Download Final Exam Review, Pt. 3

Final Exam Review, Pt. 3
Chapters 5 & 6
MEMORY
The ability to store and retrieve
information over time.
Information Processing Theory
The mind is similar to a computer with input,
processing, and output.
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Encoding
Process of putting information into memory
Storage
Physical memory connections in the brain
• Retrieval
• Finding & taking information out of memory
Stages of Memory *
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Sensory memory *
Brief storage of sensory information
Iconic (visual) and Echoic (auditory)
Short term memory (STM) *
Small amounts of memory (5-9 bits)
Less than 1 minute (20-30 sec)
Working Memory –
memory processes used in STM
• Long Term Memory *
• Storage of information,
• Unlimited capacity
Long Term Memory *
• A. Explicit (Declarative) Memory *
Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously
remembered.
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1. Episodic Memory *
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First hand experience (e.g. first date)
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2. Semantic Memory *
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Facts and concepts (e.g. presidents)
• B. Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory *
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Experience (procedural) e.g. riding a
bike, using a keyboard, swimming
Measuring Long Term Memory *
• Recall *
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Free recall – e.g. essay test (Discuss Thorndike’s
theory)
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Cued Recall – e.g. fill in the blank questions
(Thorndike proposed the law of _____).
• Recognition *
• Remembering previously seen information
• E.g. Multiple choice tests
• (Thorndike proposed the law of
a. effect b. behavior c. consequences d. averages)
Causes of Forgetting
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Encoding failure
Information not stored properly; can’t find it
Decay Theory
Applies to STM, not LTM
Interference - similar memories (new or old)
block retrieval of a memory
• Motivated Forgetting - Inability to encode or
retrieve memories due to anxiety.
• Retrieval Failure *
• Inability to bring information into working memory
Using Memory
• Reconstructive Memory
• Memory is stored in pieces, and
later put back together, using
past & present information, emotions,
beliefs, and bias – making memory inaccurate
• May contain untrue details or omit true items
• Schemas = Patterns of knowledge to help
organize information.
Techniques to Improve Memory
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Chunking
Remembering sets or groups. Increases capacity.
Elaborative encoding
Relate to another memory when encoding.
Elaborative rehearsal – Organizing material in a
meaningful way (Organization)
Study by finding examples
Build on concepts
Relate to other knowledge
Add meaning to definitions
More Ways to Improve Memory
• Mnemonic Devices *
• Memory aids, e.g., rhymes, songs, images, Method
of Loci
• Overlearning *
• Keep studying
• Spacing *
• Distributed better than massed
practice; don’t cram the night before test
Chapter 6
Lifespan Development
Research on Development
• Cross Sectional Research *
• Compares people of different ages at one
time.
• Longitudinal Research *
• Follow the same individual or group over a
long period of time
• Compare the variable of interest at different
times
Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Period - Zygote (fertilized egg)
Conception – Implantation; First 10-14 days
2. Embryo - 2-8 weeks
Major internal and external organs develop
Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord
3. Fetus - 9 wks (less than one ounce) to birth
(6-8 pounds);
Growth and maturation of organs
Senses and preferences
Problems During Prenatal Development
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Teratogens *
Harmful material affecting development
Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking
Can affect physical, behavioral, and mental
development.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Physical abnormalities, retardation
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Infancy and Early Childhood
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Contact Comfort * (Harlow)
The infant’s need for physical contact
Attachment *
Infant’s need to be with caregiver
Built on contact comfort
Stranger Anxiety *
Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo,
lessens at 12 mo
• Separation Anxiety *
• Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo.
Patterns of Attachment
• Strange Situation Test –
• Secure Attachment *
• 60%; explores room; cries when mother leaves;
• Goes to mother and is comforted when she returns
• Avoidant Attachment *
• don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother
• Disorganized (anxious)*
• No consistent method of coping
Theories of Gender Role Development
Sex (biology) Gender (Culture)
Gender Roles (Expectations)
• Social Learning Theory *
• Modeling; Media
• Reinforcement for gender
appropriate behaviors
• Punishment when not
appropriate behavior
• Gender Schema Theory *
• Gender is an important
category
• Child seeks information
• Child develops expectations
for gender roles.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
schemas
frameworks of
knowledge in long-term
memory
accommodation
assimilation
schemas change in
response to new
experiences or situations
schemas allow
understanding of new
experiences or situations
Situations or
experiences
Piaget’s Stages
Stage
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Age Range Description Accomplishes
0-2 years
2-7 years
Experiences
world
Through senses
Object
Permanence
Egocentrism
Theory of
mind;
Language
symbolic
thought; mental
images
Concrete
Operational
Formal
Operational
7-11 years
11-adult
Logical Thinking;
Real World Skills
Conservation
Scientific
reasoning
Abstract logic
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
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Trust v. Mistrust – Infant; hope, security
Autonomy v. Shame,Doubt – toddler; control, will
Initiative v. Guilt – 3-6y; assertiveness, purpose
Industry v. Inferiority – 6-12y; competence
Identity v. Role Confusion – teen; “Who am I?”
Intimacy v. Isolation – young adult; love
Generativity v. Stagnation – mid-adult; care and
contributions to next generation
8. Ego Integrity v. Despair – old age; reflection on a
good life
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles *
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Authoritarian *
Strict rules, punish to control
Kids unhappy, rebellious or depressed.
Permissive* (2 kinds)
a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild, confused,
b) Loving –spoiled, lack boundaries
Authoritative *
Supportive; caring,respectful; clear expectations
Kids more mature, successful
Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of
Moral Development
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Level 1 – Preconventional
Stage 1 – Punishment & Obedience
Stage 2 – Rewards and Self Interest
II. Level 2 – Conventional
Stage 1 – Social Approval
Stage 2 – Social Norms or Laws
III. Level 3 – Post Conventional
Stage 1 – Social Contracts
Stage 2 – Universal Ethical Principles
Alzheimer’s Disease *
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One form of dementia
Physical, mental, emotional, social effects
Gradual deterioration of memory, personality
Possible causes, inc. genetics, environment,
diet, inflammation in brain.
• Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles