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DRAFT­DRAFT­ Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] ­DRAFT­DRAFT Knowledge
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. Cells cannot carry out basic life functions without
having a continuous supply of which gas? (10.1)
[K/U]
(a) oxygen
(b) nitrogen
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) water vapour
2. What is the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration?
(10.1) [K/U]
(a) to provide oxygen for cells
(b) to provide food for cells
(c) to break down oxygen
(d) to provide energy for cells
3. In aerobic cellular respiration, what happens during
phosphorylation? (10.1) [K/U]
(a) ATP is turned into ADP.
(b) ADP is turned into ATP.
(c) ADP loses a phosphate group to form ATP.
(d) ATP gains a phosphate group to form ADP.
4. Which two terms are synonymous? (10.1) [K/U]
(a) ventilation and breathing
(b) ventilation and gas exchange
(c) gas exchange and breathing
(d) gas exchange and aerobic cellular respiration
5. Which feature is required for a terrestrial mammal’s
respiratory system? (10.2) [K/U]
(a) thin permeable membrane with large surface area
(b) breathing system for bringing air in and out
(c) good blood supply
(d) all of the above
6.
Which of the following carries most of the oxygen to
the body cells? (10.3) [K/U]
(a) blood plasma
(b) hemoglobin
(c) white blood cells
(d) none of the above
7.
An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood will
stimulate which of the following to occur? (10.3)
[K/U]
(a) heart rate to decrease
(b) breathing rate to double
(c) both heart rate and breathing rate to increase
(d) both heart rate and breathing rate to decrease
8.
Which of the following diseases is characterised by
chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles?
(10.4) [K/U]
(a) pneumonia
(b) cystic fibrosis
(c) influenza
(d) asthma
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. 9. All organisms have either lungs or gills that they use for
gas exchange. (10.1) [K/U]
10. Oxygen makes up about 12 % of the air that we
breathe. (10.3) [K/U]
11. When carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream
from body cells, it reacts with water molecules and
forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the
blood. (10.3) [K/U]
12. Asthma appears to be caused by the body’s protective
response to foreign materials that enter the
respiratory system. (10.4) [K/U]
13. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) cannot efficiently get rid of carbon dioxide
in their blood, causing their breathing and heart rates
to decrease. (10.4) [K/U]
14. Antibiotics are effective in treating both viral and
bacterial infections. (10.4) [K/U]
15. A person with one defective allele for the gene that
causes cystic fibrosis will show mild symptoms of the
disease, while a person with two alleles will show all
the symptoms of the disease. (10.4) [K/U]
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. 16.
(a) alveoli
(i) passages to lungs
(b) epiglottis
(ii) site of gas
exchange
(c) bronchi
(iii) the smallest
branches of the
respiratory tree
(d) bronchioles
(iv) keeps food out of
trachea (10.2)
[K/U]
17.
(a) expiratory
reserve volume
(b) total lung
capacity
(c) vital capacity
(d) residual volume
(i) maximum
volume of air that
can be exhaled in
a single breath
(ii) air volume that
remains in lungs
after exhaling
(iii) maximum air
volume that can
be inhaled or
exhaled
(iv) volume of air that
can be forcibly
exhaled after a
normal
exhalation (10.2)
[K/U]
Write a short answer to each question. 18. In the gills of an aquatic animal, blood and oxygenrich water flow in this way to maximize concentration
differences. (10.2) [T/I]
19. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human respiratory
system. In your notebook, match the following labels to
the appropriate letter in Figure 1: lung, bronchioles,
bronchi, larynx, pharynx, diaphragm, epiglottis, external
intercostal muscles. (10.2) [K/U]
IMAGE TO COME
20. A pop bottle with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of
0.6 kPa and an oxygen partial pressure of 22.0 kPa is
opened in an environment with carbon dioxide
partial pressure of 0.0397 kPa and an oxygen partial
pressure of 21.17 kPa. Which gas(es) will diffuse into
the environment? (10.3) [T/I]
21. At an elevation of 7000 m, atmospheric pressure is 40
kPa. What is the partial pressure of oxygen at this
altitude if oxygen makes up 20.9 % of the
atmosphere? (10.3) [T/I]
22.The partial pressure of oxygen in capillary A Is 5.33
kPa. The partial pressure of oxygen In capillary B Is
13.33 kPa. (10.3) [K/U] [T/I]
(a) Which capillary, A or B, is approaching the lungs?
