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BIO 1143 General Biology II, Lecture
I. Instructor Information
A. H. Lee Robinson
B. Pisgah High School
C. 601-829-0334
D. [email protected]
E. 7:30-2:30 M-F
II. Course Information
A. Course name, number, and credit hours :
General Biology II, Lecture
BIO 1143
3 credit hours
B. Section number : FL15C16 BIO1133RKDG General Biology 1
C. Class meeting time and location: Pisgah High School (9-11 on “B-days”)
D. Pre-/co-requisite courses :
Pre requisite of General Biology I and lab
Co-requisite of Bio 1141
E. Course description : A lecture course for the science majors that reinforces concepts
introduced in BIO 1133 (General Biology I) while emphasizing the diversity of life. Topics covered
include evolution, classification, ecology, detailed consideration of each group of organisms and viruses,
study of animals and plants including their basic anatomy and physiology.
F. Course objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student describes the basic concepts of evolution.
Student describes the evolution of the diversity of life.
Student identifies the current methods of classification.
Student explains the identifying characteristics of each kingdom, exploring examples
of each.
5. Student compares the anatomy and physiology of the phyla of the animal kingdom.
6. Student compares the anatomy and physiology of the phyla of the plant kingdom.
7. Student describes the components of the various ecosystems in the biosphere.
8. Student describes the interaction of the living and nonliving members of an
ecosystem.
G. Course transferability: Contact the institution to which you plan to transfer.
III. Textbook and Course Materials
A. Textbook name, edition, and author(s): Biology Concepts and Connections, 7th edition by
Reece, Taylor Simon and Dickey
B. Lab manual(s) and/or additional materials/supplies:
C. Online resources:
IV. Instructional Methods
Lecture, discussion, and lab
V. Grading Plan
A. Evaluation Methods: Tests, quizzes, handouts, and assignments
B. Grading scale: A = 90-100, B = 80-90, C = 70-80, D = 60-70, F = < 59
C. Make-up work and exam policy: Retakes, “curves,” and extra credit are not provided. Meet
with teacher about make up assignments or late work/exams.
VI. Topic Outline (this is the course schedule for the semester/term)
VII. Exams
A. Testing procedures:
B. Date and time of final exam:
VIII. Attendance Policy
IX. Plagiarism/Academic Dishonesty Policy
X. ADA Statement/Non-discrimination statement
A. Official Hinds CC Notice of Non-discrimination Statement:
Hinds Community College offers equal education and employment opportunities and
does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age,
disability or veteran status in its programs and activities. The following person has been
designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies: Dr. George
Barnes, Vice President for Administrative and Student Services, 34175 Hwy 18, Utica,
MS 39175; 601.885.7001.
B. Official Hinds CC Disability Support Services Statement:
Hinds Community College provides reasonable and appropriate accommodations for
students with disabilities. Disability Services staff members verify eligibility for
accommodations and work with eligible students who have self-identified and provided
current documentation. Students with disabilities should schedule an appointment with
the designated Disability Services staff member on their respective campuses to
establish a plan for reasonable, appropriate classroom accommodations. For a full list
of contact information for each Hinds campus, please visit
http://www.hindscc.edu/compliance/Default.aspx.
Chapter Title: How Populations Evolve (13)
Chapter Objectives:
13.1 Briefly summarize the history of evolutionary thought by characterizing the
views of early Lamarck, Darwin, and Greek philosophers.
13.1 Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking.
13.1 Describe the ideas and events that led to Darwin’s 1859 publication of The
Origin of Species.
13.2 Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection
influenced Darwin’s development of the idea of natural selection.
13.2 Describe Darwin’s observations and inferences in developing the concept of
natural selection.
13.2 Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to
perfectly adapted organisms.
13.3 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note two
key points about how natural selection works.
13.4 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process.
13.4 Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of
evolution.
13.5 Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology
support evolution.
13.6 Explain how evolutionary trees are constructed and used to represent ancestral
relationships.
13.7 Define the gene pool, a population, and microevolution.
13.8 Explain how mutation and sexual reproduction produce genetic variation.
13.8 Explain why prokaryotes can evolve more quickly than eukaryotes.
13.9 Describe the five conditions required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
13.10 Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to natural
populations and to public health science.
13.11 Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the
founder effect influence microevolution.
