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TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINERRING
PROGRAM STUDI KEAHLIAN (SKILL DEPARTEMEN PROGRAME) :
TEKNIK BANGUNAN (BUILDING TECHNOLOGY)
KOMPETENSI KEAHLIAN (SKILL COMPETENCE): TEKNIK GAMBAR
BANGUNAN (DRAWING BUILDING TECHNOLOGY)
Make Drawing Roof Construction
Objectives :
Student able to
 Explaining of the roof constructions,
 make drawing design of roof frame construction.
 make drawing of roof plans
 make drawing detail of sections of frame/truss
constructions.
 make drawing detail of sections a half of frame/truss
constructions.
 make drawing detail of joining.
 Make drawing of roof cladding.
 Make detail drawing of wall structure reinforcement.
 Make detail drawing of horizontal flashing.
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Description of Wall and Floor
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Definition of Roof
1. A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a
building.
2. A roof protects the building and its contents from
the effects of weather (rain, sunlight, wind and
others).
3. A roof characteristics are dependent upon the
purpose of the building that it covers, the
available roofing materials and the local traditions
of construction and wider concepts of
architectural design and practice and may also
be governed by local or national legislation.
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The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and
Definition of Roof
The elements in the design of a roof are :1. the material
2. the construction
3. the durability
Notes;
1.
2.
3.
The material of a roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten
straw or sea grass to laminated glass, aluminum sheeting and precast
concrete. In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the
predominant roofing material for centuries.
The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and
how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof slope.
The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is
often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and
renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.
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The Shape of Roof
Ball Roof
Flat Roof
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Roof Shape
Saw Roof
Pelana Roof
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Roof Shape
Lean Roof
Limas Roof
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Roof Shape
Tent Roof
Prism Roof
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Roof Shape
Joglo Roof
Traverse Roof
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Roof Shape
Combines Roof
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Roof Shape
Material of Roof
Cameroon, a wattle and daub house, roofed
with banana leaves.
Japan, rice straw thatch
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Roof Shape
Material of Roof
England, slate
Hungary, terracotta tiles
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Roof Shape
Material of Roof
Namibia, metal roof.
The flat roofs of the Middle East, Israel.
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Roof Shape
Material of Roof
The steeply pitched, gabled roofs of
Scandinavia.
The overhanging eaves of China.
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Roof Shape
Commercially available roofing materials
The weather proofing material is the topmost or outermost layer,
exposed to the weather. Many different kinds of materials have
been used as weather proofing material:
1. Thatch is roofing made of plant material, in overlapping layers.
a. Wheat Straw widely used in England, France and other
parts of Europe.
b. Sea grass used in coastal areas where there are estuaries
such as Scotland. Has a longer life than straw. Claimed to
have a life in excess of 60 years.
c. Paddy Straw, Palm Leaf, Sugar Cane Leaf, Kiara
Leaf, Injuk widely used in Indonesia
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Roof Shape
2. Shingles, called shakes in North America. Shingles is the generic
term for a roofing material that is in many overlapping sections,
regardless of the nature of the material. The word is also used
specifically to denote shingles made of wood.
a. Red cedar, Life expectancy, up to 30 years. However, young
growth red cedar has a short life expectancy. High cost. Should
be allowed to breathe.
b. Hardwood, Very durable roofing found in Colonial Australian
architecture, its use now limited to restorations.
c. Slate, High cost with a life expectancy of up to 200 years. Being
a heavy material, the supporting structure must be very
robust.
d. Ceramic tile. High cost, life of up to 100 years.
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Roof Shape
e. Metal shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable
for roofs of 3/12 pitch or greater. Because of the
flexibility of metal, they can be manufactured to lock
together, giving durability and reducing assembly time.
f. Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost,
suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0.5/12 to 3/12 pitch.
g. Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort.
h. Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen embedded in an
organic or fiberglass mat, usually covered with colored,
man-made ceramic grit. Cheaper than slate or tiles.
Various life span expectancies.
i. Asbestos shingles. Very long lifespan, fireproof and low
cost but now rarely used because of health concerns.
