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Medical Terminology: Get Connected!
Second Edition
Suzanne S. Frucht
Chapter 12
Urology and
Nephrology
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives
12.1 DESCRIBE the medical specialties of urology
and nephrology.
12.2 UNDERSTAND the functions of the urinary and
male reproductive systems.
12.3 DEFINE urology and nephrology-related
combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
12.4 IDENTIFY the organs treated in urology and
nephrology.
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Learning Objectives
12.5 BUILD urology and nephrology medical terms
from word parts.
12.6 EXPLAIN urology and nephrology medical
terms.
12.7 USE urology and nephrology abbreviations.
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Urology and Nephrology
• Important for maintaining homeostasis
–
–
–
–
A stable internal environment
Removing waste products
Adjusting water and electrolyte levels
Maintaining normal pH
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Urology and Nephrology
• Kidneys produce urine
• Urine flows through
–
–
–
–
Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
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Male Reproductive System
• In males, urinary system and reproductive system
share urethra
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Male Reproductive System
• Male reproductive organs
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Penis
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Urology and Nephrology
• Urologists treat conditions of:
– Female and male urinary tract
– Male reproductive system
• Nephrologists treat conditions of kidney such as:
– Renal failure
– Kidney transplants
– Dialysis
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Urology and Nephrology
Combining Forms
• balan/o
glans penis
• orchi/o
• cyst/o
testes
urinary
• orch/o
bladder, sac
• prostat/o
• epididym/o epididymis
testes
• glomerul/o
glomerulus
• pyel/o
• lith/o
stone
renal
pelvis
• ren/o
kidney
• nephr/o
kidney
• orchid/o
testes
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prostate
gland
Urology and Nephrology
Combining Forms
• semin/i
semen
• urethr/o
urethra
• spermat/o
sperm
• urin/o
urine
• sperm/o
sperm
• vas/o
vas deferens
• testicul/o
testes
• vesicul/o
• ur/o
urine
seminal
vesicle
• ureter/o
ureter
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Additional Combining Forms
• albumin/o
• azot/o
•
•
•
•
•
bacteri/o
corpor/o
crypt/o
genit/o
glycos/o
albumin
nitrogen
waste
bacteria
body
hidden
genitals
sugar,
glucose
• hem/o
blood
• hemat/o blood
• hydr/o
water
• noct/i
night
• olig/o
scanty
• py/o
pus
• rect/o
rectum
• ven/o
vein
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Suffix Review
•
•
•
•
•
–al
–algia
–ar
–ary
–cele
• –cyte
• –eal
• –ectomy
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pertaining to
hernia,
protrusion
cell
pertaining to
surgical
removal
• –emia
• –genesis
• –gram
• –graphy
• –ia
• –iasis
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blood
condition
produces,
generates
record,
picture
process of
recording
state
abnormal
condition
Suffix Review
•
•
•
•
•
–ic
–ism
–itis
–lith
–logist
• –logy
• –lysis
• –megaly
pertaining to
state of
inflammation
stone
one who
studies
study
destruction
enlarged
• -meter
• –oma
• –osis
• –ostomy
• –otomy
• –ous
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instrument
for
measuring
tumor, mass
abnormal
condition
surgically
create
an opening
cutting into
pertaining to
Suffix Review
• –pathy
• –pexy
• –plasia
•
•
•
•
–plasty
–ptosis
–rrhaphy
–rrhea
disease
surgical
fixation
formation of
cells
surgical repair
drooping
suture
discharge,
flow
• –sclerosis
• –scope
• –scopy
• –stenosis
• –tripsy
• –uria
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hardening
instrument
for viewing
process of
visually
examining
narrowing
crushing
urine
condition
Prefix Review
• a–
without
• hyper–
excessive
• an–
without
• intra–
within
• dys–
abnormal,
difficult,
painful
• poly–
many
• trans–
across
• extra–
outside of
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Figure 12.1 The urinary system.
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Figure 12.2 The male reproductive system.
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Building Urology and Nephrology
Terms
For each urology and nephrology term introduced
on the next few slides, write the completed term in
your textbook (pg 223).
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Balan/o
• Combining form meaning glans penis
• Enlarged tip of the penis
• Covered by the prepuce or foreskin
• Build a medical term meaning:
– discharge from the glans penis
balanorrhea
balan/o + -rrhea
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Cyst/o
• Combining form meaning urinary bladder
• Muscular organ
• Stores urine produced by the kidneys
• Urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits
bladder into urethra
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Figure 12.3 Urinary Bladder.