(b) Which capillary is approaching body tissues?
23. What component in blood counteracts the dangerous
accumulation of hydrogen ions in the blood and
tissue fluid? (10.3) [K/U]
24.What do the chemical receptors in the brain detect
results in an increased breathing rate and heart rate?
(10.4) [K/U]
Understanding
25. In aerobic cellular respiration, what is the ratio of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules created for
every molecule of glucose that undergoes cellular
respiration? (10.1) [T/I]
26. Which process in aerobic cellular respiration is
responsible for forming ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?
(10.1) [T/I]
27. What are the two locations in which gas exchange
takes place in the human body? (10.2) [K/U]
28. In gas exchange, why must all diffusion of oxygen and
carbon dioxide occur across a moist membrane?
(10.2) [K/U] [T/I]
29.Copy and complete Table 1. Describe the changes in
each part during the inhalation and exhalation stages
of breathing. (10.2) [K/U]
Table 1 Stages of Ventilation
Inhalation Exhalation diaphragm
Figure 1 The human respiratory system
intercostal
muscles
Chapter 10 Review 2
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in lungs
chest
cavity size
30. An athlete trains at an altitude of 2000 m for several
weeks. (10.3) [T/I]
(a) The secretion of which substance is likely to
increase in the athlete’s blood?
(b) What will be the effect of the increase of this
substance?
(c) How will the change in the athlete’s blood
composition change his performance?
31. (a) What function do the stretch receptors in the
lungs serve?
(b) What might happen if the stretch receptors were
damaged? (10.3) [T/I]
32. Samples of a runner’s blood are taken continuously
during an extended run on a treadmill.
Measurements of oxygen level, breathing rate, heart
rate, carbon dioxide level are taken. (10.3) [T/I]
(a) Which substance would you expect to build up in
the blood as time passes?
(b) Which substance would you expect to decrease in
the blood as time passes?
(c) How would you expect the heart rate and
breathing rate to change as a result of these
changes in blood composition?
(d) What is the purpose of the changes in both heart
rate and breathing rate?
33. A patient comes to a clinic complaining of shortness
of breath. Her heart and lungs are both shown to be
functioning normally. A medical student correctly
determines that the patient is suffering from low
blood oxygen. The student suggests that the patient
be given extra blood plasma. (10.3) [T/I]
(a) Why was the student’s suggestion to administer
extra blood plasma a mistake?
(b) What can be added to the patient’s blood that
might be more helpful?
(c) Why will the addition of this substance be likely
to help the patient?
34.A patient comes to a clinic and is found to have a
shortage of red blood cells in his blood. (10.3) [T/I]
(a) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would
affect the amount of hemoglobin in the patient’s
blood.
(b) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would
affect the concentration of oxygen in the patient’s
blood.
(c) Explain how a shortage of red blood cells would
affect the pH of the patient’s blood.
35. A 10-year old girl in a clinic has been diagnosed with
asthma. (10.4) [T/I]
(a) How rare is this diagnosis?
(b) What are some possible environmental stimuli of
asthma?
(c) How does the body respond to the environmental
stimulus of asthma?
(d) In what part of the body are the effects of asthma
seen?
(e) What symptoms result from the body’s response
to the environmental stimulus?
(f) What kinds of medications can relieve the
symptoms of asthma?
36. A doctor suspects that her patient has either asthma
or COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The doctor uses the table below to evaluate the
patient. Write asthma, COPD, or both asthma and
COPD for each category in Table 2 below. (10.4)
[T/I]
Table 2 Respiratory System Ailments
(a) more serious
condition
(b) symptoms of
coughing, wheezing,
and shortness of
breath
(c) typically caused by
cigarette smoking
(d) involves
inflammation
(e) involves damage to
alveoli
(f) responds well to
dilation of bronchi
(g) likely to cause heart
failure or pneumonia
37. Suppose you suspected that you had contracted a
strain of influenza. (10.4) [T/I]
(a) What symptoms would you expect to have?