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Roof Shape
e. Metal shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable
for roofs of 3/12 pitch or greater. Because of the
flexibility of metal, they can be manufactured to lock
together, giving durability and reducing assembly time.
f. Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost,
suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0.5/12 to 3/12 pitch.
g. Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort.
h. Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen embedded in an
organic or fiberglass mat, usually covered with colored,
man-made ceramic grit. Cheaper than slate or tiles.
Various life span expectancies.
i. Asbestos shingles. Very long lifespan, fireproof and low
cost but now rarely used because of health concerns.
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Roof Shape
3. Membrane. membrane roofing is in large sheets,
generally fused in some way at the joints to form a
continuous surface.
a. Thermosetting plastic (e.g. EPDM rubber).
Synthetic rubber sheets adhered together with contact
adhesive or tape. Primary application is big box store
with large open areas and little vertical protrusions.
b. Thermoplastic (e.g. PVC, TPO, CSPE). Plastic sheets
welded together with hot air creating one continuous
sheet membrane. Can be rewelded with the exception
of CSPE. Lends itself well to both big box and small
roof application because of its hot air weldability.
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Roof Shape
4. Metal roofing. Generally a relatively inexpensive building
material.
a. Galvanised steel frequently manufactured with wavy
corrugations to resist lateral flexing and fitted with
exposed fasteners. Widely used for low cost and durability.
Sheds are normally roofed with this material. Known as
Gal iron or Corro, it was the most extensively used roofing
material of 20th century Australia, now replaced in
popularity by steel roofing coated with an alloy of zinc and
aluminum, claimed to have up to four times the life of
galvanized steel.
b. Standing-seam metal with concealed fasteners.
c. Mechanically seamed metal with concealed fasteners
contains sealant in seams for use on very low sloped roofs.
d. Flat-seam metal with soldered seams
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Roof Shape
c.
Modified bitumen - heat welded, asphalt adhered or installed
with adhesive. Asphalt is mixed with polymers such as APP or
SBS, then applied to fiberglass and/or polyester mat, seams
sealed by locally melting the asphalt with heat, hot mopping
of asphalt, or adhesive. Lends itself well to all applications.
d. Built-Up Roof - Multiple plies of asphalt saturated organic felt
or coated fiberglass felts. Plies of felt are adhered with hot
asphalt, coal tar pitch or adhesive.
e. Sprayed-in-Place Polyurethane Foam (SPUF) - Foam sprayed
in-place on the roof, then coated with a wide variety of
coatings, or in some instances, covered with gravel.
f. Fabric
opolyester.
oPTFE, (synthetic fluoropolymer) embedded in fibreglass.
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Roof Shape
Roof tiles
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Roof Shape
Roof tiles
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Roof Constructions
Beautifully designed house with flat roof
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Roof
There are many different types of roof shapes. The
most common types are:
1. Hip and Gable - There are many types of this
most common roof.
2. Flat - While they appear flat, they always have
some pitch for water run off.
3. Skillioned - This is flat roof that has a visually
significant pitch
4. Butterfly - two skillioned roofs with a box
gutter in the middle.
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Roof
Butterfly roof design with centre gutter
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Roof
There are 4 measurements that define a roof:
Span is the horizontal distance between the walls.
Going is the horizontal distance from the wall to the apex.
Rise is the vertical distance from the top of the Top Plate to the Ridge
Pitch. For rafters this is the angle of the rafters taken from the pitching point on
the top plate of the wall to the highest point on the underside of the rafter. (The
greater the pitch the faster water flows of it and the more chance of gutter failure.)
Ridge. This is the horizontal straight apex of the roof.
Hip.This is the sloping apex of a roof that starts at the crown and slopes down to
the Facia Board.
Valley. The Valley is only seen on an L shapes roof. It is the sloping surface from
the Ridge to the Facia Board
Crown.This is the meeting of the Ridge line and the Hip.
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Roof
Roof Terminology
Heavily boxed gabled roof used to create verandah
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Roof
•Hip and valley roof
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Roof
Conventional Roof Construction
Full conventional roofing is rarely undertaken today due to the advent of roof
trusses. However small amounts of conventional roofing are used when
additions occur to an existing roof or when a truss can not be used in an area
of the roof where something non-standard occurs. Conventional roofing is
labour intensive and far more expensive than truss roofing.
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Soffit Lining. This is the horizontal sheet cladding underneath the
eaves. Eaves. Eaves are the overhang of rafters beyond the supporting
Roof
wall line.
