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Rise of Rome
• Legend states that the city of Rome was
founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus
who were twin sons of the God Mars and a
Latin princess.
• Actually founded by men who chose the
spot for its great location and fertile soil
• Established in the first millennium B.C. on
the plain of Latium
Who was in Rome?
• There were three groups who inhabited the region and
would battle for control of Rome.
• Latins: who built the original settlement at Rome and
considered to be the first Romans
• Greeks: had colonies along southern Italy and Sicily.
They would have closer contact with Greek civilization
• Etruscans: settled north of Rome, adopted the alphabet
from the Greeks before 600 B.C., declined by 480 B.C.,
and “civilized” Rome by turning it into a true city
Early Republic
• Executive authority or imperium was
embodied in one man, the emperor and
was held by consuls and praetors
• As Rome expands, it becomes Roman
policy to govern provinces with
proconsuls and propraetors
• Roman senate originally advised
magistrates in legal matters
• Twelve tables was/were the firs formal
codification of Roman law and customs
Early Republic
• Last King of Rome was a tyrant called Tarquin the
Proud. He was a harsh tyrant Rome refused to ever
have a tyrant again so they set up a republic.
• Republic is a form of government where the power rests
with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.
• So began the patricians-the wealthy class and the
plebeians-the working class.
• Roman plebians would withdrawal from the state which
undercut their military power and formed popular
assemblies to lobby for more reforms
• The paterfamilas in Rome was the male head of the
house
Rome is Connected
• Rome dominates the Etruscans and the Greeks to take
control and by 265 B.C. they were masters of nearly all
of Italy.
• Conquered peoples/Allies became full citizens of Rome
but could not vote. They also became allies of Rome
• Allies were not interfered by Rome but allies could not
form any treaties with any other state.
• Allies must provide Rome with troops for war.
• This very relaxed relationship with Allies and conquered
people helped Rome grow into a super power.
• Rome had to fight off the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent
by the Greeks as well
Battle for Carthage and the Punic
Wars
• Fought three wars between 264 and 146B.C.
• Carthage was in the way of Rome and their
expansion and power of the Mediterranean Sea
• Carthage located on a peninsula on the North
African Coast
• The Carthagians originated from Phoenician
Tyre
• Cause of the First Punic War was that Rome
sent an army to Sicily
First War of the Punic Wars
• First War was fought for control of the
island of Sicily and the western
Mediterranean
• Lasted for 23 years (264-241B.C.)
• After the first war Carthaginians were
forced to withdraw from Sicily and pay an
indemnity to Rome
• Roman senator who led the fight was Cato
Battle of Cannae
• Romans suffered a defeat at the hands of
Hannibal
2nd War of the Punic Wars
• Rise of Hannibal a 29 year old
Carthaginian who was a brilliant military
leader
• Wanted revenge for their earlier defeat to
the Romans
• Only assembled an Army of 50,000, a
cavalry of 9,000 and throw in 60 elephants
Hannibal Continued
• Hannibal’s goal was to siege Rome with a
surprise attack by traveling through Spain, the
French alps and eventually down to Rome
• Lost half of his men and most of his elephants,
but managed to fight up and down the Italy coast
for a decade, but never took Rome
• Rome would answer Hannibal with their own
attack which will lead us to the third and final war
of the Punic Wars
Third and Final War of the Punic
Wars
• Rome matches Hannibal with their own military leader
whose name was Scipio
• Scipio wanted to siege Carthage, this would force
Hannibal out of Italy and back to Carthage
• Rome finally sieges Carthage in 146B.C., the city was
set afire and the 50,000 inhabitants were now slaves of
Rome
• Rome had expanded their empire, and now controlled
Carthage.
• Huge empire that would be difficult to control
• Complete destruction of Carthage
• Roman expansion characterized by military threats and
possibilities for glory
Roman Religion and daily life
• Performance of rituals and festivals at the
forefront
• Roman slaves worked on the Roman
latifundia
• The paterfamilias could sell his children,
put their child to death, arrange marriages
for offspring, divorce their wife