(b) If you do have the flu, what kinds of treatments
would you seek out?
(c) How successful would you expect treatment of
the flu to be?
(d) What consequences would you suffer if you failed
to get treatment?
(e) How contagious would your infection likely be?
(f) What could you do to prevent spreading your
illness to others?
38.A scientist has developed a promising new FLAP
inhibitor drug. She now wants to test the drug with a
variety of different kinds of patients. (10.5) [T/I]
(a) What kind of diseases would patients in this
study be likely to have?
(b) How does a FLAP inhibitor work?
(c) Explain why the drug might also prove effective
in treating diseases that do not involve the
respiratory system.
Analysis and Application
39. The blood of a diabetic patient contains plenty of
oxygen and sugars (glucose). However, without the
special hormone insulin, the patient’s cells are unable
to transport sugars across cell membranes. Describe a
symptom that you would expect a diabetic patient to
develop as a result of this situation. Explain the
symptom in terms of the basic equation for aerobic
cellular respiration. (10.1) [T/I] [C] [A]
40. Compare and contrast ventilation and gas exchange.
(10.1) [T/I] [C] [A]
(a) Where does each process take place?
(b) Can you have ventilation without gas exchange?
How would it occur? What would be the
consequences of ventilation without gas
exchange?
(c) Can you have gas exchange without ventilation?
How would it occur? What would be the
consequences of gas exchange without
ventilation?
41. Plants carry out photosynthesis by taking in water
and carbon dioxide to create energy-rich glucose
molecules, releasing oxygen in the process. What is
the relationship between the basic process of
photosynthesis and the process of aerobic cellular
respiration? How are the products of photosynthesis
related to the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?
(10.1) [K/U] [C] [A]
42. Cells combine oxygen with glucose to release energy
in the process of aerobic cellular respiration. As an
analogy, the process can be compared to burning fuel
in the engine of a car. In this analogy, which parts of
or processes in the human body are analogous to
(a) the car
(b) the engine
(c) gasoline
(d) heat given off by the engine
(e) charging the battery
(f) movement of the car (10.1)[A] [T/I]
43. In the process of aerobic cellular respiration, what is
the advantage of using energy to produce ATP from
ADP? Why do cells not simply convert all of the
energy into heat or some other form of energy that is
immediately available for use? (10.1) [T/I] [A]
44. Can an animal that has neither lungs nor gills still
carry out gas exchange and aerobic cellular
respiration? Use an example to explain your answer.
(10.1) [K/U] [A]
45.The lungs of humans and almost all other land animals
are located deep inside the body. Gills, on the other
hand, are typically located on the outside of the body
on fish. Explain why lungs are always interior organs
and gills are exterior organs. (10.2) [T/I] [A]
46.A scientist is looking for a way to determine the
residual volume of a patient’s lungs. The scientist is
able to measure the patient’s total lung capacity and
his vital capacity. How can she find the residual
volume? (10.2) [K/U] [T/I]
47.As a result of training, Sarah increased her VO2max by
20 %. What is the result of this gain? Explain you’re
answer. Will Sarah
(a) take in more oxygen than she did before
(b) burn more glucose than she did before
(c) produce more ATP than she did before (10.2)
[T/I] [A]
48.A student points out that at sea level, the partial
pressure of oxygen is 21.17 kPa while the partial
pressure for carbon dioxide is only 0.0397 kPa. He
claims that this means oxygen will diffuse across a
membrane much faster than carbon dioxide. What is
wrong with the student’s thinking? Explain. (10.3)
[T/I] [A]
Chapter 10 Review 4
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COPD
tuberculosis
49.An astronaut on the planet Venus opens an ordinary
pop bottle that is bottled under pressure and nothing
happens—no bubbles escape from the liquid. What
does this tell you about the atmosphere of Venus?