13.11 Explain how genetic bottlenecks threaten the survival of certain species.
13.12 Explain why natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to
adaptive evolution.
13.13 Distinguish between stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive
selection. Describe an example of each.
13.14 Define and compare intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
13.15 Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved.
13.16 Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations.
13.17 Explain why natural selection cannot produce perfection.
Chapter Title: The Origin of Species (14)
Chapter Objectives:
14.1 Distinguish between microevolution and speciation.
14.2 Compare the definitions, advantages, and disadvantages of the different species
concepts.
14.3 Describe five types of prezygotic barriers and three types of postzygotic
barriers that prevent populations of closely related species from interbreeding.
14.4 Explain how geologic processes can fragment populations and lead to
speciation.
14.5 Explain how reproductive barriers might evolve in isolated populations of
organisms. Refer to studies of laboratory-raised fruit flies and monkey flowers.
14.6 Explain how sympatric speciation can occur, noting examples in plants and
animals.
14.7 Explain why polyploidy is important to modern agriculture. Explain how
modern wheat evolved.
14.8 Describe the circumstances that led to the adaptive radiation of the Galápagos
finches.
14.9 Describe the discoveries made by Peter and Rosemary Grant in their work with
Galápagos finches.
14.10 Explain how hybrid zones are useful in the study of reproductive isolation.
14.11 Compare the gradual model and the punctuated equilibrium model of
evolution. Explain how each model applies to the fossil record.
Chapter Title: Tracing Evolutionary History (15)
Chapter Objectives:
15.1 Describe the conditions on the surface of the early Earth. Describe the evidence
that life on Earth existed at least 3.5 billion years ago.
15.1 Describe the four stages that might have produced the first cells on Earth.
15.2 Describe the experiments of Stanley Miller and others in understanding how
life might have first evolved on Earth.
15.3 Describe the significance of protocells and ribozymes in the origin of the first
cells.
15.4 Describe the key events in the history of life on Earth.
15.5 Explain how radiometric dating and the relative position of a fossil within rock
strata are used to determine the age of rocks.
15.6 Briefly describe the history of life on Earth, noting the major eras, their time
range, and which types of life were most abundant. Describe the key events
that serve to divide these eras.
15.7 Describe how Earth’s continents have changed over the past 250 million years.
Explain the consequences of these changes for life on Earth.
15.8 Explain how volcanoes and earthquakes result from plate tectonics.
15.9 Describe the causes, frequency, and consequences of mass extinctions over the
last 500 million years.
15.10 Explain how and why adaptive radiations occur.
15.11 Explain how genes that program development function in the evolution of life.
15.11 Define and describe examples of paedomorphosis.
15.12 Define exaptation and describe two examples in birds.
15.13 Explain why evolutionary trends do not reflect “directions” or “goals.”
15.14 Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures and provide
examples of each. Describe the process of convergent evolution.
15.15 Describe the goals of systematics. List the progressively broader categories of
classification used in systematics in order, from most specific to most general.
15.16 Define the terms clade, monophyletic groups, shared derived characters, shared
ancestral characters, ingroup, outgroup, phylogenetic trees, and parsimony.
15.17 Explain how molecular biology is used as a tool in systematics. Describe
examples used to study panda and human evolution. Explain why some studies
use DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other studies use
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
15.18 Explain how molecular clocks are used to track evolutionary time. Describe the
limits of this process.
15.19 Explain why a diagram of the tree of life is difficult to construct.
Chapter Title: Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists (16)
Chapter Objectives:
16.1 Describe the diverse roles and abundance of prokaryotic life.
16.2 Compare the different shapes, cell walls, and projections of prokaryotes.
16.3 Explain how bacteria can evolve quickly and how bacteria can survive stressful
environments.
16.4 Describe the nutritional diversity of prokaryotes.
16.5 Explain why biofilms are unique and potentially dangerous to human health.
16.6 Explain how prokaryotes are employed to address the needs of human society.
16.7 Compare the three domains of life based upon differences in cellular and
biochemical traits. Explain why biologists consider Archaea to be more closely
related to Eukarya than to Bacteria.
16.8 Describe the diverse types of Archaea living in extreme and more moderate
environments.
16.9 Distinguish between the subgroups of the domain Bacteria, noting the
particular structure, special features, and habitats of each group.
16.10 Describe some of the diseases associated with bacteria. Distinguish between
exotoxins and endotoxins, noting examples of each.
16.11 Describe the four parts of Koch’s postulates. Explain why this method is used
and how it relates to our new understanding of the cause of most peptic ulcers.
16.12 Describe the recent U.S. attacks using bacteria and the effectiveness of anthrax
as a weapon.
16.13 Describe the basic types of protists. Explain why biologists currently think that
they represent many clades.
16.14 Explain how primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis led to
further cellular diversity.
16.15 Describe and distinguish between the chromalveolate groups, noting
characteristics and examples of each.
16.16 Explain how cultured algae may be used as renewable fuels and the current
challenges that remain.
16.17 Describe and distinguish between the Rhizaria, Excavata, Unikonta, and
Archaeplastida groups.
16.20 Describe the life cycle of Ulva, noting each form in the alternation of
generations and how each is produced.
16.21 Describe the protist ancestors of animals, plants, and fungi. Explain how each
ancestral protist group is similar to its most likely descendants.
Chapter Title: The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity (17)
Chapter Objectives:
17.1 Describe the key plant adaptations to life on land.
17.2 Compare the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and
angiosperms.
17.3 Describe the alternation of generations life cycle. Explain why it appears that
this cycle has evolved independently in algae and land plants.
17.4 Describe the key events of the moss life cycle.
17. 5 Describe the key events of the fern life cycle.
17.6 Explain how coal is formed. Explain why coal, oil, and natural gas are called
fossil fuels.
17.7 Describe the stages of the gymnosperm life cycle.
17.8 Describe the parts of a flower and explain their functions.
17.9 Describe the stages of the angiosperm life cycle.
17.10 List the angiosperm adaptations that promote seed dispersal.
17.11 Describe the significance of angiosperms to humans.
17.12 Explain how flowers are adapted to attract pollinators.
17.13 Describe the human impact on plant diversity. Explain the significance of this
loss for humanity.
17.14 Describe the main traits of fungi and their ecological roles.
17.15 Describe the generalized life cycle of a fungus. Explain how molds and yeast
reproduce.
17.16 Distinguish between the five groups of fungi.
17.17
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
Compare the life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes.
Explain how parasitic fungi harm plants and animals.
Describe the positive ecological roles of fungi.
Describe the practical uses of fungi.
Describe the structure and characteristics of lichens.
Chapter Title: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity (18)
Chapter Objectives:
18.1 Describe the defining characteristics of animals.
18.2 Describe the general animal life cycle and the basic animal body plan.
18.3 Describe the Cambrian “explosion” of animal diversity and two hypotheses
that have been advanced to explain its occurrence.
18.4 Explain how a hydrostatic skeleton helps an animal keep its shape and move.
18.5 Characterize the nine animal phyla discussed in this chapter in terms of the
following traits: (a) presence or absence of true tissues, (b) no symmetry, radial
symmetry, or bilateral symmetry, (c) no coelom, a pseudocoelom, or a true
coelom, and (d) protostomes or deuterostomes.
18.6 Describe the characteristics of and distinguish between each of the following
phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Note several examples of each
phylum.
18.7 Define segmentation, explain its functions, and note the animal phyla where it
occurs.
18.8 Compare the characteristics of the four major arthropod lineages. Give
examples of each.
18.9 Describe the common characteristics of insects. Describe the process and
significance of complete metamorphosis.
18.10 Compare the phylogenetic relationships in Figures 18.4 and 18.15, noting
similarities and differences.
18.11 Explain what we have learned about the evolution of life from the study of
“evo-devo.”
Chapter Title: The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity (19)
Chapter Objectives:
19.1 Describe the key derived traits of the chordates and the chordate subgroups.
19.2 Describe the characteristics of and distinguish between each of the following
vertebrate groups: hagfishes, lampreys, chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes,
lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
19.3 Describe the transitional species that occupy the range between fishes and
amphibians in evolutionary history.
19.4 Distinguish between monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Provide
examples of each.
19.5 Compare the three main groups of living primates. List their characteristics and
describe their evolutionary relationships.
19.6 Distinguish between monkeys and apes. Compare the different groups of apes
to each other and to humans.
19.11 Describe the evidence that suggests that hominins did not evolve in a straight
line leading directly to our species.
