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Chapter 3 3.1 – What is Ecology? Interactions and Interdependence Ecology – Oikos (ec) – Greek word meaning ____________ Ology – means __________ _____ Levels of Organization The levels of organization that ecologists study include: Individuals Species – Populations – Communities – Ecosystem – Biome – Biosphere – It extends about _____km above the Earth’s surface to about _____km below If you could shrink earth to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be thinner than the apple’s peel 1 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors – Example: Abiotic Factors – Example: Habitat – Niche – No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat 3.2 – Energy Flow _______________ is the main energy source for life Autotrophs Convert __________ energy into ____________ energy Also called a _______________ ____________ are the main autotrophs on land ____________ are the main autotrophs in water Some autotrophs can produce food in the absence of light Chemoautotrophs – Live in… 2 Heterotrophs Also called _______________ Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores Example: Carnivores Example: Omnivores Example: Detrivores Example: Decomposers Example: Scavenger Example: 3 Feeding Relationships Food Chain – Food Web – Trophic Level – _______________and other producers are 1st trophic level _______________make up the second, third, or higher trophic levels Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy Energy is transferred from one trophic level to another and is never ________ At each trophic level only ________ of the energy taken in by the organism is stored. Energy is passed through no more than _______ or _______ trophic levels. 4 Ecological Pyramids Ecological Pyramid – 3-3 Cycles of Matter Water is perhaps the most important compound in living organisms. Water serves as a means of __________ _______________ in organisms Ex. Hydrogen Bond – Are important because they help hold many large molecules such as ____________ together Water resists changes in ____________________ Water requires more ___________ to increase its _________________ Maintains _______________ 5 Water is one of the few substances that ____________ when it freezes. Cohesion – Cohesion creates tension Tension – Adhesion – Biogeochemical Cycles – The Water Cycle Evaporation – Transpiration – How Does Water Move Up A Plant? Xylem – On sunny days, water _______________ from leaves ____________ and ____________ pulls up more water molecules into leaf cells Condensation – Precipitation – 6 The Carbon Cycle See Picture Diagram Nitrogen Cycle See Picture Diagram Humans are harming the nitrogen cycle by: 7 8 9 10 11
