-xillik
bolotistost
botqoqlik
uzost
torlik
privetlivost
qo`shnilik
ob’ektivnost
betaraflik
uslujlivost
rabolepie
131
ezmalik,
sergaplik
gazsimonlik
xizmatga
tayyorlik
xushomadgo`
ylik, laganbardorlik
obsoleteness
pensiveness
queerness
queasiness
quickwittedness
raciness
religiousness
silliness
simpleness
sponginess
tautness
tragicalness
thickness
tidiness
tightness
ugliness
uneasiness
vastness
[ɒb.sә
lˈiːtnәs]
[ˈpen.sɪvn
әs]
[kwɪәrnәs
]
[ˈkwiː.zɪ.n
әs]
[ˈkwɪkˈwɪ
tɪdnәs]
[reɪ.sɪ.nәs]
[rɪˈlɪdʒәsn
ɪs]
[ˈsɪlɪnɪs]
[sɪm.plnәs
] ̩
[spʌn.dʒin
әs]
[tɔːt.nәs]
[ˈtrædʒ.ɪ.k
lnәs]
[ˈθɪknɪs]
[ˈtaɪdɪnɪs]
[ˈtaɪtnɪs]
[ˈʌɡlɪnɪs]
[ʌnˈi:zɪnɪs
]
[vɑːstnәs]
wantonness
ustarelost
eskirganlik
zadumchivost
o`ychanlik
neobыchnost
toshnota
soobrazitelnost
zukkolik
koloritnost
religioznost
yorqinlik
diniylik
glupost
prostota
axmoqlik
osonlik
gubchatost
natyanutost
tragichnost
tolщina
opryatnost
napryajennost
urodstvo
bespokoystvo
shirota
[wɒn.tәn.
shalost
[ˈwɛәrɪnɪs
osmotritelnost
[wet.nәs]
[wɪt.nәs]
vlajnost
svidetel
nәs]
wariness
]
wetness
witness
g`alatilik,
tentaksimonlik
kuchsizlik
teshik,
teshiklik
taranglik
fojiaviylik
qalinlik
orastalik
zichlik, torlik
xunuklik
notinchlik
kenglik,
kattalik, bepoyonlik
buzuqlik,
axloqsizlik
ehtiyotkorlik,
xushyorlik
namlik
guvohlik
-oid
WORDS
australoi
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ostrәloıd]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
avstraloid
avstroloid
celluloid
centroid
[seljυ,loıd]
[sentroıd]
selluloid
srednyayatochka
tselluloid
markaziy
d
nuqta
celloid
crystalloi
[seloıd]
[krıstәloıd]
kletkoobraznыy
kristallovidnыy
132
kataksimon
kristallsimon
d
cuboid
[kju:boıd]
cycloid
ellipsoid
fungoid
[saıkloıd]
[ı′lıpsoıd]
[fʌŋgoıd]
humanoi
[hju:mәnoıd]
gumanoid
ichthyoid
typhoid
xiphoid
[′ıkθıoıd]
[taıfoıd]
[′zıfoıd]
rыbopodobnыy
bryushnoytif
mechevidnыy
imeyushiykubovidnu
yuformu
sikloida
ellipsoid
gribovidnыy
kub shaklidagi
sikloid
ellipsoid
qo’ziqorinsim
on
gumanoid
d
baliqsimon
ich terlama
shamshir
ko’rinishidagi
-or
WORD
S
abductor
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ӕb’dʌktәʹtәʹ]
RUSSIAN
poxititelabduktor
accelera
[әkʹselәreɪtә]
akselerator
[әk’sentju,eit
usilitel
acceptor
[әkʹseptәʹ]
akseptant
activator
actor
adjudica
[ӕktiveitәʹ]
[ӕktәʹ]
[әʹʤudikeitәʹ
aktivator
akter
arbitr
adjustor
[әʹʤʌstәʹ]
korrektor
administ
[әd’minstrei͵
upravlyayuщiyopekun
advisor
aggravat
[әdʹvaizәʹ]
[ӕgriveitәʹ]
sovetnik
razdrajitel
aggresso
[әʹgres͵әʹ]
agitator
[әgiteitәʹ]
agitator
alienator
[eiliәneitәʹ]
litsootchujdayuщeeimuщ
alleviato
[әʹli,vieitәʹ]
annihilat
[әʹnaiәɪtәʹ]
tor
accentua
әʹ]
tor
tor
o’g’ri, olib
qochuvchi
tezlatkich,te
pki
takidlovchi,
urg’u beruvchi
qabul
qiluvchi
aktivator
aktyor
arbitr
]
әʹ]
rator
or
r
r
or
[eivӕnәʋteitә
annotato
r
UZBEK
napadayuщayastoronaza
chinshik
so’zlovchi
asbob, to’g’rilovchi
asbob
boshqaruvch
i
maslaxatchi
yomon
holatga keltiruvchi
hujum
(tajovuz)qiluvchi
tomon
tashviqotchi
molestvo
mulkidan mahrum
qiluvchi kishi
boleutolyayuщeesredstvo
og’riqni
qoldiruvchi vosita
unichtojitel
yo’q
qiluvchi
kommentator
sharhlovchi
ʹ]
133
arbitrato
[ɑ,bɪtreitәʹ]
treteyskiysudya
attestato
[ӕtesteitәʹ]
svidetel
sudya
r
r
guvoh,
shohid
aviator
fobrikat
[eɪvieitәʹ]
[ʄӕbrikeitә]
letchikpilot
proizvoditel
generato
[ʤenәreitәʹ]
proizvoditel
grantor
governo
[grɑ:ntәʹ]
[gʌvnәʹ]
daritel
pravitel
guaranto
[gӕrʹntɔ:]
poruchitelgarant
illuninat
[ɪʹlu,nɪneitәʹ]
svetilnik
illustrat
[ɪlu:stә͵reitәʹ]
illyustrator
imperso
[ɪmʹpz,sneɪtәʹ
voplotitel
imposter
[ɪmʹpɒstәʹ]
samozvanets
janitor
[ʤӕnɪtәʹ]
dvornik, shveysar
legislato
[leʤɪsleɪtә]
zakonodatel
liberator
literator
manipul
[lɪbreɪtә]
[lɪtәrɪeitʃә]
[mәʹnɪpjʊleɪt
osvoboditelizbavitel
literator
ruchnoyklyuch
mediato
[mi:dieɪtә]
posrednikprimiritel
narrator
navigato
[nәʹreɪtә]
[nӕvɪgeɪtә]
rasskazchik
moreplavatel
nominat
[nɒmɪneɪt]
litso
shaxs
numerat
[nju,mәreɪtә]
vыchislitelschetchik
xisoblovchi
objector
[әbʹʤektәʳ]
vozrajayuщiy,totktovozr
originat
[әʹrɪʤ͵neɪtәʳ]
avtorsozdatel
oscillato
[ɒsɪleɪtәʳ]
vibrator
participa
[pɑ:͵tɪs͵ɪʹpeɪt
uchastnik
or
r
uchuvchi
ishlab
chiqaruvchi
ishlab
chiqaruvchi,
generator
tuxfachi
xukumdor
r
kafolotchi
r
or
or
nator
]
r
lampa
yoritgich
musavvir,
kitob, jurnal va
sh.k.ni bezovchi
rassom, illyustrator
birovni
nomi(unvoni)ni
o’zlashtirib olish
qallob,
aldoqchi
farrosh,
darvozabon
qonun
chiqaruvchi
xaloskor
adabiyotchi
qo’l kaliti
ә]
ator
r
vositachi,
yarashtiruvchi,
murosa soluvchi
hikoyachi
dengizchi
r
or
or
ajaet
or
e’tiroz
bildiruvchi
muallif,
yaratuvchi
tebratuvchi
r
134
qatnashuvch
ә]
tor
i
penetrat
[penɪ͵treɪtәʳ]
narushitel
perambu
[pәʹrӕmbjʊle
detskayakolyaska
precepto
[presɪptәʳ]
nastavnik
predator
[predә͵tәʳ]
xiщnik
receptor
[rɪʹseptәʳ]
retseptor
regulato
[regjʊleɪtәʳ]
regulir
resonato
[rezʹneɪtәʳ]
rezonator
rotator
[rәʊteɪtәʹ]
vraщayuщeeustroystvo
selectio
[sɪʹlektә]
otborщik
traitor
transisto
[treɪtәʳ]
[trӕnʹzɪstәʳ]
predatel
tranzistor
vibrator
vindicat
[vaɪʹbreɪtәʳ]
[vɪndɪkeɪtәʳ]
vibrator
zashitnik,pobornik
violator
[vaɪәleɪtәʳ]
norushitel
or
ɪtәʳ]
lator
r
r
chegarani
buzuvchi kishi
bolalar
aravachasi
ustoz, yo’lyo’riq ko’rsatuvchi
kishi