(10.3) [T/I] [A]
50.Insect blood carries nutrients to cells, just like the blood
of mammals does. Insect blood has a greenish or
yellow colour. What does the colour tell you about
the composition of insect blood? (10.3) [T/I] [A]
51.What is the stimulus that causes hemoglobin to release
its bound oxygen into blood plasma so that the
oxygen can diffuse into cells? (10.3) [K/U]
52.After oxygen enters cells it combines with glucose to
produce carbon dioxide, water, and the release of
energy. As metabolism continues, carbon dioxide
builds up in the cell and diffuses into the blood. In
what three ways is this carbon dioxide transported
through the blood? (10.3) [K/U] [T/I]
cystic
fibrosis
lung cancer
56.A woman and her husband both carry a single allele for
the defective version of the gene responsible for cystic
fibrosis (CF). (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A]
(a) What is the likelihood that either spouse will
develop CF in his or her lifetime? Explain.
(b) What is the likelihood that a child of this couple
will develop CF? Explain.
(c) How would you calculate the likelihood that a
child of this couple will develop CF?
57.There is no effective cure for emphysema, one of the
two diseases that make up chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Why is this disease so hard to
treat? (10.4) [T/I]
53.A chemist points out that if you dissolve carbon dioxide
in water, it forms carbonic acid. She notes that this
formation of acid could pose a danger by causing
blood carrying carbon dioxide to become too acidic.
What prevents this from occurring? (10.3) [T/I] [A]
58.HIV is a virus that begins to disable the immune
system. The re-emergence of tuberculosis as a serious
health threat occurred during the rise of HIV
infections in the late 1980s and 1990s. Why do you
think this occurred? (10.4) [T/I] [A]
54.You are riding your bike up a steep hill, burning oxygen
and sugar at a high rate. Your heart and breathing
rates quickly increase to keep up with the increased
demand of oxygen and sugar that your muscles need
to keep working at a high rate. (10.3) [K/U] [T/I]
(a) What stimulus signals your heart and breathing
rates to increase?
(b) Describe the sequence of events that controls this
heart and breathing rate increase.
59. Smoking has been banned in many places throughout
North America and the rest of the world. (10.4)
[K/U][A]
(a) Which diseases has smoking been proven to be a
cause of or contributor to?
(b) Which chemicals in cigarette smoke have been
shown to cause disease or be harmful in some
way? Explain the effect of these chemicals.
(c) Of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke,
which chemical do you consider the most
harmful? Explain your choice.
55.Compare the major ailments of the respiratory system,
including influenza, pneumonia, COPD, tuberculosis,
cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. Complete Table 3.
(10.4) [T/I]
Table 3 Respiratory System Ailments
Ailment Usually Best treated caused by with influenza
Success of treatment 60. Carbon monoxide is the chemical in automobile
exhaust that can prove fatal for people who run their
cars in a closed garage without ventilation. (10.4)
[T/I] [C] [A]
(a) Explain how carbon monoxide interferes with gas
exchange.
(b) Explain why carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke
is not immediately deadly the way it is in car
exhaust.
(c) Explain the mechanism by which carbon
monoxide can kill a person.
(d) Describe the symptoms that would be likely to
result from breathing in large quantities of
carbon monoxide.
61.A research scientist is trying to develop a method to
help a patient whose bronchiole muscles are too thin
rather than too thick. Given what you know about
bronchiole thermoplasty, what method would you
suggest that the scientist try to increase the thickness
of these muscles? (10.5) [T/I][A]
Evaluation
62. A soccer coach has arranged for her players to have
their VO2max measured. (10.2) [T/I] [C] [A]
(a) What ability does VO2max measure? What units
does VO2max use to make these measurements?
(b) How can measuring VO2max help the coach
evaluate her players?
(c) How is a player with a high VO2max
measurement likely to be different from a player
with a low VO2max measurement?
(d) How does a VO2max measurement reflect how
healthy a player’s lungs are?
(e) How is a VO2max measurement an indication of
a player’s muscles as well as her lungs?
63. Suppose a scientific funding committee received three
funding proposals from research scientists. The first
proposal would work on removing the carcinogenic
components from cigarette smoke. The second
proposal would work to eliminate the destructive
components from smoke that irritate airway linings,
destroy cilia, and clog alveoli. The third proposal
would work to eliminate the addictive properties of
cigarette smoke and nicotine. Assume that all three
proposals are equally likely to succeed. (10.4) [T/I]
[C] [A]
(a) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the first
proposal to remove carcinogenic compounds
from cigarette smoke.