19.7 Describe the evidence that suggests when upright posture and large brains first
evolved in humans.
19.8 Describe the evolution of larger brain size in hominins.
19.9 Describe the relationships between Neanderthals and modern humans. Describe
the evidence that suggests that all modern humans share a common ancestor
that lived 160,000–200,000 years ago.
19.10 Describe the unusual characteristics of the newly discovered Homo
floresiensis.
19.11 Describe the adaptive advantages of darker skin in humans living near the
equator but lighter skin in humans living in northern latitudes.
19.12 Explain why the total number of animal species alive today remains an
estimate.
Chapter Title: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function (20)
Chapter Objectives:
20.1 Describe the levels of organization in an animal’s body.
20.2 Explain how size and shape can influence the structure of an animal.
20.3 Define a tissue, describe the four main types of animal tissue, and note their
structures and functions.
20.4 Explain how the structure of organs is based on the cooperative interactions of
tissues.
20.5 Explain how artificial tissues are created and used.
20.6 Describe the general structures and functions of the 12 major vertebrate
organ systems.
20.7 Compare and contrast X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET imaging technologies.
Explain how each technology works and its advantages and disadvantages.
20.8 Relate the structure of skin to its functions.
20.9 Describe the systems that help an animal exchange materials with its
environment. Describe examples of adaptations to increase the surface-tovolume ratio.
20.10 Define the concept of homeostasis and illustrate it with examples.
20.11 Explain how negative feedback is used to regulate internal body temperature
Chapter Title: Nutrition and Digestion (21)
Chapter Objectives:
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
21.13
21.14
21.15
21.16
21.17
21.17
21.18
21.18
21.19
Define and distinguish between carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, suspension feeders,
substrate feeders, fluid feeders, and bulk feeders.
Describe the four stages of food processing. Explain how animals are protected against
self-digestion.
Compare the structures and functions of a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary
canal. Describe the specialized digestive systems of an earthworm, a grasshopper, and
a bird.
Describe the main components of the human alimentary canal and the associated
digestive glands.
Describe the functional components of saliva and the types and functions of the teeth
in humans.
Explain how swallowing occurs and how food is directed away from the
trachea.
Explain how the Heimlich maneuver is performed.
Relate the structure of the stomach to its functions. Describe the functions of the
secretions of the stomach. Finally, explain why the stomach does not digest itself.
Describe the causes and treatments of heartburn, GERD, and gastric ulcers.
Describe the different types of chemical digestion that occur in the small
intestine. Explain how the structure of the small intestine promotes nutrient
absorption.
Explain how the liver helps to regulate the chemical composition of blood.
Describe the structures and functions of the colon and rectum. Note the causes of
diarrhea and constipation.
Compare the digestive tracts of carnivores and herbivores. Describe how the digestive
tracts of a koala and a coyote are specialized to digest cellulose.
Describe the process of ruminant digestion.
List the three nutritional needs common to all animals.
Define the basal metabolic rate. Explain how energy is obtained and stored in the
body.
Describe the four classes of essential nutrients. Distinguish between undernutrition
and malnutrition.
Define and distinguish between vitamins and minerals. Distinguish between watersoluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Define the essential minerals and
explain why each is important in our diet.
Define the Recommended Dietary Allowances and explain how they contribute to
good health.
Explain how scientists determine the levels of vitamins and minerals needed in the diet
for good health.
Explain why, since 1998, the United States has required the addition of folic acid to
certain foods.
Describe the types of information found on food labels.
21.20 Describe the obesity epidemic in the United States. Describe the role of leptin in
weight management. Explain why cravings for fat may have once been
adaptive.
21.21 Describe the best approach to weight control.
21.22 Explain how diet can influence the risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Chapter Title: Gas Exchange (22)
Chapter Objectives:
22.1
22.2
Describe the three main phases of gas exchange in a human.
Describe the properties of respiratory surfaces. Describe four types of respiratory
surfaces and the kinds of animals that use them.
22.3 Explain how the amount of oxygen available in air compares to that available in cold
and warm fresh water and cold and warm salt water.
22.3 Explain how the structure and movements of fish gills maximize oxygen
exchange.
22.4 Explain why breathing air is easier than using water for gas exchange.
22.4 Describe the tracheal system of insects.
22.5 Describe the respiratory structures of the fossil animal Tiktaalik, and explain why
these features have led scientists to conclude that it likely lived in shallow water.