yirtqich,talo
nchi
qabul
qiluvchi
boshqarib
turuvchi
rezonator
r
n
aylanib
turuvchi qurilma
selektsiya,
saralash, tanlash
xoin, sotqin
tranzistor
r
vibrator
himoyachi
or
tartib
qoidalarni buzgan
kishi
-ory
WORDS
absolutory
accessory
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æbsolutәrı]
[әk′sesәrı]
RUSSIAN
opravdatelnыy
dobavochnыy
auditory
[o:dıtәrı]
sluxovoy
celebratory
criminatory
[selıbrәtәrı]
[krımınәtrı]
prazdnichnыy
obligayuщiy
elusory
[ı′lu:sәrı]
legkouskolzayu
щiy
expiratory
illuminatory
[ık′spaırәtәrı]
vыdыxatelnыy
[ı′lju:mınәtәrı
osveщayuщiy
]
135
UZBEK
mukammallik
qo’shimcha,
yordamchi
eshitish,
eshitishga oid
bayramona
jinoiy, jinoyatga
oid
osonlikcha
siyg’anadigan
nafas
chiqarishga oid
yoritishga oid
[′dZu:dıkәtәrı
sud
natatory
[′neıtәtәrı]
plavatelnыy
nugatory
nondiscrimin
[′negәtәrı]
[nondı′skrımı
negativnыy
spravedlivыy
[ob′dZә:gәtәrı
ukoriznennыy
oblatory
[′oblәtәrı]
jertvennыy
pacificatory
qualificatory
[pә′sıfıkәtәrı]
[′kwolıfıkәtәrı
primiritelnыy
kvalifitsiruyuщ
judicatory
qonuniy
]
nәtrı]
atory
objurgatory
]
]
iy
refectory
[rı′fektәrı]
reformatory
[rı′fo:mәtәrı]
refractory
[rı′fræktәrı]
upryamыy
[rı′frıdZәrәtәr
xolodilnыy
refrigatory
suzish uchun
xizmat qiladigan
muzokaraga oid
jinoiy
bo’lmagan
ta’nali, ginali,
ta’nani ifodalaydigan
qurbonga,
qurbonlikka oid
osoyishta, tinch
cheklangan
trapeznaya,
stolovaya
ispravitelnыy
ı]
salutatory
[′sæltәtәrı]
statutory
[′stæt∫υtrı]
transitory
[′trænsәtrı]
vainglory
[,veınglo:rı]
valedictory
vindicatory
[,vælı′dıktәrı]
[′vındıkәtәrı]
prыgayuщiy,
skachuщiy
osnovannыyna
zakone
skoroprexodya
щiy
tщeslavie
proщalnыy
reabilitiruyuщi
y
tamaddixona
tuzatadigan,
tuzatishga oid
o’jar,
bo’ysunmas
muzlatishga
mo’ljal-langan
sakrovchi,
poygada qatnashuvchi
qonunda
o’rnatilgan
o’tkinchi,
vaqtincha
shuxratparastlik
, manmanlik
hayrlashuv
aybsiz deb
topilgan
-ous
WORDS
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æbˈstiː.mi.әs
vozderjannыy
bosiq, tiyilgan
atrocious
[әˈtrәʊ.ʃәs]
jestokыy, ujasnыy
qo’rqinchli
audacious
[ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃәs]
smelыy, derzkiy
abstemio
us
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
]
jasur, mard,
botir
avariciou
[æv.әˈrɪʃ.әs]
skupoy, jadnoy
barbarous
boisterou
[bɑː.b r.әs]
[bɔɪ.st r.әs]
iapvarskiy, dikiy
shumpiviy, burnыy
bounteou
[baʊntɪәs]
censoriou
[senɔ:rɪәs]
s
s
s
shedrыy,
dostatochnыy
strogiy
136
ochko’z,
qizg’anchiq
joxil
jo’shqin,
bo’ronli, shiddatli
saxiy
talabchan
s
ceremoni
[ser.ɪˈmәʊ.ni.
seremonnыy
[kred.jʊ.lәs]
doverchivыy
rasmiyatparast
әs]
ous
credulous
ishonuvchan,
laqma
[djuː.bi.әs]
dubious
[ek.spәˈdɪʃ.әs
expeditio
us
somnevayuщiysya,
somnitelnыy
bыstrыy, skorыy
shubhali,gumo
nli
tez, tezkor
]
fabulous
[fæb.jʊ.lәs]
facetious
[fәˈsiː.ʃәs]
basnoslovnыy,
neveroyatnыy
shutlivыy, veselыy
afsonaviy
hazilkash,qiziq
chi
fallacious
[fәˈleɪ.ʃәs]
furious
[fjʊ ә .ri.әs]
gangreno
[gæŋ.grɪ.nәs]
garrulous
[gær. l.әs]
hazardou
[hæz.ә.dәs]
heinous
[hiː.nәs]
humorous
[hjuː.mә.rәs]
yumoristicheskiy
illustrious
[ɪˈlʌs.tri.әs]
znamenitыy
isochrono
[ɑɪȿȿɑkrәnәs]
odnovremennыy
laborious
magnani
[lәˈbɔː.ri.әs]
[mægˈnæn.ɪ.
trudnыy, tyajelыy
velikodushnыy
us
s
oshibochnыy, lojnыy
vzbeshennыy,
neistovыy
gangrenoznыy,
omertvelыy
boltlivыy,
govorlivыy
riskovannыy,
opasnыy
otvratitelnыy
us
mәs]
mous
malicious
[mәˈlɪʃ.әs]
miraculo
[mɪˈræk.jʊ.lә
us
s]
miscellan
eous
momento
[mɪs. ә
lˈeɪ.ni.әs]
[mәˈmen.tәs]
zlobnыy,
zlonamerennыy
chudotvornыy,
udivitelnыy
smeshannыy
vajnыy
xato, yanglish,
noto’g’ri
qutrgan,
qaxrlangan
o’lgan,
chirigan
ezma, sergap
hatarli, xavfli
jirkanch,
yaramas
kulguli, qiziq,
g’alati
mashhur,
taniqli
bir vaqtda
bo’ladigan, birdaniga
qilinadigan
qiyin, og’ir
muruvatli,
oliyjanob
badjahl,
serjahl
ajoyib, soz,
mo’jizakor
turli-tuman,
xilma-xil, aralash
muhim
us
[mәˈnɒt. ә
monoton
n.әs]
ous
odnoobraznыy,
bir xil,
skuchnыy
zerikarli
goristыy, gromadnыy
tog’li, haybatli
mountain
[mɑʊtɪnәs]
mucous
[mjuː.kәs]
slizistыy
multifario
[mʌl.tɪˈfeә.ri.
raznoobraznыy
ous
137
shilliqqa oid,
shilimshiq
turli-tuman,
әs]
us
murderou
[′mɜː.d ә r.әs]
smertonosnыy
nauseous
[′nɔː.zi.әs]
toshnotvornыy
nonferrou
[nɔnferәs]
svetnoy
nucivoro
[njusɪvәrәs]
pitayushitssyaorexam
numerous
oblivious
[njuː.mә.rәs]
[әˈblɪv.i.әs]
obnoxiou
[әbˈnɒk.ʃәs]
odorifero
[әʊdәrɪfәrәs]
ominous
[ɒm.ɪ.nәs]
s
xilma-xil
o’ldiruvchi,
qotil
ko’ngilni
aynitadigan
rangdor, gulli
s
us
i
s
mnogochislennыy
zabыvchivыy
nepriyatnыy,
podverjennыy
dushistыy
yong’oq
tanovul qiluvchi
ko’p sonli
unutuvchan,
esdan chiqarib
qo’yadigan
yoqimsiz,
toqat qilib
bo’lmaydigan
yoqimli hidli
us
[ɒmˈnɪv. ә
omnivoro
zloveщiy,
ugrojayushыy
vseyadnыy
r.әs]
us
[aʊtˈreɪ.dʒәs]
outrageou
neistovыy,
vozmutitelnыy
[pen.djʊ.lәs]
podvesnoy,
kachayuщiysya
[pʒ:nkʝʊteɪnɪә
podkojnыy
s
pendulou
s
pencutan
eous
yomon, shum,
xavf, xavf soluvchi
har qanday
ovqatni yeydigan
achchiqlantira
digan
osilgan, osilib
turadigan
teri osti
s]
[pɜː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃә
perspicac
ious
proniyatelnыy
ziyrak, sezgir
s]
previous
[priː.vi.әs]
propitiou
[prәˈpɪʃ.әs]
predыdushiy,
oprometchivыy
blagosklonnыy
s
querulous
[kwer.