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Cyst/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– bladder pain
– protrusion of the bladder
– stone in the bladder
cystalgia
cystocele
cystolith
cyst/o + -lith
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Epididym/o
• Combining form meaning epididymis
• Sits on top of each testis
• Stores sperm as they are made by the testes
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to the epididymis
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epididymal
Lith/o
• Combining form meaning stone
• Stones form in many parts of body
• Usually formed from organic or inorganic salts
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Lith/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical crushing of a stone
lithotripsy
– abnormal condition of stone in bladder
cystolithiasis
cyst/o + lith + -iasis
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Nephr/o
• Combining form meaning kidney
• One kidney is located on either side of spine at
level of lower ribs
• Consists of thousands of nephrons
– Glomerulus portion of each nephron filters waste
products and excess water and electrolytes out of
blood in order to produce urine
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Figure 12.4 Kidney.
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Nephr/o
• Urine drains out of kidney into ureter and on to
urinary bladder for storage
• Build a medical term meaning:
– enlarged kidney
nephromegaly
– drooping kidney
nephroptosis
nephr/o + -ptosis
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Orchid/o
• Combining form meaning testes
• Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and
testosterone
• Two testes are suspended outside body in the
scrotum
• As sperm are produced they travel to epididymis
for storage
• Singular form is testis
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Figure 12.5 Testis.
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Orchid/o
• Another term for testes is testicles (singular,
testicle)
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical removal of testes
orchidectomy
orchid + -ectomy
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Orchi/o
• Another combining form meaning testes
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical fixation of the testes
orchiopexy
– testes pain
orchialgia
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Orch/o
• Another combining form meaning testes
• Build a medical term meaning:
– state of being without testes
anorchism
– condition of hidden testes
cryptorchism
crypt- + orch + -ism
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-ostomy
• Suffix meaning to create a surgical opening
• Describes creation of new opening between two
organs or between organ and external surface of
body
• New opening on surface of body is called stoma
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-ostomy
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgically create an opening in the ureter
ureterostomy
– surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis
pyelostomy
pyel + -ostomy
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Prostat/o
• Combining form meaning prostate gland
• One of male reproductive glands
• Located surrounding urethra at base of the
bladder
• Secretes milky fluid
– Makes up much of liquid portion of semen
– Serves to nourish sperm
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Prostat/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical removal of the prostate gland
prostatectomy
prostat + -ectomy
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Figure 12.6 Prostate gland.
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Pyel/o
• Combining form meaning renal pelvis
• Area inside each kidney where urine collects as it
is being made
• Each renal pelvis then drains into one of the
ureters
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Pyel/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– renal pelvis and kidney inflammation
pyelonephritis
pyel/o + nephr + -itis
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Ren/o
• Another combining form meaning kidney
• Build a medical term meaning:
– record of the kidney
renogram
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Semin/i
• Combining form meaning semen
• Fluid ejaculated from penis during intercourse
• Contains sperm and fluids secreted by
reproductive glands:
– Prostate gland
– Seminal vesicles
– Bulbourethral gland
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Semin/i
• Build a medical term meaning:
– condition of semen in the urine
seminuria
semin + -uria
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Spermat/o
• Combining form meaning sperm
• Male reproductive cells
• Produced in testes and ejaculated from body in
semen
• Contain one-half of normal complement of
chromosomes
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Spermat/o
• When sperm fertilizes ovum (which also has onehalf set of chromosomes from mother), new baby
is created with full set of chromosomes
• Build a medical term meaning:
– generates sperm
spermatogenesis
– destruction of sperm
spermatolysis
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Sperm/o
• Another combining form meaning sperm
• Build a medical term meaning:
– state of being without sperm
aspermia
– state of having scanty sperm
oligospermia
olig/o + sperm + -ia
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Testicul/o
• Combining form meaning testicle
• Build a medical term meaning:
– pertaining to a testicle
testicular
testicul + -ar
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Ureter/o
• Combining form meaning ureter
• Tube leading away from renal pelvis of each
kidney
• Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
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Figure 12.7 Sectioned kidney.
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Figure 12.8 Ureters.
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Ureter/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– ureter inflammation
ureteritis
– narrowing of the ureter
ureterostenosis
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Urethr/o
• Combining form meaning urethra
• Single urethra leads out of bladder
• Carries urine to outside of body
• External opening is meatus
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Figure 12.9 Male Urethra.