22.5 Explain how the metabolic rate of a vertebrate corresponds to the nature of its
respiratory system.
22.6 Describe the structures and corresponding functions of a mammalian respiratory
system. Describe the causes and symptoms of respiratory distress
syndrome and COPD.
22.7 Describe the impact of smoking on human health.
22.8 Compare the mechanisms and efficiencies of lung ventilation in humans and birds.
22.9 Explain how breathing is controlled in humans.
22.10 Explain how blood transports gases between the lungs and tissues of the body.
22.11 Describe the functions of hemoglobin. Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in
the blood.
22.12 Explain how a human fetus obtains oxygen prior to and immediately after birth.
Chapter Title: Circulation (23)
Chapter Objectives:
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
Describe the general functions of a circulatory system.
Compare the structures and functions of gastrovascular cavities, open circulatory
systems, and closed circulatory systems.
Compare the cardiovascular systems of a fish, an amphibian, a reptile, a bird, and a
mammal.
Describe the pathway of blood through the mammalian cardiovascular system. Note
the names of all blood vessels and heart chambers identified in
Figure 23.3A, B.
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
Distinguish between diastole and systole. Explain why blood moves in one
direction through the heart.
Explain how heartbeats are controlled.
Define a heart attack and cardiovascular disease. Explain what causes them and what
can be done to reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease.
Relate the structure of blood vessels to their function.
Explain how and why blood pressure changes as blood moves away from the heart.
Explain how blood is moved back to the heart.
Explain how blood pressure is measured. Give examples of normal and high blood
pressure readings. Describe lifestyle changes that can help to reduce high blood
pressure.
Explain how blood flow through capillaries is regulated.
Explain how the structure of a capillary relates to its functions.
Describe the components of blood and their functions.
Describe the structure, function, and production of red blood cells. Explain why
exercising at high altitudes, injecting synthetic EPO, and blood doping increase red
blood cell concentrations.
Describe the process of blood clotting.
Define leukemia and describe the most common forms of treatment.
Chapter Title: The Immune System (24)
Chapter Objectives:
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.10
24.11
24.12
24.13
Describe the nature of innate defenses in invertebrates and vertebrates.
Describe the steps of the inflammatory response and explain how they help to prevent
the spread of disease.
Describe the structure and functions of the lymphatic system.
Describe the specific nature of adaptive immune system responses. Define the terms
antigen, antibody, passive immunity, and active immunity.
Describe the development and functions of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Define
and distinguish between the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune
response.
Describe the nature of antigens. Explain how an antigen and an antibody
interact.
Describe the process of clonal selection and compare a primary immune
response to a secondary immune response.
Describe the specific structure of an antibody and relate its shape to its
functions.
Describe four effector mechanisms of the humoral immune system. Explain how
antibodies work with innate defenses to form a complete defense system.
Describe the production and uses of monoclonal antibodies.
Describe the specific functions of helper T cells and how they interact with
other cells.
Explain how cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells.
Explain how HIV infects cells, multiplies, and causes disease.
24.14 Explain why it has been difficult to develop a successful treatment for AIDS.
24.15 Explain how the immune system identifies the body’s own molecules and how this
system complicates organ transplantations.
24.16 Describe how the malfunction or failure of the immune system can cause
disease.
24.17 Explain why allergies occur and what causes anaphylactic shock.
Chapter Title: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance (25)
Chapter Objectives:
25.1
25.2
25.3
Distinguish between endotherms and ectotherms, providing examples of each.
Describe the four ways that heat is gained or lost by an animal.
Describe the five general categories of adaptations that help animals thermoregulate.
Provide specific examples of each.
25.4 Describe the osmoregulatory challenges and associated adaptations of freshwater and
saltwater fish, terrestrial arthropods, and terrestrial vertebrates.
25.5 Describe the three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes, and the
advantages and disadvantages of each method.
25.6 Describe the general and specific structure of the human kidney. Explain how this
organ promotes homeostasis.
25.7 Describe the four major processes by which the human excretory system
produces and disposes of urine.