(b) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the
second proposal.
(c) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the
third proposal.
(d) In your view, which project would likely save the
greatest number of lives? Which would save the
fewest number of lives?
(e) Which proposal would you recommend that your
committee adopt? Rank your choices from 1 to 3.
Explain your choices.
64. Tuberculosis was once one of the most deadly
diseases on Earth. Then, in the middle of the
twentieth century, tuberculosis (TB) suddenly became
much less of a threat. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A]
(a) What made TB such a serious disease to begin
with?
(b) What happened in 1948 to reduce the threat that
TB posed?
(c) Why did people think that TB would disappear in
the years following 1948?
(d) What factors have contributed to the continuing
threat of TB in recent years?
(e) Is TB likely to be eliminated in the future? Give
reasons to support your answer.
65. Suppose you were assigned by the United Nations to
lead a campaign to eliminate tuberculosis. (10.4) [T/I]
[C] [A]
(a) What kind of medical research programs would
you focus on?
(b) What kind of public health programs would you
focus on?
(c) Would you get governments involved in your
efforts? If so, how could governments help
eliminate TB?
66. Inflammation consists of increased blood flow that
causes swelling and the production of mucus.
Inflammation that causes asthma is said to be a
protective reaction of the body to combat foreign
substances. Describe a scenario in which this
inflammatory response would be considered
beneficial to the body. (10.4) [T/I] [C] [A]
Reflect on Your Learning
67. Reflect on your observation of fish as they swim in
water. When you look at the gills of fish, why do they
appear to be moving? What do you think this
movement accomplishes? [T/I] [C] [A]
68. Think about the act of breathing. Which part of the
ventilation cycle is under your conscious control?
Which part is not under your conscious control?
Explain how you know. [T/I] [C] [A]
69. How concerned are you about contracting cystic
fibrosis in your lifetime? How concerned are you
Chapter 10 Review 6
DRAFT­DRAFT­ Chapter 10 Review [K/U] [T/I] [C] [A] ­DRAFT­DRAFT about your future children contracting cystic fibrosis?
Explain. [C] [A]
70. What single thing can you do to avoid most of the
diseases of the respiratory system described in this
chapter? [C] [A]
71. Suppose a close friend or family member needed a
donor for a lung transplant and you were a good
match. Would you consider losing part of your lung
to help someone else? Describe your feelings about
the issue. [C] [A]
72. Lung transplants help some people survive, but they
are also expensive, difficult, and require a great deal
of resources. Should the number of lung transplants
be increased in the future? State your position on this
issue. [C] [A]
73. You have learned about a variety of diseases and
afflictions that affect the respiratory system. If you
were going to become a medical researcher, which of
the problems listed in this chapter would you choose
to tackle? Explain your choice. [C] [A]
Research [CATCH Go To Nelson Science banner]
74. Amphibians are unique organisms with respect to
respiration, using lungs, gills, and skin to carry out
gas exchange. Use the Internet and other sources to
research the respiratory systems of amphibians.
Prepare a presentation that focuses on amphibian
respiratory systems. [C] [A]
75. CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, can save
lives. Find out about CPR classes in your area. What
do you need to get certified in this field? Present your
findings to your classmates. [C] [A]
76. Altitude sickness is a real problem for mountain
climbers. Use the Internet and other sources to
research how serious climbers avoid suffering from
this condition and stay safe. Create a pamphlet or
poster that explains the causes and preventions of
altitude sickness. [T/I] [C] [A]
77. Hemoglobin was one of the first proteins ever
characterized in three-dimensional representations.
Use the Internet and other sources to research how
this protein was sequenced and mapped in three
dimensions. Present your findings in a written report
that includes diagrams. [T/I] [C] [A]
78. FLAP inhibitors are promising drugs for fighting
inflammation. Use the Internet and other sources to
find out more about recent developments for these
treatments. How effective are they? Which diseases
and ailments do they work best for? Write a
paragraph on your findings. [T/I] [C] [A]
79. Gene therapy has potential for combating CF. Use the
Internet and other sources to find out how gene
therapy is carried out and how it might be applied to
the situation that exists for CF patients. Write a short
report on your findings. [T/I] [C]