postoyannonedovoln
ыy
J ʊ.lәs]
rapacious
rapturous
[rәˈpeɪ.ʃәs]
[ræp.tʃ ә r.әs]
jadnыy, projorlivыy
vostorjennыy
raucous
[′rɔː.kәs]
xriplыy
religious
ridiculous
[/rɪˈlɪdʒ.әs]
[rɪˈdɪk.jʊ.lәs]
religioznыy
smexotvoronnыy
ruinous
[′ruː.ɪ.nәs]
razoritelnыy
sacrilegio
[sæk.rɪˈlɪdʒ.ә
svyatotatstvennыy
us
s]
salacious
[sәˈleɪ.ʃәs]
salubriou
[sәˈluː.bri.әs]
poxotlivыy,
nepristoynost
zdorovыy
138
oldingi
ijobiy ta’sir
ko’rsatadigan
vaysaqi, ezma,
noshukur
o’ta ziqna
shod, hurram,
zavqqa to’lgan
xirillagan,
xirildoq
diniy
be’mani,
kulguli
halokatli,
harob qiladigan
xudobezorilikk
a oid
beadab,
nomunosib
sog’lom,
s
foydali
[sen t .sjʊәs]
sensuous
simultane
ous
slanderou
[sɪm. ә
lˈteɪ.ni.әs]
[sla:ndәrәs]
chuvstvennыy,
esteticheskiy
odnovremennыy
klevetnicheskiy
s
slaughter
[slɔ:tәrәs]
somnifer
[sɑmnɪfәrәs]
sonorous
[sɒn. ә r.әs]
splendifer
[splenˈdɪf. ә
otlichnыy, yarkiy
spurious
[spjʊә.ri.әs]
poddelnыy
temerario
[temәreәrɪәs]
bezrassudnыy
tendentio
[tenˈden. t
tendensioznыy
tenebrous
[tenɪbrәs]
temnыy, mrachnыy
tremendo
[trɪˈmen.dәs]
strashnыy, ujasnыy
ous
ous
krovoprolitnыyiprov
ojadnыy
snotvornыy,
usыpliyayushiy
zvuchnыy
his
qo’zg’atadigan
bir vaqtda
bo’ladigan
tuhmat qilib
aytilgan
qonxo’r, qon
to’kuvchi
uxlatadigan,
uyqu keltiradigan
ohangdor,
jarangdor
dabdabali
r.әs]
ous
sohta, qalbaki,
yasama
tentaksimon
us
tarafkash
ʃәs]
us
qorong’i,
qorong’ilik bosgan,
zulmatdagi
bahaybat
us
[juːˈbɪk.wɪ.tә
ubiquitou
s
s]
vezdesushыy,
povsemestnыy
obidchivыy
umbrageo
[ʌmbreɪdʒәs]
unconsci
[ʌnˈkɒn.t ʃәs]
umproari
[ʌmʽprɔ:rɪәs]
valorous
[væl.әrәs]
vaporous
[veɪ.pәrәs]
various
venous
verminou
[veә.ri.әs]
[viː.nәs]
[vɜː.mɪ.nәs]
vertigino
[vɜːˈtɪdʒ.ɪ.nәs
golovokrujitelnыy
vociferou
[vәˈsɪf. ә r.әs]
gorlastыy
wondrous
[wʌn.drәs]
us
ous
nesoznayushыy,
chego-livo
shumnыy, boynыy
har yerda
hozir, aralashuvchi
xafa
bo’ladigan
ongsiz,
g’ayrishuuriy
sershovqin
ous
doblestnыy
paroobraznыy,
nerealnыy
razlichnыy, raznыy
venoznыy
kishashiy, parazitami
s
us
]
s
udivitelnыy,
chudesnыy
-ship
139
shonli,
shafqatli
bug’simon,
noreal
turli, har-xil
zaharli
zararkurandala
r bilan to’lgan
boshni
aylantiradigan
vaqildoq, vaqvaq
ajoyib, benazr
WORDS
accomplices
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ǝ'kʌmplisʃip]
RUSSIAN
souchastie
accountants
[ǝ'kavntǝʃip]
buxgalterskoedelo
[ǝ'kweintǝnʃi
znakomstvo
[eidʒǝntʃip]
sodeystvie
hip
hip
acquaintans
hip
UZBEK
birgalikda
ishtrok etish
xisobchilik
ishi
tanishuv
p]
agentship
birgalikdagi
harakat
bachelorship
[bætʃǝlǝʃip]
stepenbakalavra
bardship
[bǝ:dʃip]
talant
battleship
[bætlʃip]
lineynыykorabl,lin
kor
censorship
[sensǝʃip]
chairmanshi
[tʃeǝmǝnʃip]
chancellorsh
[tʃɑ:nsǝlǝʃip]
dealership
drillship
[di:lǝʃip]
[drilʃip]
p
senzura
obyazannostipreds
edatelya
kanslerstvo
bakalavr
darajasi
istedod,
iqtidor
safdagi kema,
linkor
nusxa
qilinadigan asarlarni
nazorat qilish
raislik
lavozimi
kanserlik
ip
predstavitelstvo
burovoesudno
olib sotarlik
bug’lovchi
kema
flagship
[flægʃip]
flagmanskiykorabl
flagman
kemasi
generalship
[dʒenǝrǝʃip]
generalskiychin
generallik
unvoni
governorshi
[gʌvǝnǝʃip]
p
doljnostgubernator
a
guardship
[ga:dʃip]
storojevoykorabl
gunship
[gʌnʃip]
boevoyvertolet
horsemanshi
[hͻ:smǝnʃip]
p
iskustvoverxovoy
yezdы
inspectorshi
[in'spektǝʃip]
justiceship
[dʒʌstisʃip]
doljnostinspektora
p
zvanie,srokslujbы
sudы
kingship
['kiɳʃip]
koralevstvosarstvo
ladyship
['leidiʃip]
titul, zvanieledi
leadership
['li:dǝʃip]
rukovodstvo
140
gubernatorlik
lavozimi
qo'riqchi
kema
jangovor
vertolyot
chavandozlik
san'ati
inspektorlik
lavozimi
unvon,
hakamning xizmat
muddati
qirollik,
podsholik
unvon, biror
shaxsning xizmati
uchun beriladigan
unvon
boshqaruv,
rahbarlik
mastership
['mɑ:stǝʃip]
doljnostuchitelya
ownership
['ǝvnǝʃip]
sobstvennost
premiership
[premiǝʃip]
doljnostpremermin
istra
rectorship
['rektǝʃip]
doljnostrektora
seamanship
['si:mǝnʃip]
morskayapraktika
showmanshi
['ʃǝvmǝnʃip]
Talant
speakership
[spi:kǝʃip]
doljnostspikera
['spͻ:tsmǝnʃip
sportivnayalovkost
township
['tavnʃip]
serkovnыyprixod
traineeship
trusteeship
[trei'ni:ʃip]
[trʌ'sti:ʃip]
stajirovka
opeka,popechitelst
o'qituvchi
lavozimi
shaxsiy molmulk
bosh vazir
lavozimi
rektorlik
lavozimi
dengiz
amaliyoti
iste’dod
p
sportsmansh
ip
]
vo
warship
worship
['wͻ:ʃip]
['wʒ:ʃip]
voennыykorabl
kult, pochitanie
spiker
lavozimi
sportga xos
chaqqonlik
shaxar
tipidagi qishloq,
shaharcha
stajirovka
vasiylik,
homiylik
harbiy korabl
ibodat,
sig'inish
-sion
WORDS
abscission
TRANSCRI
PTION
[æb′sı∫n]
RUSSIAN
abstersion
[әb′stz:∫n]
aggression
[ә′gre∫әn]
elusion
[ı′ludZn]
illusion
[ı′lu:Zәn]
uvertka,
uklonenie
illyuziya, obman
impression
incursion
[ım′pre∫n]
[ın′kz:∫n]
ottiskvpechatnie
vtorjenie, nalet
infusion
[ın′fju:Zn]
mansion
[mæn∫n]
misprision
noctovision
[′mısprızәın]
[noktә′vıZәn]
obtrusion
[әb′tru:Zn]
otrezanie,
otnyatie
ochiщenie,
promыvshie
napadenie
vlivanie,