25.8 Describe the key events in the process of converting filtrate into urine in the kidneys.
25.9 Explain how antidiuretic hormone contributes to homeostasis.
25.10 Explain how a dialysis machine functions.
Chapter Title: Hormones and the Endocrine System (26)
Chapter Objectives:
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
Compare the mechanisms and functions of the endocrine and nervous systems, noting
areas of overlap.
Distinguish between hormones, local regulators, pheromones, and
neurotransmitters.
Distinguish between the two major classes of vertebrate hormones and compare the
two general mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells.
Describe the different types of vertebrate endocrine organs noting their specific
functions.
Describe the functions of and interrelationships between the hypothalamus and the
anterior and posterior pituitary glands.
Describe the functions of the thyroid gland. Describe the symptoms of
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter.
Explain how the thyroid and parathyroid glands maintain calcium homeostasis.
Explain how insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose levels.
26.9
Compare the causes and symptoms of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and
hypoglycemia.
26.10 Compare the functions of the hormones released by the adrenal medulla and the
adrenal cortex. Describe the benefits and risks of using glucocorticoid drugs.
26.11 Describe the three major categories of sex hormones and their functions.
26.12 Describe the diverse functions of prolactin in vertebrate groups.
Chapter Title: Reproduction and Embryonic Development (27)
Chapter Objectives:
27.1 Compare the types, advantages, and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction.
27.2 Describe the structures and functions of the female and male human reproductive
systems.
27.3 Describe and compare the processes and products of spermatogenesis and
oogenesis.
27.4 Describe the events of and control of the menstrual cycle. Note the specific functions
of releasing hormone, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone.
27.5 Describe the nature of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Note their
agents of infection, symptoms, and methods of treatment.
27.6 Describe the most common forms of birth control and explain how each works.
Compare the failure rates, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.
Explain which methods help reduce the risk of STDs.
27.7 Relate the structure of sperm to its role in fertilization. Describe the mechanisms that
prevent more than one sperm from fertilizing an egg and that prevent hybridization
between different species.
27.8 Describe the process and results of cleavage. Explain how identical and
nonidentical twins form.
27.9 Describe the process of gastrulation and the resulting arrangement of the
embryo.
27.10 Explain how organs form after the development of a gastrula.
27.11 Explain how changes in cell shape, induction, cell migration, and apoptosis
contribute to development.
27.12 Explain how the one-dimensional information in DNA is used to direct the threedimensional form of an embryo.
27.13 Describe the initial embryonic stages and the formation and functions of the
extraembryonic membranes in humans.
27.14 Describe the main changes that occur during each of the trimesters of human
development.
27.15 Explain how labor begins and describe the main events of the three stages of labor.
27.16 Describe the common causes of human infertility and the technologies currently
available to help couples conceive.
Chapter Title: Nervous System (28)
Chapter Objectives:
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11
28.12
28.13
28.14
28.15
28.16
28.17
28.18
28.19
28.20
Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system.
Describe the three parts of a reflex, distinguishing the three types of neurons that may
be involved in the reaction.
Describe the structures and functions of neurons and myelin sheaths.
Define a resting potential and explain how it is created.
Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential
restored.
Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action
potentials move in only one direction, and (c) how action potentials relay different
intensities of information.
Compare the structures, functions, and locations of electrical and chemical
synapses.
Compare excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Explain how the number and
location of bound neurotransmitters influence a receiving cell.
Describe the types and functions of neurotransmitters known in humans.
Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses.
Describe the diversity of animal nervous systems and provide examples.
Explain how the structure of the nervous system relates to the ways animals
interact with their environment.
Describe the general structure of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves of
vertebrates. Describe the formation, location, and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
Compare the functions of the motor nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
Compare the structures, functions, and interrelationships of the parasympathetic,
sympathetic, and enteric divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
Explain how the vertebrate brain develops from an embryonic tube.
Describe the main parts and functions of the human brain. Detail the structures and
functions of the cerebral cortex.
Explain how injuries, illness, and surgery provide insight into the functions of the
brain.
Explain how fMRI scans help us understand brain functions.
Explain how the brain regulates sleep and arousal.
Describe the structure and functions of the limbic system. Describe the properties of
short-term, long-term, and skill memories.
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatments of schizophrenia, depression,
Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
Chapter Title: How Animals Move (30)
Chapter Objectives:
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
30.10
30.11
30.12
30.13
30.14
Describe the diverse methods of locomotion found among animals, and the forces each
method must overcome.
