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North – South 500 kV AC power interconnection: transmission stability improvement by means of TCSC and SC Since spring of 1999, Eletronorte of Brazil has been operating a Thyristor-controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and five fixed Series Capacitors supplied by ABB in Eletronorte´s 500 kV interconnector between its northern and southern power systems. All in all, about 1.100 Mvar of series capacitors have been installed by ABB. The TCSC is located at Imperatriz at the northern end of the power corridor connecting the two systems which were previously not interconnected. Feasibility studies had been performed regarding the interconnection of the two systems, and a decision was made to go ahead and build the transmission corridor. Both AC and DC alternatives were assessed, and decided in favour of the AC option. It consists of a single 500 kV compact circuit (subsequently doubled), more than 1.000 km long and series compensated in several places along the line. Operation began in 1998. The power transmission capability of the corridor is 1.300 MW. Efficient exploiting of hydroelectric resources The two power systems are mainly hydroelectric, comprising more than 95% of the nation´s total volume of power generation and consumption. The “North-South Interconnection” has the purpose of exploiting the hydrologic diversity between the systems, and power flow occurs in both directions, depending on current hydrologic conditions. As a consequence, the risk of energy deficiency in conjunction with the rapidly growing energy demand experienced by the country at present is reduced. North-South Interconnection Marabá 348 Mvar SC Imperatriz 107 Mvar TCSC 161 Mvar SC Colinas 2x161 Mvar SC Miracema ABB 500 kV Series Capacitors 161 Mvar SC Existing 500 kV systems 500 kV interconnector The AC option is highly attractive as it facilitates the making of inexpensive hydro energy available to a rapidly growing federal economy as well as to future development over a vast area having great economical potential. Several hydroelectric plants are expected to be built along the same route in the coming two decades, to be connected to 500 kV AC. The integration of the national power system will also have other related benefits, as for instance a reduction of the required spinning reserve. Power oscillation damping The series capacitors installed in the North-South Interconnection have the task of raising the steady-state and dynamic stability of the intertie. The TCSC at Imperatriz, the first of its kind to be installed in Latin America, has the task of damping low-frequency inter-area power oscillations between the power systems on either side of the interconnection. These oscillations (0,2 Hz) would otherwise have constituted a hazard to power system stability and thereby to power transmission capability. The TCSC efficiently eliminates this obstacle to power transmission. Single-line diagrams Technical data 500 kV 500 kV Total series compensated system Maximum system voltage 550 kV Rated current 1500 A Number of series capacitors: fixed 5 TCSC 1 Totally installed reactive power 1100 Mvar TCSC Imperatriz Fixed SC Marabá Imperatriz Colinas Miracena Rating 107 Mvar Rating 348 Mvar 161 Mvar 2x161 Mvar 161 Mvar For power oscillation damping, the TCSC scheme introduces a component of modulation of the effective reactance of the power transmission corridor. By suitable system control, this modulation of the reactance is made to counteract the oscillations of the active power transfer, in order to damp these out. Maximum system voltage 550 kV Nominal reactive power 107 Mvar Rated current 1500 A Rated continuous voltage 23,9 kV Physical capacitor reactance 13,3 V Nominal degree of compensation 5% Boost level range 1-3 Nominal boost 1,20 A02-0171 TCSC Power oscillation damping 1000 TCSC POD not active 1 900 The boost level can be varied continuously between 1 and 3. Expressed in terms of degree of compensation, it can be controlled over a range between 5% and 15%. At rated line current, the nominal boost level has been set to 1,20. 800 Active power [MW] The boost level, defined as the ratio between the virtual reactance of the series capacitor and the physical capacitor reactance is a key factor. It is a measure of the amount by which the reactance of the series capacitor can be virtually augmented in order to counteract system power oscillations. 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 300 1000 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 50 60 70 80 TCSC POD active 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 200 100 100 0 10 Time [s] Active power [MW] Thyristor valve The thyristor valve is mounted at platform level. It is water 1000 cooled and utilizes indirect light triggered thyristors. The valve 900 is rated at 1500 A continuous current and at 3000 A for 800seconds. Furthermore, since the valve has to perform as 10 back-up protection of the TCSC in extreme situations where 700 the main ZnO overvoltage protection is reaching its thermal 600 limit, it needs to be able to withstand fault currents of up to 500 40 kA (peak) for about 60 ms, equal to the time it takes the 400 by-pass breaker to close and take over the fault current. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 Time [s] For more information please contact: ABB AB FACTS SE-721 64 Västerås Sweden Phone: +46 (0)21 32 50 00 Fax: +46 (0)21 32 48 10 www.abb.com Effectiveness of the TCSC for power oscillation damping as shown in commissioning tests.