vnushenie
bolshoyosobnyak
ukrыvatelstvo
sposobnostvidetv
temnote
navyazыvanie
141
UZBEK
kesib tashlash,
olib tashlash
tozalash, yuvib
tashlash
agressiya,
tajovuzkorlik
og’ish
illyuziya,
xomhayol
taasurot
bostirib kirish,
bosqinchilik
quyish, ta’sir
etish
katta uy,
hashamatli uy
yashirish
qorong’ida
ham ko’rish qobiliyati
bog’lash,
occlusion
[ә′klu:Zәn]
pregrajdenie
provision
[prә′vıZn]
snabjenie
regression
[rı′gre∫n]
vozvraщenie
remission
[rı′mı∫n]
proщenie
retroversion
tension
[,retrәυ′vz:∫n]
[ten∫n]
regress
napryajenie
torsion
[′to:∫(ә)n]
kruchenie
[træns′fju:Zәn
perelivanie
[trænz′gre∫n]
prostupok, grex
transfusion
bog’lab qo’yish
to’sish, g’ov
bo’lish
ta’minot,
ta’minlash
orqaga qaytish,
tanazzul
kechirim, avf
etish
regress
kuchlanish,
ziddiyat
tanglik,
buralish
qon quyish
]
transgressio
n
nojo’ya hattiharakat, tartibni buzish
-sive
WORD
S
abstersi
TRANSCRI
PTION
[әb′stzsıv]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
ochiщayuщiy
ve
tozalovc
hi
abusive
aggress
[ә′bju:sıv]
[ә′gresıv]
oskorbitelnыy
napadayuщiy, agressivnыy
expensi
[ık′spensıv]
dorogoy, dorogostoyaщiy
impress
[ım′presıv]
ive
haqoratli
tajovuzk
or
ve
ive
inappre
hensive
ıv]
incisive
inclusiv
e
incursiv
e
indecisi
proizvodyaщiyglubokoevpec
hetlenie
[,ınæprı′hens
nesoobra-zitelniy
[ın′saısıv]
[ın′klu:sıv]
rejuщiy
vklyuchayuщiyvsebya
[ın′kzsıv]
voinstvennыy
[,ındı′saısıv]
nereshitelnыy
[,ınık′spensıv
nedorogoy, deshevыy
[әb′tru:sıv]
vыstupayuщiy
bahosi
baland, qimmat
chuqur
taasurot
qoldiradigan
aqli kalta
Kesuvchi
hammasi
ni qamrab olgan
yo’liqqan
, mubtalo
bo’lgan
jur’atsiz
ve
inexpen
sive
]
obtrusi
ve
142
arzon,
qimmat emas
hujumko
r
offensi
[ә′fensıv]
oskorbitelnыy, obidnыy
oppress
[ә′presıv]
gnetuщiy, despoticheskiy
persuas
[pәs′vzsıv]
izvraщayuщiy
prehens
[prı′hensıv]
uxvatыvayuщiy
recessiv
[rı′sesıv]
udalyayuщiysya
remissi
[rı′mısıv]
proщayuщiy
repercu
[,rı:pә′kʌsıv]
otrajayuщiy
revulsiv
[rı′vʌlsıv]
otvlekayuщiy
suspens
[sә′spensıv]
priostanavlivayuщiy
transmi
[trænz′mısıv]
peredayuщiy
tussive
[′tʌsıv]
vыzvannыy
unaggre
[Λnә′gresıv]
neagressivnыy
unexpre
[,Λnık′spresı
nevыrazitelnыy
ve
ive
ive
ive
e
ve
ssive
e
ive
ssive
ssive
ssive
v]
shafqatsi
z, xafa
qiladigan,
xalokatli
jabr,
zulmga
asoslangan
ishonchli
, puxta, aniq
maxkam
tutadigan,
uzoqlash
adigan
kechiriml
i
aks
ettiruvchi
chalg’ita
digan
to’xtatib
qo’yadigan
uzatadiga
n,
chaqirilg
an,
og’ir
bosiq,
taasurot
qoldirmaydigan,
-some
WORDS
awesome
TRANSCRI
PTION
['ͻ:sәm]
boresome
['bͻ:sǝm]
bothersome
[boɤsәm]
gamblesome
gamesome
[gæmbǝlsǝm]
[geimsǝm]
lonesome
['lǝvnsǝm]
lovesome
quarrelsome
['lʌvsәm]
['kworǝlsǝm]
quibblesome
['kwibǝlsǝm]
tiresome
['taiǝsǝm]
RUSSIAN
to'lqinlantiruvc
hi, qo’rquvga
soluvchi,
hayajonga soluchi
skuchnыy
zerikarli,
zeriktiradigan
nadoedlivыy,b
jonga
espokoynыy
tegadigan, zerikarli
azartnыy
alamzada
veselыy,igrivы
sho'x,
y
xushchaqchaq
odinokiy
yakka-yolg'iz,
tanho
milыy
aziz, mukarram
vzdornыy,svarl
bemani,
ivыy
behuda janjalkash
uvertlivыy
so'z o'ynovchi,
ig'vogar
skuchnыynado
jonga teguvchi,
143
ustrashayuщiy
UZBEK
toilsome
['tͻilsǝm]
toothsome
['tu:ʘsǝm]
edlivыy
trudnыy,
utomitelnыy
priyatnыynavk
us
troublesome
['trʌbәlsәm]
prichinyayuщi
ybespokoystvo
wholesome
['holsәm]
winsome
['winsǝm]
poleznыy,
blagotvornыy
privlekatelnыy
zerikarli
qiyin,
charchatadigan,
toliqtiradigan
hushmaza,
hushtam
buzg'unchi,
g'alamiz, tashvishlik,
tashvish keltiradigan
foydali, foyda
keltiradigan
o’ziga
qaratuvchi, jozibali
-tion
WORDS
TRANSCRI
PTION
[әʹbrɪ:vɪeɪʃ(әʹ)
abbreviation
n]
abdication
]
aberration
abjection
]
abjuration
ablation
abnegation
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
sokrashenie͵
qisqartma
abbreviatura
(so’z)
[ӕbdɪkeɪʃ(ә)n
otkaz,
kechish, voz
neprinyatie
kechish
[ӕb̍әʹreɪʃ(ә)n]
zablujdenie͵po
adashib yo’lini
mrochenieuma
yo’qotish
[ӕbʹʤekʃ(ә)n
nizost, unijenie
kamsitish, past,
xarob
[ӕbʹʤν’reɪʃn]
otrechenie
yuz
o’girish,voz kechish
[ӕbʹleɪʃ(ә)n]
udalenieablyat
olib(kesib)
siya
tashlash
[ӕbnɪgeɪʃ(ә)n
otrechenie
inkor etish
]
[ӕbәlɪʃ(ә)n]
abolition
otmena
[әʹbɔmɪnɪʃ(ә)
abomination
otvrasheenie,
merzost
abort
n]
[әʹbɔ:ʃ(ә)n]
abortion
[ӕbrәʹgeɪʃ(ә)
abrogation
otmena,
annulirovanie
razrыv,
vыxodnapoverxnost
n]
bekor qilish,
maxf etish
jirkanish,
nafrat
chala tushgan
bola, abort
kuchdan
qoldirish,bekor qilish
uzilish, sirtiga
(yuzasiga) chiqish
abruption
[әʹbrʌrʃ(ә)n]
absolution
[ӕbsәlu:ʃ(ә)n
otpusheniegrex
gunohlarni
ov, opravdanie
kechirish, oqlash
absorption
[әbʹzɔ:pʃ(ә)n]
vsasыvanie,
vlitыvanie
abstention
[әbʹzɔ:pʃ(ә)n]
vozderjanie
]
144
so’rish,
shimish
o’zini
tiyish,o’zini tortish
[ӕbʹstrӕkʃ(ә)
abstraction
[ӕk͵selәʹreɪʃ(
obstraksiya,
otvlechenie
uskorenie
[ӕk͵sentʃuʹeɪʃ
postanovka
takidlash
[ӕksepʹteɪʃ(ә)
udareniya
urg’u qo’yish
n]
acceleration
mavxumlik
tezlashish
ә)n]
accentuation
(ә)n]
acceptation
n]
[әʹklaɪmәtәɪz
eɪʃ(ә)n]
accommodati
[әʹkɔmәʹcleɪʃ