Describe the three main types of skeletons, their advantages and disadvantages, and
provide examples of each.
Describe the common features of terrestrial vertebrate skeletons, distinguishing
between the axial and appendicular skeletons. Explain how homeotic genes
relate to the absence of limbs in snakes.
Describe the complex structure of bone, noting the major tissues and their
relationship to blood-forming tissues.
Explain why bones break and how we can help them heal. Describe the causes of
osteoporosis.
Describe three types of joints and provide examples of each.
Explain how muscles and the skeleton interact to produce movement. Explain how
muscles relengthen once contracted.
Describe the structure and arrangement of the filaments found in a muscle cell.
Explain at the cellular level how a muscle cell contracts.
Explain how a motor neuron signals a muscle fiber to contract.
Describe the role of calcium in a muscle contraction.
Explain how motor units control muscle contraction.
Explain what causes muscle fatigue. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
exercise, noting the advantages of each.
Compare the structure and functions of slow, intermediate, and fast muscle
fibers. Explain why some people seem to be natural sprinters or long distance runners.
Chapter Title: Plant Structure and Function (31)
Chapter Objectives:
31.1 List the vegetative and reproductive organs of plants.
31.2 Define the terms organ and tissue.
31.3 Explain the structure and function of roots, stems and leaves.
31.4 Explain the function of meristematic tissue
31.5 Define the tissue types in plants.
31.6 Define the major types of plant cells.
31.7 Discuss primary growth in roots and shoots.
31.8 Describe secondary growth in woody plants.
31.9 Describe in detail the anatomy of a flower.
31.10 Discuss sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
31.11 Discuss asexual reproduction in gymnosperms.
Chapter Title: Plant Nutrition and Transport (32)
Chapter Objectives:
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9
32.10
32.11
32.12
32.13
32.14
Explain what happens to the materials that plants take up from the air and soil.
Compare the intracellular and extracellular movements of material into root
xylem. Describe the function of the Casparian strip.
Explain how root pressure is generated.
Explain how the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism causes the ascent of xylem
sap in a plant.
Explain how guard cells control transpiration. Describe three cues that
contribute to stomatal opening at dawn.
Explain how, when, and where phloem conducts sap.
Explain how hydroponics help to determine which plant nutrients are essential.
Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients and note examples of each.
List the six macronutrients that make up about 98% of a plant’s dry weight.
Explain how fertilizers can prevent nutrient deficiencies in plants.
Describe the properties of different soil layers. Explain why topsoil is most
important for plant growth. Explain how plants use cation exchange to absorb
inorganic cations.
Explain how irrigation and the use of fertilizers impact agriculture. Describe
techniques that minimize soil erosion and the buildup of salts in soils.
Compare the processes and products of organic and conventional agriculture.
Describe new strategies to improve the protein content of crops. Describe some of the
benefits and concerns created by the genetic engineering of plants.
Explain how and why most plants depend upon bacteria to supply nitrogen.
Explain how fungi help most plants absorb nutrients from the soil. Describe the
significance of plant-fungus symbiosis to the evolution of life on land. Describe the
special relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Describe examples of parasitic and carnivorous plants. Explain why carnivorous plants
are most commonly found in acid bogs.
Chapter Title: The Biosphere (34)
Chapter Objectives:
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.5
34.6
Define and distinguish between the different levels within ecosystems.
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.
Summarize the subject and impact of Rachel Carson’s influential book Silent Spring.
Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in the biosphere.
Describe the adaptations that enable pronghorns to survive in the open plains and
shrub deserts of North America.
Explain how global climate patterns are influenced by solar energy input as well as the
movement of Earth through space. Explain how landforms affect
local climate.
Explain why the seasons of the year, prevailing winds, and ocean currents exist.
34.7
Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the different ocean zones and adjacent
aquatic biomes.
34.8 Describe the different types of freshwater biomes.
34.9 Explain how the properties of a river change between its source and its outlet, and how
this impacts the biotic components of this biome.
34.10 Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features.
34.11 Explain why storms and fire are crucial factors in some biomes.
34.12 Describe the characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Then use these
characteristics to define the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forests, savannas,
deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, coniferous forests, tundra,
and polar ice.
34.13 Explain how all parts of the biosphere are linked by the global water cycle.