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Urethr/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical repair of the urethra
urethroplasty
– urethra pain
urethralgia
urethr + -algia
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-uria
• Suffix meaning condition of the urine
• Used with prefix or combining form to indicate
something found in urine or associated with
urination
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-uria
• Build a medical term meaning:
– sugar urine condition
glycosuria
– night urine condition
nocturia
noct + -uria
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Urin/o
• Combining form meaning urine
• Fluid produced by nephrons of each kidney as
they filter wastes, water, and dissolved
substances from blood
• Build a medical term meaning:
– instrument to measure urine
urinometer
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Ur/o
• Another combining form meaning urine
• Build a medical term meaning:
– condition of urine in the blood
uremia
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Vas/o
• Combining form meaning vas deferens
• Long tube
• Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
• Reproductive glands connected to vas deferens
add fluids as sperm pass by, making semen
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Vas/o
• Build a medical term meaning:
– surgical removal of the vas deferens
vasectomy
vas + -ectomy
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Figure 12.10 Steps in performing a vasectomy: (A) vas deferens are located;
(B) small skin incision is made; (C) vas deferens are cut and ends are cauterized;
(D) vas deferens are returned to scrotum and skin is sutured.
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Vesicul/o
• Combining form meaning seminal vesicles
• Male reproductive glands
• Located behind bladder
• Add fluid to sperm as they pass in vas deferens
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Vesicul/o
• Build a term meaning:
– surgical removal of the seminal vesicle
vesiculectomy
vesicul + -ectomy
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
benign
prostatic
hypertrophy
(BPH)
Noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland;
condition places pressure on urethra and narrows
it, resultingi n frequency, urgency, and nocturia;
commonly seen in males over age 50
blood urea
nitrogen
(BUN)
Blood test to determine kidney function by
measuring level of nitrogenous waste, or urea, in
blood
calculus
Term for “stone formed within organ”; most are
formed from mineral salts; commonly found in
kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra;
plural is calculi
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Figure 12.11 Benign prostatic hyperplasia: the enlarged prostate gland pinches
the urethra, making urination difficult.
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Figure 12.12 Common location for calculi in the urinary system: kidney, renal
pelvis, ureter, and bladder.
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
chlamydia
Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes
inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of
females with purulent discharge
circumcision
Surgical removal of prepuce, or foreskin, from
glans penis; commonly performed on newborn
male at request of parents; primary reason is for
ease of hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some
religions
clean catch
specimen
(CC)
Procedure for obtaining urine sample after
cleaning off urethral meatus and catching urine in
midstream (halfway through urination process) to
minimize contamination from skin
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
digital rectal
exam
(DRE)
Direct examination for presence of enlarged
prostate gland performed by palpating
(feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital)
through wall of rectum
erectile
dysfunction
(ED)
Inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus;
also called impotence
extracorporeal
shockwave
lithotripsy
(ESWL)
Treatment procedure for urinary system
stones; utilizes ultrasound waves to break up
stones; process is noninvasive,meaning it does
not require surgery
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Figure 12.13 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure
using high frequency sound waves to shatter kidney stones.
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
frequency
Condition of feeling urge to urinate more often than
normal but without increase in total daily volume of
urine; can indicate inflammation of bladder or
urethra or benign prostatic hyperplasia
genital
herpes
Highly infectious viral sexually transmitted disease;
causes blisterlike lesions on penis of males or
cervix and vagina of females
gonorrhea
Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects
mucous membranes and can spread throughout
entire genitourinary system; often does not cause
many symptoms until widespread
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
hemodialysis
(HD)
Treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney
machine to filter waste from blood
hesitancy
State of difficulty initiating flow of urine; often
symptom of blockage along urethra, such as
caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia
hydrocele
Accumulation of fluid within scrotum
intravenous
pyelogram
(IVP)
X-ray of kidney following injection of dye into
vein to visualize renal pelvis as kidney
filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into
urine
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Figure 12.14 Patient undergoing hemodialysis; patient’s blood passes through
the hemodialysis machine for cleansing and is then returned to the body.