n]
accredittion
[әʹkrediteiʃn]
acclimatizati
on
on
akklimatizatsiy
a
prisoblenie͵
udobstvo
akkreditatsiya
accrementitio
[ӕkrɪmentɪʃn]
accretion
accumulation
[ӕkrɪ:ʃn]
[әʹkju:mjνʹleɪ
uvelichenie
iqlimga
moslashish
turar joy, bino,
qulaylik
vakolotlash,
akreditatsiya
o’sish
n
ʃn]
accusation
[ӕkju:zeiʃn]
acquisition
[͵ӕkwiʹziʃn]
activation
actuation
[ӕktɪveiʃn]
[ӕktʃνeɪʃn]
adaptation
[ӕdӕpʹteiʃn]
addiction
[әʹdɪkʃn]
addition
[әdɪʃn]
adequation
[ӕdɪkweɪʃn]
[ә͵dju:dikeɪʃn
adjudication
]
adjuration
[ӕʤνʹreɪʃn]
administratio
[әd͵mɪnɪstreɪʃ
n
n]
admiration
[ӕdmәʹreɪʃn]
adoption
[әʹdɔpʃn]
adoration
[ӕdәʹreɪʃn]
adulteration
[әʹdʌltәʹruʃn]
adumbration
[ӕdʌmʹbreɪʃn
]
adunation
[ӕdjuneɪʃn]
o’sib borish
yig’im,
to’plash
obvinenie,obvi
ayblov, ayblov
nitelniyakt
akti
priobretenie
egalik qilish,
egadorlik
aktivatsiya
faollashish
privedenievdey
harakatga
stvie
keltirish
prisposoblenie
uyg’unlashtiris
h, moslashtirish
sklonnostkche
biror narsaga
mu-libo
moyillik
pribovlenie,
qo’shilish,to’ld
dopolnenie
irish
vыravnivanie
tenglik,
tenglashtirish
sudebnoe,
sud qaror
reshenie
chiqarish
molba, klyatva
yalinib
yolvorish, iltijo qilish
upravlenie,
mamuriyat
delami
boshqaruvi
vosxishenie,
zavqlanish,qoy
vostorg
il qolish
usыnovlenie,
bola asrab
prinyatie
olish
obojanie,
qattiq sevish,
poklonenie
hurmat qilish
poddelka,
qalbakilashtiris
podmeshivanie
h
nabrosk, eskiz,
chizgi, eskiz
zatemnenie
soedinenie
bog’lash,
145
prirost
nakoplenie
aeration
aeronavigatio
ʃn]
n
affectation
affirmation
affliction
agglutination
aggravation
aggregation
agitation
agglomeratio
ʃn]
n
agnation
alienation
alleviation
allocation
altercation
alternation
amalgamatio
ʃn]
n
ambition
ameliration
]
americanizati
eiʃn]
on
amortization
]
ampliation
amputation
qo’shish(ulash)
istrebovaniedel
yuqori sud
avыshestoyasheysude organi tomonidan
bnoyinstansiey
oqlash, himoyalash
[eәʹreɪʃn]
ventilirovanie
havoni
yangilash,
shamollatish
[eәrә͵nӕvigei
aeronavigatsiy
aeronavigasiya
a
[ӕfekteiʃn]
pokaznayalyub
biror narsaga
ovkchemulibo
muhabbatini ochiq
namoyish etish
[ӕʄәʹmeɪʃn]
utverjdenie,
tasdiq
podtvepjdenie
[әʹʄlɪkʃn]
gore, skorb,
xafalik,
neschaste
motam, bahtsizlik
[әʹʄlu,tɪneɪʃn]
skleivanie,
yopishtirish
agglyutinatsiya
[ӕgrәʹveɪʃn]
uxudshenie
yomonlash(tir)
ish, xafa qilish
[ӕgrigeɪʃn]
sobiranie
qismlarni
biriktirish
[ӕʤɪʹteɪʃn]
volnenie
to’lqinlanish,
hayajon
[әg͵glɔmәʹreɪ
nakaplivanie,
yig’ilish,
skoplenie
to’planish
[ӕgʹneɪʃn]
podstvopootsu
ota tomonidan
qarindoshlik
[әɪljәʹneɪʃn]
otchujdenie
begonalashish,
sovish
[e͵il,vieɪʃn]
oblegchenie
yengillashish,
yumshash
[ӕlәʹkeɪʃn]
razmeshenie,
joylashtirish,
naznachanie
taminlash
[ә͵lta,kieiʃn]
parebranka,
munozara,torti
ssora
shish
[ɔ,ltәineiʃn]
cheredovanie
yangidan
yasash, o’zgartirish
[ә͵mӕlgәmei
smeshenieobed
birlashish
inenie
[ӕmbiʃn]
chestolyubie,
shuxratparastli
sel
k
[ә͵mɪ,liәʹreiʃn
melioratsiyaul
meliorasiya
uchshenie
yaxshilash
[әmerikәnәɪz
amerikanizatsi
amerikalashuv
ya
[ә͵mɔ,taizeiʃn
pogosheniedol
qarzini uzish
ga
[ӕmplieiʃn]
uvelichenie
kuchaytirish
[ӕmpjuʹteiʃn]
amputatsiyaud
amputatsiya,
alenie
kesib tashlash
[ӕdvәʹkeɪʃn]
advocation
146
[ә͵nӕtәmaize
anatamizatio
iʃn]
n
anatomirovani
e
animation
[ӕnimeiʃn]
odushevlenie
annexation
annihilation
[ӕnimeiʃn]
[әnaɪәʹleiʃn]
anneksiya
unichtojeniie
annotation
annunciation
[ӕnәνteɪʃn]
[ә,nʌnsieiʃn]
annotatssiya
vozveщenie
anticipation
approximatio
[ӕn͵tisipeiʃn]
[ә͵prɔksimeiʃ
kolets
priblijenie
[ә͵prәvprieiʃn
prisvoenie
[a,bitreiʃn]
[ӕtribju,ʃ
treteyskiysud
pripыsivanie
[boӘәreiʃn]
[kӕtigәraɪʹzei
bespakoystvo
ogovor, kliveta
consumption
[sentrәlizeʃn]
denigration
[dәniʹgreiʃn]
razvitierakovo
yopuxoli
kleveta,
diffamatsiya
nazvanie
n
yorib
tekshirish
jonlantirish,
ruhlanish
anneksiya
yo’q qilish,
yakson qilish
izoh,sharx
hammaga e’lon
qilish
oldindan sezish
yaqinlashish
n]
appropriation
]
arbitration
attribution
]n﴿ә﴾
botheration
catogerizatio
ʃn]
n
[di,nomi’neiʃ
denominatio
n
egallab olish,
o’zlashtirish
arbitraj
qo’shib yozib
qo’yish
bezovtalik
tuhmat,
bo’hton
istemol qilish,
xarajatga ishlatish
tuhmat,
bo’hton, uydirma
nom, ism
n]
[di,njvdeiʃn]
denudation
yalanng’ochlas
ogolenie
h
determinatio
[deni’greɪʃn]
edification
[edifi,keiʃn]
emanation
[әmәneiʃn]
eruption
[irʌʃpn]
evaluation
[ivӕljveiʃn]
exoneration
[igzonәʹreʃn]
exposition
[ekspәʹziʃn]
opredelenie
n
[ʄӠ,men’teiʃn
fermentation
]
figuration
flagellation
formation
nazidanie,
nastavlenie
istechenie,
izluchenie
izverjenie,
vzrыv
otsenka,
kolichestvo
opravdanie,
reabilitatsiya
opisaniya
brojenie,
volnenie
[ʄɪgjvʹreiʃn]
vid, forma,
oformlenie
[iʄiӕʤәʹleiʃn]
bichevanie,
porka
[ʄɔ:meʃn]
obrazovanie,
raspolojenie
147
qat’iylik,
dadillik
nasixat, o’git
nurlanish
otishish,
otishib chiqish
baho, baholash
ozod qilish,
qutqarish
bayon, tabir,
izoh
achitish,
ko’pitish
bezatish,
yasatish
qamchilash,
savalash
tuzish, tashkil
etish