Hanging Beams. These beams are placed between load bearing walls
and are perpendicular to the Ceiling Joists. They reduce the span of the
ceiling Joists are tied to the Hanging Beam with hoop iron straps.
Facia Board. This is the vertical board that is fixed to the end of the
rafters and has both a structural and aesthetic function of enclosing the
eaves.
Barge Board. This is similar to a Facia Board but it is parallel to the
rafters, on an angle at the skillion end of a gable
Roofing Battens. Roofing Battens are fixed onto the outer side of the
Rafters. While they have a small structural function for the overall roof
frame, they are principally the support for the roof cover. If the roof cover
is galvanized iron they are laid at the same time as the roof frame. In
other cases they are normally supplied by the roof cover contractor.
Sarking. Sarking is a strong, moisture proof, reflective, metallic building
paper which is placed over the rafters but underneath the roof batons.
The sarking runs to the roof gutter and the reflective side should always
face outwards to repel heat.
Collar Ties. These are horizontal timber beams between the Rafters that
stop the Rafters spreading.
Ridge Beam. This is the horizontal timber beam at the apex of the roof.
It has no structural function but is the member againstTeknologi
which the
high end
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of the Rafters lean. It ensures that the Rafters meet in a straight line and
Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
Roof Trusses
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Roof
The trusses support the roof cladding load and transfer it evenly into the walls.
A truss roof frame is a series 2D prefabricated frames, most often (but not
always) triangular shape, that are arranged in parallel and tied and braced
together to form a rigid three dimensional structural unit.
The most common is the simple, centre/single pole "King Post Truss", however
there are a variety of other simple "WW" configured trusses, some of which are
cantilevered, truncated and skillioned according to the roof shape
requirements.
It is the most common and least expensive method of roof construction for
houses with a simple pitched roof with a flat ceiling, however it is not possible
to have a loft with roof truss construction. For a loft a conventional roof could be
used.
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Roof
Flat, Skillion and Vaulted Roofs
Modern skillion roof
Flat or skillion roofs tend to be "stick" built i.e. cut to length and assembled on site.
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Roof
Skillion roof
This is normally a single sloping roof surface, not attached to
another roof surface. The term skillion can also be used for a
smaller addition to an existing roof, where keeping to the same
slope (roof pitch) puts the skillion roof lower than the ceiling
height of the main structure. In this case even though the main
roof has a flat ceiling, the skillion part will have a sloping ceiling
line to maximise the ceiling height.
Vaulted roof
Vaulted ceilings are not typically constructed using the same
pitch as the roof and are often framed using scissor trusses.
Cathedral ceilings are often used with vaulted roofs. Note that
insulation becomes an issue for flat and low pitched roofs where
there is no air flow. (See Insulation Section). There, insulation
should be placed both on top of the ceiling sheets and on top of
the sarking and underneath the roof sheeting. Some rigid ceiling
sheets can double as cladding and acoustic insulators. (See
Ceiling section.)
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Roof
Flashing and Sarking
Flashing is a continuous piece of malleable sheet metal or other impervious material that is installed to direct water into safe surface areas and
prevents it from entering the structure the building.
Flashing may be exposed or concealed. Exposed flashing is usually of a
sheet metal, such as aluminium, copper, painted galvanized steel,
stainless steel, zinc alloy, lead or lead-coated copper.
Roof flashing
This is placed around protrusions from the roof of a building (such as pipes and chimneys) or the edges of other roofs) to deflect water away from
seams or joints.
Wall Flashing
Wall flashing is typically found at interruptions in the wall, such as windows, doors and points of structural support to prevent water from entering
the wall cavity or structure.
Sarking
Sarking is a waterproof paper, bituminous or plastic sheet (that comes in a roll) that is usually concealed within, or is laid next to, a wall or roof
frame.
Reflective foil sarking is used to reflect heat and stop condensation
forming on the underside of a roof. (Low pitches roofs have less air flow
and more condensation than pitched roofs.)
Wide spans between battens and purlins on a roof may require heavy
duty reinforced sarking, or a support net under sarking e.g. chicken wire.
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Improve your knowledge by yourself
Thank you
SUKISNO, Drs., MP.
SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tasikmalaya
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