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
peritoneal
dialysis
Artificial means to remove wastes by placing
warm, chemically balanced solutions into
peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure
phimosis
Narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; may cause
difficulty with urination and infection; treatment is
circumcision
polycystic
kidney
disease
(PKD)
Inherited kidney disease characterized by
presence of multiple cysts throughout
kidney tissue; eventually destroys kidneys and
results in kidney failure
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Figure 12.15 In peritoneal dialysis, a chemically balanced solution is placed into
the abdominal cavity to draw impurities out of the bloodstream; it is removed after
several hours
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
prostate-specific
antigen (PSA)
Blood test to screen for prostate cancer
prostatic cancer
Common and slow-growing cancer of
prostate gland occurring in males over age
50; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is
used to assist in early detection of this
disease
renal failure
Inability of kidneys to filter wastes from
blood and/or produce urine; treatment of
severe renal failure is dialysis or renal
transplant
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
renal
transplant
Replacement of diseased kidney by donor
kidney
retrograde
pyelogram
(RP)
X-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis
following insertion of dye through urethra
semen
analysis
Evaluation of semen for fertility; sperm in semen
analyzed for number, swimming strength, and
shape; procedure would also be used to
determine if vasectomy has been successful
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Figure 12.16 Figure illustrates the location of transplanted donor kidney.
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
sterility
Inability to produce children; in males, usually due
to problem with sperm production, such as
aspermia or oligospermia; also called infertility
syphilis
Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; begins as
localized ulcer at point of infection; chronic disease
which after years spreads through lymph nodes to
nervous system, causing death
testicular
cancer
Cancer of one or both testicles; commonly seen in
young men or boys
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
transurethral
resection (TUR)
Explanation
Surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by
inserting device called resectoscope through urethra
and removing prostate tissue; may also be referred
to simply as transurethral resection (TUR)
trichomoniasis
Protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes
inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and
women
undescended
testicle
Congenital anomaly involving failure of one or both
of testes to descend into scrotal sac before birth;
surgical procedure called orchiopexy may be
required to bring testes down into scrotum
permanently; also called cryptorchism
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Figure 12.17 Undescended testicle or cryptorchism. In (A) both testes have
failed to descend. In (B) one testis correctly descended while the other is partially
descended.
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
urgency
Feeling need to urinate immediately
urinalysis (U/A,
UA)
Laboratory test that consists physical,
chemical, and microscopic examination of
urine
urinary
catheterization
(cath)
Insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary
bladder through urethra; used to withdraw
urine or insert dye
urinary
incontinence
Involuntary urination; also called enuresis
urinary tract
infection (UTI)
Infection, usually bacterial, in any part of
urinary tract
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Figure 12.18 A dipstick is used to conduct a chemical analysis of urine testing;
for example, for the presence of sugar.
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Figure 12.19 Urinary catheterization in both (A) female and (B) male patients.
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Figure 12.20 Urinary tract infection characterized by fever, low back or
abdominal pain, and burning pain during urination. A urinalysis reveals the
presence of bacteria and white blood cells
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Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
urine culture &
sensitivity (C&S)
Diagnostic lab procedure that identifies
bacterial infection of urinary system and
determines best antibiotic to treat it;
involves growing bacteria in culture
medium and testing different antibiotics on
it
varicocele
Development of varicose veins in the
scrotal veins
voiding
cystourethrography
(VCUG)
X-rays are made while patient voids dye
that has been placed in urinary bladder
through urethra
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Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations
ARF
acute renal failure cysto
cystoscopy
BPH
benign prostatic
hypertrophy
DRE
digital rectal exam
BUN
blood urea
nitrogen
ED
erectile dysfunction
cath
catheterization
ESRD end-stage renal disease
CC
clean-catch urine
specimen
ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave
lithotripsy
CRF
chronic renal
failure
GU
genitourinary
C & S culture and
sensitivity test
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Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations
HD
hemodialysis
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
HPV
human papilloma
virus
RP
retrograde pyelogram
I&O
intake and output
STD
sexually transmitted disease
IVP
intravenous
pyelogram
TUR
transurethral resection
KUB
kidney, ureter,
bladder
TURP transurethral resection and
prostatectomy
PKD
polycystic kidney
disease
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Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations
U/A,
UA
urinalysis
VCUG voiding cystourethrography
UC
urine culture
VD
UTI
urinary tract
infection
venereal disease
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Combining Forms Match Up
1. cyst/o
a. stone
2. lith/o
b. bladder
3. nephr/o
c. testes
4. orch/o
d. renal pelvis
5. pyel/o
e. kidney
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