gesticulation
[ʤe͵stikjvʹlei
jestikulyatsiya
[gleisieiʃn]
[grәʹdeɪʃn]
[horiʄɪkeiʃn]
zamorajivanie
gradatsiya
ustrashenie
imo-ishora
ʃn]
glaciations
gradation
horrification
[hospitәlaizei
hospitalizatio
ʃn]
n
humiliation
[hyumilieiʃәn
]
ignoration
[ignәʹreɪʃn]
illumination
[ilu:mi’neɪʃn]
illustration
[ilәsʹtreɪʃn]
imitation
[imiʹteɪʃn]
imperception
[impәʹsepʃn]
[i͵nәʹgjv’reiʃ
inauguration
n]
inception
[[inʹsepʃn]
jubilation
[ʤu,bileiʃn]
junction
[ʤʌnkʃn]
[ʤvәrisʹdikʃn
jurisdiction
]
justification
[lӕsә’reiʃn]
laceration
[lӕsәkteiʃn]
lamentation
[lӕmenteiʃn]
lapidation
[lӕpideiʃn]
ligalization
[li,gәlaizeiʃn]
lubrication
[lu,brikeiʃn]
[mӕlʄɔ,meiʃn
malformation
]
[mә͵nipjvʹleiʃ
manipulation
n]
[mӕstikeiʃn]
mastication
[mә͵trikjvʹlei
matriculation
ʃn]
moderation
[modә’reiʃn]
muzlash
gradatsiya
qo’rqinch,
dahshatga tushish
gospitalizatsiy
kasalhonaga
a
yotkizish (joylash)
unijenie
xo’rlash, yerga
urish, kamsitish
prenebrejenie
etiborsiz
qoldirish
osveщenieosve
yoritish, nur
щennost
sochish
illyustratsiya,
rasmlar bilan
primer
bezash, misol
podorojanie,
taqlid qilish,
poddelka
o’xshatish(qalbaki)
otsutstviyaponi
tushunmaslik
maniya
vstuplenievdolj
lavozim(mansa
nost
b)ga kirishish
nachalo
bosh,
boshlanish
likovanie
shodlik,
quvonch, shodiyona
soedinenie
ulash,birlashtir
ish
yurisdiksiya
sud qilish
huquqi
opravdanie
aybsiz deb
topish, oqlash
razrыvanie
uzish, buzish,
uzilish
gorestnayajalo
aza, faryod
ba, plach
zabrasыvaniya
qirralash,
kamnyami
tarashlash (tosh bilan)
legalizatsiya
qonuniylashtiri
sh
smazka,
moylash
smazыvanie
urodstvo
mayiblik,
nogironlik
obraщenie,
hiyla, nayrang
podtasovka
jevanie,
chaynash,
plastikatsiya
kavshash
zachislenievvы
oily o’quv
sshee
yurtiga qabul qilish
sderjivanie,
o’rtachalik,
148
[mʌltiplikeiʃn
multiplicatio
n
umerenie
umnojenie
]
narcotization
[no,kәtәɪʹzeɪʃ
narkotizatsiya
[nӕʃnәlai’zei
natsionalizatsi
mo’tadillik
ortish,
ko’payish
narkoz berish
n]
nationalizatio
ʃn]
n
ya
nomination
[nomineiʃn]
naznachenie
normalizatio
[nɔ,mәlaiʹzeiʃ
normalizatsiya
nucleation
[nju,klieiʃn]
obrazovanieya
obligation
obsecration
[obligeiʃn]
[obsikreiʃn]
n
milliylashtirish
n]
pastdan
yuqoriga ko’tarish
qoidaga solish,
normaga solish
yadrolashtirish
dro
obyazatelstvo
prosba
majburiyat
iltijo, o’tinib
so’rash
[okjvʹpeiʃn]
[opәʹzɪʃn]
occupation
opposition
osrentation
overpopulati
ʃn]
on
participation
passivation
penetration
perception
personation
petition
pluperfection
polarization
]
presentation
prevention
probation
prohibition
purgation
qualification
ish, mashg’ulot
qarshilik
ko’rsatish
[ostenteiʃn]
pokoznoeproya
maqtanchoqlik,
vlenie
manmanlik
[әuvәpopjvlei
perenaselennos
aholini
t
me’yordan ortiqligi
[pa,tisipeiʃn]
uchastie
ishtirok etish
[pӕsiveiʃn]
passivirovanie
passiv bo’lish
[penәʹtreiʃn]
pronikanie
ichiga kirish,
teshib o’tish
[pәʹsepʃn]
vospriyatie
idrok qilish
o’zlashtirish
[pz:sәneiʃn]
vыdavanieseby
o’zini boshqa
azakogo-libodrugogo birov deb ko’rsatmoq
[pitiʃn]
proshenie,
iltimosnoma,
xodataystvo
arznoma,
murojaatnoma
[plu,pәʹʄekʃn]
velikolepie
ulug’vorlik,
ulkanlik
[pәvlәraizeiʃn
polyarizatsiya
qutblarga
ajratish
[prezәn’teiʃn]
predstavlenie
taqdimot
[privenʃn]
predotvrasheni
oldini olish,
e
bartaraf qilish
[prәʹbeiʃn]
ispitanie
sinov, sinash
[prәvibiʃn]
zapreshenie
man etish
taqiqlash
[pz,geiʃn]
ochishenie
ichni tozalash
(dori bilan)
[kwolifikeiʃn
kvalifikatsiya
malaka, tajriba
zavpadenie
kontrast
]
[kwontifikeiʃ
quantificatio
n
n]
question
[kwestʃn]
opredeleniekol
ichestva
vopros
149
sonini aniqlash
savol
[rӕmɪʄɪkeiʃn]
ramification
[rӕʃәnәlaizeiʃ
rationalizatio
n
razvetvlenie
n]
ratsonalizatsiy
a
reactivation
[riӕktiveiʃn]
ojivlenie
refutation
[refjvteiʃn]
oproverjenie
restrospectio
[retrәspekʃn]
rumination
[ru,mineiʃn]
salutation
[sӕljvʹteɪʃn]
sanction
[sӕηkʃn]
razmыshlenieo
proshlom
razmыshlenie
n
privetstvie
sanksiyaratifik
atsiya
satisfaction
scintillation
[͵sӕtisʹʄӕkʃn]
[͵sintileiʃn]
udovletvorenie
sverkanie
sedition
[sidiʃn]
prizыvkbuntu
sensation
sibilation
[senʹseɪʃn]
[sibileɪʃn]
sensatsiya
svist
signification
[͵signiʄikeiʃn
znachenie
solicitation
[sә͵lisiteiʃn]
nastoychivaya
speculation
[spekjvʹleiʃn]
stimulation
[stimjvʹleiʃn]
subjugation
[sʌbʤvʹgeiʃn
]
prosba
razmыshlenie
vozbujdenie,
pooщrenie
pokorenie
]
[sʌbɔ,neiʃn]
subarnation
[temʹpraɪzeiʃ
temporizatio
n
n]
[tenteiʃn]
[tz:mɪneɪʃn]
[tɒlreɪʃn]
[trәʹdɪʃn]
tentation
termination
toleration
tradition
transliteratin
podkup,
popыtkasklonitknezak
onnomu
ottyagivanievr
emeni
opыt
zavershenie
terpimost
traditsiya
[trӕnslɪtәreɪʃ
transliteratsiya
[tɪpɪfɪkeɪʃn]
olitsetvorenie
n]
typification
150
tarmoqlanish,
bo’linish
rattsionallashti
rish, oqilona tashkil
etish
qayta
faollashish
rad etish, inkor
qilish
o’tmish haqida
o’ylash
fikrlash,
mulohaza qilish,
o’ylash
olqish,
salomlashish
sanksiya,
ruxsat
qoniqish
yorqinlashtiris
h
isyon
ko’tarishga da’vat
qilish
shov-shuv
xushtaksimon
ovoz chiqarish
mazmun,
moxiyat, ahamiyat
qat’iy iltimos
qilish
fikrlash, o’ylab
ko’rish
qo’zg’atish,
rag’batlantirish
zabt etish,
bo’ysundirish
o’z tomoniga
og’dirib olishga
urinish, sotib olish
vaqtni
cho’zish, kechiktirish
sinash
xotima, yakun
chidamlilik
urf-odat,
an’ana
to’g’ridan
to’g’ri uzatish
biron narsani
o’zida
mujassamlashtirish
o’rnashgan joy
ubication
[ʹju:bɪkeɪʃn]
unappreciatio
[ʌnәʹpri:ʃiәʃn
nedootsenka
[͵z:bʹnaɪzeɪʃʹn
urbanizatsiya
vacation
valuation
[veɪʹkeɪʃʹn]
[vӕljuʹeɪʃn]
otpusk
otsenka
vegetation
verification
[veʤɪteɪʃn]
[verɪfɪkeɪʃn]
rastitelnost
proverka
zonation
[zoʊneɪʃn]
raspredeleniep
ozonam
RUSSIAN
acceptive
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ǝk'septiv]
vosprniimchivыy
accommod
[ǝ'komǝ,deiti
udobnыy
attractive
[ǝ'træktiv]
privlekatelnыy
augmentati
[ͻ:g'mentǝtiv]
uvelichivayuщiysya
causative
[kͻ:zǝtiv]
prichinenie
criminativ
[kriminǝtiv]
obvinitelnыy
frustrative
[frʌstrǝtiv]
razocharovыvayuщiy
fugitive
[ʹfju:dʒitiv]
beglыy
generative
[dʒenrǝtiv]
proizvodyaщiy
illative
[ileitiv]
mestonaxojden
ie
n
]
urbanization
tan olmaslik,
kamsitish
urbanizatsiya
]
mehnat ta’tili
baho, baho
qo’yish
o’simliklar
tekshirish,
sinash
rayonlashtirish
- (a) tive
WORDS
ative
v]
ve
UZBEK
maqbul,
qabul qilsa
bo’ladigan
qulay,
munosib, mos
jozibali,
mahliyo etuvchi
kattalashtirad
igan
sabab bilan,
bo’ladigan
ayblov
e
vыrajayuщiyzaklyuc
henie
[I'mædʒinǝtiv
imaginativ
e
]
odarennыy,
silnыyvoobrajeniem
povelitelnыy
imperative
[im'perǝtiv]
impercepti
[impǝ'septiv]
nenablyudatelnыy
judicative
['dʒu:dikǝtive
sudebnыy
['nærǝtiv]
povestvovatelnыy
ve
ko’ngilni
qoldiradigan, ixlosni
qaytaruvchi
qochoq,
qochqoq
ishlab
chiqarish
yakunlovchi,
so’ngi
xayoliy,
tasavvuriy
buyruq
tarzidagi
sezilmaydiga
n, bilinmaydigan
sudga oid
]
narrative
151
hikoya
nonaddicti
[,nonǝ'diktiv]
objective
[ɤb'dʒektiv]
ob’ektivnыy
obstructive
[ǝb'strʌktive]
prepyatstvuyuщiy
quantitativ
['kwontitәtiv]
kolichestvennыy
reflective
reformativ
[riflektiv]
[rifͻ:mǝtiv]
otrajayuщiy
reforliruyuщiy
refractive
[ri:fræktiv]
prelomlyayuщiy
nevыzыvayuщiypriv
ыkaniya
ve
odat
bo’lishga
chorlamaydigan
xolis,
beg’araz
to’siq
bo’luvchi
miqdoriy
e
aks ettiruvchi
isloh qiluvchi
e
[ri'dʒenǝrǝtiv
regenerati
ve
]
regulative
['regjvlǝtiv]
significati
[sig'nifikǝtiv]
ve
libo
[ʌnә'træktiv]
unattractiv
e
sindiruvchi,
qaytaruvchi
vozrojdayuщiy
qayta
o’zgartirilgan
reguliruyuщiy
tartibga
soluvchi
ukazыvayuщiynachto
biron narsani
ifoda etuvchi
neprivlekatelnыy
maftunkor
bo’lmagan, jozibasiz
-ture
WORDS
acupuncture
TRANSCRI
PTION
[ækjv'pʌɳktʃǝ
RUSSIAN
igloukalыvanie
[,'mǝ'tjvǝ]
['dʒu:dikǝtʃǝ]
['tæblǝtʃǝ]
nezrelыy
sudoustroystvo
doщechkasnad
]
immature
judicature
tablature
pisyu
tincture
['tinktʃǝ]
ottenok, primes
torture
['tͻ:tʃǝ]
pыtka
UZBEK
igloterapiya,
igna bilan davolash
xom, pishmagan
sud, sud tuzilishi
yozuv yozilgan
taxtacha
rang turi,
rangdagi nozik farq
qiynoq, azob
-ty
WORDS
abnormalit
TRANSCRIP
TION
[æbno:mælәtı]
RUSSIAN
UZBEK
nepravilnost
g’ayritabiiylik
aggressivit
[ægrә′sıvıtı]
agressivnost
tajovuzkorlik
agility
[ә′dZılәtı]
provorstvo
atomicity
authenticit
[ætә′mısәtı]
[o:θen′tısәtı]
atomnost
podlinnost
avidity
[ә′:vıdәtı]
jadnost
y
y
y
152
epchillik,
chaqqonlik
atomlik
ishonchlilik,
haqiqiylik, asllik
ochko’zlik,
ziqnalik
barbarity
[ba:bærıtı]
basicity
[beı′sısәtı]
causality
[ko:zælәtı]
causticity
[ko:s′tısәtı]
centricity
[sen′trısәtı]
certainty
[sz:tәntı]
criminality
[krımınælıtı]
crotchety
[krot∫әtı]
cruelty
[kru:әltı]
duality
[djυ′ælәtı]
dubiety
[djυ′bæıәtı]
duplicity
[djυ′plısәtı]
ellipticity
familiarity
[ı,lıp′tısәtı]
[fә,mılıærәtı]
frailty
[freıltı]
fragility
[frә′dZılıtı]
fraternity
[frә′tәnıtı]
garrulity
[gә′ru:lәtı]
illegality
immaturity
[,ılı:gælәtı]
[,ımә′tjυәrәtı]
indemnity
[ın′demnıtı]
intensity
[ın′tensıtı]
jejunity
jocundity
[dZı′dZu:nәtı]
[dZә′kʌndәtı]
jollity
[′dZolәtı]
longevity
[lon′dZevәtı]
lubricity
[lu:′brısәtı]
varvarstvo,
jestokost
valentnost,
osnovnost
prichinnost
edkost,
yazvitelnost
sentralnost
shavqatsiz,
zolim
asosiylik,
valentlik
sababiyat
achchiqlik,
zaharlilik, yakkalik
markaziylik
nesomnennыyfa
ishonchli fakt
prestupnost
jinoyatchilik
kt
svoenravnыy,
kapriznыy
jestokost,
bezjalostnost
dvoystvennost
somnenie,
kolebanie
dvulichnost
injiqlik
shafqatsizlik,
raxmsizlik
ikkiyuzlamalik,
munofiqlik
shubha, gumon
ikkiyuzlamalik,
munofiqlik
elliptichnost
elliptiklik
korotkieotnoshe
yaqinlik,
niya, blizost
tanishlik
neprochnost
noziklik,
mo’rtlik
xrupkost
mo’rtlik,
sinuvchanlik
bratstvo,
qarindoshlik,
obщina
birodarlik
boltlivost
ezmalik,
sergaplik
nelegalnost
noqonuniylik
nezredost
pishmaganlik,
xomlik
vozmeщenie
qoplash, kamini
to’ldirish
sila,
jadallik, tezlik
intensivnost
skudnost
siyraklik, kamlik
veselost
quvnoqlik,
xushchaqchaqlik
vesele
shodlik,
xursandchilik
dolgovechnost
uzoq umr, ko’p
yashash
smazochnыesvo
moylash
ystva
xususiyati
153
[mә′lıgnәtı]
malignity
zlovrednost
niyati buzuqlik,
halokat
[mә′to:nәtı]
[neı′tælәtı]
[ә′blıkwәtı]
maternity
natality
obliquity
materinstvo
rojdaemost
kosoenapravlen
ie
onalik
tug’ish
qiyshiqlik,
egrilik
obstructivit
[,abstrʌk′tıvәtı]
zatrudnennost
obtusity
[әb′tju:sәtı]
tupost
painty
[′peıntı]
to’sqinlik, g’ov
y
svejevыkrashen
nыy
[′penәltı]
penalty
nakazanie,
ahmoqlik,
befaxmlik, xiralik
yangi bo’yalgan,
yangi bo’yoqli
jazolash, jarima
shtraf
periodicity
pilosity
quantity
rabbity
[,pıәrıә′dısәtı]
[paı′losәtı]
[′kwontәtı]
[ræbıtı]
relatively
[,relә′tıvәtı]
salacity
salinity
[sә′læsәtı]
[sә′lınәtı]
poxotlivost
solenost
taciturnity
[,tæsı′tz:nәtı]
molchalivost
tensility
timidity
[ten′sılәtı]
[tı′mıdәtı]
rastyajimost
robost
topicality
[,to:pı′kælәtı]
aktualnost
unanimity
[,ju:nә′nımәtı]
edinodushie
[Λn,o:ltәrә′bılә
neizmennost
vapidity
[væ′pıdәtı]
presnost
whimsicalit
[,wımzı′kælәtı]
unalterabili
periodichnost
volosistost
kolichestvo
izobiluyuщiykr
olikami
otnositelnost
tı]
ty
y
prichudы,
kaprizы
davriylik
sersochlilik
miqdor
quyonlarga boy
tegishlilik,
nisbiylik nazariyasi
beadablik
tuzlilik, sho’rlik,
sho’rlabish
indamaslik,
kamgaplik
cho’ziluvchanlik
juratsizlik,
tortinchoqlik
dolzarblik,
muhimlik
yakdillik,
birdamlik
o’zgarmaslik,
doimiylik
ta’msizlik,
mazasi yo’qlik
injiqlik
-ward
WORD
S
backwa
TRANSCRIP
TION
['bækwǝdz]
RUSSIAN
nazad
heaven
['hevǝnwǝd]
vыs
hitherw
['hiɤǝwǝd]
syuda
homew
['hǝvmwǝd]
domoy, kdomu
UZBEK
orqaga
rd
ward
osmonga,
samoga, falakka
buyoqqa
ard
154
uyga
ard
inwardl
[inwǝdli]
vnutri, vduщe
inwards
[inwǝdz]
vnutri, vnutr
offward
['ofwǝd]
onward
['onwǝdʒ]
outward
['avtwǝdʒ]
naruju
rearwar
['riǝwedʒ]
nazad, vtыl
skywar
['skaiwǝdz]
knebu
southwa
['skvʘwǝd]
kyugu,nayug
upward
['ʌpwǝdz]
vverx,svыshe
y
ponapravleniyukotkrыtom
umoryu
vperedi, dalee
s
s
ds
ds
rds
s
yo'nalgan, uy
tomonga
ichkarida,
qalbida
ichkari
tomonga
shamolga
teskari tomonga
oldinga,
olg'a
sirtqi,
tashqi tomon(ga)
orqa
tomonga(da)
osmonga,
samoga, falakka
tomon
janubga
tomon, janubda
yuqoriga
(da)
-wise, (-ways)
WORDS
broadways
broadwise
TRANSCRIP
TION
[bro:dweız]
[bro:dwaız]
longways
longwise
sideways
[′loŋweız]
[′loŋweız]
[′saıdweız]
WORDS
augury
bastardy
TRANSCRIP
TION
[ͻ:gjvri]
[ba:stәdi]
baggy
['bægɪ]
baldy
balky
['bɔːldɪ]
['bɔːkɪ]
balmy
['bɑːmɪ]
bandy
['bændɪ]
bawdy
['bɔːdɪ]
RUSSIAN
vshir, vshirinu
vshirinu,
poperek
vdlinu
vdlinu
vstoronu
-y
RUSSIAN
predskazanie
rojdenierebyonkav
nebraka
meshkovatыy
(obodejde)
otkrыto
upryamыy
(ojivotnom)
aromatnыy
krivoy, izognutыy
(onogax)
nepristoynыy
155
UZBEK
eniga
eniga
uzunasiga
uzunasiga
yonboshlab, yon
tomondan
UZBEK
bashorat
nikohsiz
tug'ilgan bola, haromi
qo`pol,
keng(kiyim)
ochiq-oydin
o`jar, qaysar
(hayvonlarga oid)
xushbo`y,
muattar
qing’ir-qiyshiq
(oyoq haqida)
yaramas,
axloqsiz
beady
['biːdɪ]
bitchy
blotchy
bosky
['bɪʧɪ]
['blɔʧɪ]
['bɔskɪ]
brainy
['breɪnɪ]
branchy
chalky
['brɑːnʧɪ]
['ʧɔːkɪ]
chary
creepy
['ʧeәrɪ]
['kriːpɪ]
crimpy
['krɪmpɪ]
cheeky
chintzy
deary
dreggy
drifty
['ʧiːkɪ]
['ʧɪntsɪ]
['dɪәrɪ]
[drifti]
drossy
['drɔsɪ]
drowsy
['drauzɪ]
duly
['djuːlɪ]
dumpy
['dʌmpɪ]
faddy
['fædɪ]
freaky
['friːkɪ]
frumpy
['frʌmpɪ]
flushy
garlicky
jammy
jaunty
jittery
[ʄlʌʃi]
['gɑːlɪkɪ]
[ʤæmi]
['ʤɔːntɪ]
['ʤɪt(ә)rɪ]
kinky
['kɪŋkɪ]
lanky
lardy
needy
['læŋkɪ]
['lɑːdɪ]
['niːdɪ]
speedy
tacky
['spiːdɪ]
['tækɪ]
poxojiynabusinku
munchoqqa
o`xshash
zlobnыy
urg`ochi
pokrыtыypyatnami
dog` bosgan
komandirskiy
komandirlarga
oid (xos)
mozgovitыy,
aqlli, qobiliyatli
umnыy
vetvistыy
sershox
melovoy,
ohakli, bo`rli
izvestkovыy
ostorojnыy
ehtiyotkor
vыzыvayuщiy,
sudraluvchi
murashki, polzuchiy
kurchavыy,
jingalak
vyuщiysya
naxalnыy
surbet
deshevыy
arzon
dorogoy, dorogaya
aziz, qadrli
soderjaщiyosadok
loyqa, axlatli
vjnыy
qor
bo’ralayotgan
izobiluyuщiyshlak
to`pon, metal
om
zaki
sonnыy,
uyqusiragan
dremlyuщiy
doljnыmobrazom
kerakli, tegishli
(tarzda)
unыlыy,
baqaloq,
korenastыy
yo`g`on
chudakovatыy
qiziqroq,
g`alatiroq
neobыchnыy,
g’alati,
strannыy
g`ayritabiiy
ploxoodetыy
eskicha,
modadan qolgan kiyim
kiygan
krasnovatыy
qizg’ish
chesnochnыy
sarimsoqli
tolkotnya
tiqilinch, tirband
veselыy, boykiy
puglivыy, nervnыy
shod, hursand
asabiylashgan,
tajang
kurchavыy
(ovolosax)
dolgovyazыy
jirnыy, salnыy
nujdayuщiysya
jingalak (soch)
novcha
yog`li, moyli
kambag`al,
muhtoj
bыstrыy, skorыy
lipkiy
156
tez, ildam, jadal
yopishqoq,
thirsty
['θɜːstɪ]
thready
['θredɪ]
trappy
['træpɪ]
vasty
['vɑːstɪ]
velvety
['velvɪtɪ]
watery
['wɔːt(ә)rɪ]
wary
['weәrɪ]
weepy
['wiːpɪ]
slezlivыy
yeasty
['jiːstɪ]
penistыy
tomimыy,
jajdayuщiy
nityanыy,
nitevidnыy
predatelskiy,
opasnыy
obshirnыy,
gromadnыy
barxatistыy
vodyanoy,
mokrыy
ostorojnыy
157
yopishadigan
chanqagan
ip o`tkazilgan
hiyonatkor,
havfli
keng, bepayon
baxmalli,
yumshoq
suvli, ho’l
ehtiyotkor,
ehtiyotli
ko`zyoshli,
yig’loqi
ko`pikli,
serko`pik